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Sunfish Cationic Amphiphiles:Toward an Adaptative Lipoplex Morphology

Abstract:A detailed physicochemical study is presented on a new class of cationic amphiphiles,Sunfish amphiphiles,recently designed,synthesized,and tested for gene delivery. These materials have two hydrophobic tails,connected to the cationic pyridinium headgroup at the 1-and 4-positions.

Sunfish阳离子两亲化合物：面向适应型脂复合体形貌

摘要：本文对一类新兴的阳离子两亲化合物——近来为基因传递而设计、合成与测试的Sunfish两亲化合物——进行了详细的物理化学研究。这类材料包括两个疏水尾端，它们分别与阳离子吡啶盐头基的1、4位相连。

Two extreme morphologies can be visualized,i.e. one by back-folding involving association of both tails at one side of the pyridinium ring and by independent unfolding of the tails, the two molecular geometries leading to considerable differences in the aggregate morphology. The behavior of six members of the Sunfish family in mixtures with DOPE,applying different conditions relevant for transfection,has been studied by a combination of techniques (DLS,DSC,NMR,SAXS,Cryo-TEM,fluorescence,etc.).

可以设想，存在两种极端的形貌：其一为两尾端结合，并折叠在吡啶环的一侧；另一种形貌则是尾端的独立展开。这两种不同的分子几何形状，导致了其聚集体相貌的显著差异。我们通过动态光散射、差式扫描量热、核磁共振、小角X射线散射、冷冻透射电镜、荧光等表征技术，在不同的适于转染的条件下，对Sunfish家族中的六种分子与DOPE相混合的行为进行了研究。

The effects of structural parameters such as the presence of unsaturation in the tails and length of the alkyl chains on the properties of the aggregates have been assessed. However,the relatively low gene transfer efficiency and low complex stability in the presence of serum as well as the often high toxicity thus far frustrate in vivo applications considerably.

我们将结构参数（如尾端不饱和度的存在与否、烷基链的长度）对聚集体性质的影响进行了评价。然而，在血清的存在下，基因传输效率与复合物稳定性均较低；此外，它们的毒性较高。以上两点大大限制了其在体内的应用。

As a consequence,research efforts are mainly directed toward the development of new formulations to obtain better defined morphological entities exerting an enhanced stability,reduced polydispersity as well as a reduced size of the amphiphile/helper-lipid/DNA complex(lipoplex),cumulating in improved DNA compaction and cell survival after internalization.

因此，研究者致力于发展新配方，获得更好的形态学个体，从而增强稳定性、减小多分散度、减小两亲分子/辅助脂/DNA复合物（脂复合体）的尺寸，并在“内在化”过程后提高DNA堆砌程度与细胞存活率。

英国老外老师对作业的评价，求大神翻译，不长！

--

Could

have

limited

your

discussion

of

the

historical

development

of

the

service.

Difficult

to

follow

your

argument

about

the

developments

-

the

position

you

wish

to

convey

is

evolving

more

to

private

companies

being

allowed

to

provide

specific

postal

services.

--

You

made

alot

of

individual

bullet

points

in

the

first

part

of

your

answer

that

need

some

further

development.

--

Must

be

more

clearer

in

the

points

you

made

regarding

the

political

economic

and

social

forces

that

are

affecting

the

competitive

structure

of

the

postal

services.

For

the

third

point

of

your

answer,

brand

development

is

certainly

important,

but

it

is

very

difficult

to

understand

your

observations.

General

COmments:

Difficult

to

understand

some

of

your

commentary

-

structuring

of

the

material

needed

to

be

improved.

(*

你应该明白你的弱点-老师难理解你的论点！论点不清，该把服务历史挂钩，论点漂浮不定；第一段答案有太多小分类，需要深入探讨；

经济（政策）和社会如何影响该服务要清楚说明；第三点-品牌是重要的，但是太难理解你的看法*)

-

YOU

SHOULD

THANK

ME!!!!!!

英语programs has yet to be fully assessed怎么翻译？

programs has yet to be fully assessed.

翻译成：

项目还有待全面评估。

翻译烦请邦帮忙. 我被评为优等生 我获得了校级二等奖学金 这两句用英语怎么说?

I was assessed as an A level student.

I was rewarded a second-grade/(or silver) scholarship at universtiy/(or school) level.

“税前收入”怎么翻译？

分类: 教育/科学 外语学习

问题描述:

“税前收入”怎么翻译？

解析:

税前收入:

1.ine before tax

2.pretax ine.

税后收入

1.disposable ine.

2.after-tax ine

可支配的税后收入:

disposable assessed ine

纳税后净收入:

ine after tax (NIAT)

纳税后个人可用收入:

1.disposable ine

2. disposable personal ine

税后收益:

1. after-tax yield

2. ine after tax

纳税后收益:

return after all taxes

税前还贷

repay loans before tax

所付股息相当于税前利润的四分之一。

The dividend pay is equivalent to one quarter of the pretax profit.

一部分税前利润留出供急用。

A proportion of the pretax profit is set aside for contingency.

为预防万一，应留出部分税前利润。

A proportion of the pre - tax profit is set aside for contingency.

英语翻译

Hydrogen cyanide is another gaseous effluent in cases where it is not recovered for further use-it can be burned. 氰化氢是在不回收供进一步利用时的另一种气体排放物，它可以被烧掉。Process economics .工艺的经济学。Materials and utilities ，within battery limits , for 1,000 kg pure acrylonitrile produced are shown in TABLE 1. by-products recoveries are shown in table 2在界区范围内，对于产生的1000kg纯丙烯腈来说，材料和功用示于表1。

Hydrogen cyanide is obtained as a gas of more than 99.5 percent purity and needs no further treatment for several reactions . acetonitrile can be recovered in a series of distillation columns from the 70 percent solution produce . montecatini Edison has developed and tested commercially such a process where the acetonitrile meet current specifications for several uses i.e butadiene extraction

氰化氢是作为超过95％纯度的气体而获得的，而且不需要进一步处理就可用于好几种反应，丙烯腈可以用一系列的蒸馏塔从70％的溶液而回收。Montecatini Edison已经在商业上开发并试验了一种工艺，在这种工艺中，丙烯腈能满足用于若干应用的现用规范，其中包括用于丁二烯的萃取。

Product specifications of acrylonitrile are given in table 3

丙烯腈的产品规范在表3中给出。

Investment and capital fees may be assessed from the cost of 12.6 billion Italian lire for a 120,000-metric-ton/year plant

投资和资金费用可以根据12万公吨/年的工厂126亿意大利里拉的成本加以估算。

This industrial process and its performance are the result of extended work by the company’s staff in the laboratory ,pilot plant ,process design and engineering before the start of the commercial plant and careful refinement of operating conditions and experience gained in operation of the plant itself .

这一工业化的工艺及其绩效是公司员工在开始商业性生产，微调工作条件，获得工厂本身运作的经验前，于实验室、中试生产、工业设计和工程方方面广泛努力的结果

Specific consumption on 1.2 kg of propylene per kg of acrylonitrile corresponds to a molar yield of about 66 percent for the over-all process . this corresponds to a reactor yield of 70 percent on the mole basis for large industrial reactors operating on a continuous basis .this is due to the out standing properties of the catalyst activity and life . because of its low bulk density ,**all amounts of the catalyst are required thus reducing investment .the catalyst is low in cost because of its 70-80wt./wt. percent silica and the moderate costs of active components and ease of preparation.

每公斤丙烯腈1.2kg丙烯的比消耗率相当于这个工艺大约66％的摩尔产率。这相当于连续工作的大型工业反应器在摩尔基础上70％的反应器产率。这是由于催化剂活性和寿命的杰出性能而导致的。因为其低的体积密度，所以催化剂所需的量少，从而降低了投资。因为其70－80wt/wt％二氧化硅，成本适中的活性成分和容易制备，所以催化剂的成本较低。

Steam consumption of 2.5 kg per kg of acrylonitrile is a balance between the 7 kg produce by heat recovery and the 9.5 kg consumed in the various process step .original devices have been developed and applied for the best heat recovery and best use of steam in the various columns. Complex equipment has been avoided in the purification section for easy and reliable operation . capital costs are not only affected by the number of columns ,but their simplicity , their size and construction materials must be considered

每公斤丙烯腈2.5kg的蒸汽消耗是在通过热回收的7k**物和各个工艺步骤中9.5kg消耗之间的平衡。最初的装置已经研发出来，并用于最佳的热回收和最佳地利用各个蒸馏塔中的蒸汽。为了容易而可靠地工作，所以在纯化阶段避免了复杂的设备。资金成本不仅受到蒸馏塔数目的影响，而且它们的简单性，它们的尺寸和构成材料也必须加以考虑。

Therefore ,the montecatint Edison process is competitive with other process .continuing studies are being made toward chemical and engineering improvement

因此，Montecatini Edison的工艺与其他工艺相比是有竞争力的。对于化学上和工程上的改进正在进行继续的研究。