急求菲利普·罗斯 [美国牧歌]英文介绍

'American Pastoral' by Philip Roth

The pastoral is one of the oldest literary forms, invented over and over since it first appeared in ancient Greece. At its most elemental, it's a story set in the wholesome healthy countryside away from the temptations and corruptions of society.

America became the greatest pastoral setting of the Western imagination, eventually creating its own version, the Wild West of cowboys and Indians.

The title, "American Pastoral," seems a natural, even if the setting is postwar Newark, N.J. This is Philip Roth's back yard, fictionally and autobiographically, the birthplace of both the novelist and his alter ego, Nathan Zuckerman, the priapic hero of five other novels.

Time and his prostate have slowed Zuckerman down when the book opens at the 45th reunion of Newark's Weequahic High School class of 1950, where he learns of the death of Weequahic's greatest athlete, Seymour "Swede" Levov.

"The name was magical; so was the anomalous face. Of the few fair-complexioned Jewish students in our preponderantly Jewish public high school, nothing possessed anything remotely like the steep-jawed, insentient Viking mask of the blue-eyed blond born into our tribe."

Here is the classic hero of Roth's pastoral. Not only did the Swede resemble a member of the WASP ruling class, he behaved like one. "His aloofness, his seeming passivity . . . made him appear, if not divine, a distinguished cut above the more primordial humanity of just about everybody else at the school."

There's more. Levov was wealthy, had served with distinction in the Marines and was the hu**and of Mary Dawn Dwyer, Miss New Jersey of 1949. Taking over his father's glove factory, the Swede was a fair employer and refused to move the plant out of Newark as the city declined in the riot-filled 1960s.

The all-American hero with his beauty-queen wife lived in Old Rimrock, N.J., a country town of colonial homes and farms far from Newark. Mrs. Levov even raises prize cattle.

The opening chapters contain some of Roth's best writing. With swift, sure strokes, he creates a warm, golden past of community and hope, subtly tinged with just the right dose of nostalgia. His characters are believable, interesting and full of life.

This book is a classic pastoral in every respect, but one - it goes sour. Tragedy strikes, and it became "Paradise Lost."

It's "the tragedy of the man not set up for tragedy - that is everyman's tragedy," says Zuckerman as he learns of Swede's fall from grace.

The source of his tragedy is his only child, Merry, whose naive act of protest in 1968 against the Vietnam War makes her a killer, a fugitive and the constant reminder of what the Swede has avoided in his golden life.

She is "the daughter who transports him out of the longed-for American pastoral and into everything that is its antithesis and its enemy, into the fury, the violence, and the desperation of the counterpastoral - into the indigenous America berserk."

At 16, Merry plants a homemade bomb in the village post office, a misguided attack on a symbol of the government she hates because of the war. The bomb kills the local doctor, and she disappears into something similar to the Weather Underground.

There's a bigger pastoral scene here - confident postwar America oblivious to the coming storm of violence and betrayal of the 1960s and '70s - the "America beserk." The final section of Roth's book unfolds five years later on a summer night during the Watergate hearings, as guests gather for dinner at the Levov's 200-year-old farmhouse. It's a night of discovered betrayals (both Levovs have become *****erers) and violence.

Merry is still underground, although the Swede has found her unrepentant, living in filth and hunger in a Newark slum. She's planted more bombs and killed more people; she's also been beaten and raped frequently; she despises her mother. It's more pain than the Swede knows how to bear, and it paralyzes him.

The fall of the house of Levov mirrors the collapse of the American postwar dream. "The old system that made order doesn't work anymore," says the novelist.

Roth believes that Swede Levov, who lived by the old system, was crushed by that system because he defied the rules. A Jew who married an Irish Catholic. A Jew who did not raise his daughter in the faith. A Jew who aspired to the "American way of life." A Jew who left his community to live among the gentry.

Full of echoes from Roth's earlier novels, "American Pastoral" is his most powerful assault on the "lovely, trusting dreamy country" that has turned nightmarish.

Sometimes, he pounds his message home with a sledgehammer, but Roth writes so well he can make even a sledge sound lyrical. This is his third novel in four years; the others were awarded major literary prizes.

"American Pastoral" is again a triumph, the work of our best American novelist at the peak of his powers.

refer是什么意思?

1、表示谈到；提到

It was unwise in your speech to refer to rising unemployment．你在讲话中谈到失业率上升的情况，这是不明智的。

2、表示查阅

In drawing up the plan，they went to the library to refer to many books．在制订计划时，他们到图书馆查阅了许多书籍。

3、表示涉及；关于；有关

The new law does not refer to the land used for farming．这项新法律不涉及农业用地。

4、表示提交…处理

We referred the matter to the Finance Committee．我们把这事提交财务委员会处理。

扩展资料

refer的近义词：

1、mention v. 提到，说起

Some of the solutions were mentioned in his summary.

其中的一些解决方案在他的总结里提到了。

英 [ˈmenʃn] 美 [ˈmɛnʃən]

vt.提到，说起；提名；表扬

n.提及

2、allude to   暗示；影射；暗射

The story alludes to her past that she wouldn't like to discuss with others.

这个故事影射她不愿和别人谈论的过去。

allude  英 [əˈlu:d] 美 [əˈlud]

第三人称单数： alludes

现在分词： alluding

过去式： alluded

过去分词： alluded

记忆技巧：al 加强 + lud 玩；戏剧 + e → 演戏 → 不直截了当 → 暗指

allud的翻译是：什么意思

allude

英 [əˈlu:d] 美 [əˈlud]

GRE / TOEFL / IELTS

vi.

暗指; 间接提到;

变形

过去式： alluded 过去分词： alluded 现在分词： alluding 第三人称单数： alludes

翻译成英文1

“蝇王”即苍蝇之王，源于希伯莱语Baalzebub，

在《圣经》中“Baal”被当作“万恶之首”，在英语中，

“蝇王”是污秽物之王，也是丑恶灵魂的同义词。

"The lord of flies" alludes to the word Baalzebub in Hebrew.

The Bible terms "Baal" as "the head of all evils". In English, "the lord of flies" is the lord of filth, and meanwhile a synonym of "evil soul"

故事发生在遥远的未来时代。在一次核战争中，一架飞机带着一群男孩从英国本土飞向南方疏散。飞机因遭到袭击而迫降在太平洋的一座荒无人烟的珊瑚小岛上。这群孩子暂时脱离了文明世界。飞机没有了，大人没有了，人类千辛万苦建立起来的文明世界危在旦夕。海岛上的环境很恶劣，对侥幸生存下来的孩子们构成威胁，然而——

最大的危险竟然来自于这些原本天真烂漫的孩子自身。

The story is set in a remote period in the future. During a nuclear war, a group of boys are evacuating from Britain to the south in a plane, which was forced to land on a desolate coral island after being attacked. So the boys are temporarily cut off from the civilized world. No plane, no *****s, the civilization which human beings took great pains to extablish becomes precariously at risk. The unfavorable living condition on the island is posing a threat to the survival of the kids, but ---

The evil inside these innocent boys are even more hazardous.

在没有大人的情况下，孩子们开始了岛上的生活。12岁的拉尔夫是英国海军司令的儿子，他优雅举止，乐观自信，为脱离大人的管制获得自由而欣喜若。他吹响了一只螺号，将分散在岛上各处的孩子组织起来，在全体会议上当选为领袖。孩子们在拉尔夫的领导下搭帐篷，采野果，点起篝火等待求援。起初孩子们在与世隔绝的小岛上和睦相处，到也其乐融融，但随着“野兽”的出现，小岛上的安宁和谐被打破，孩子们很快分成了两派：一派以拉尔夫为代表，坚持在岛上建立文明的社会秩序，比如要求大小便在指定地点、遇事开会并举手发言、海滩上始终燃起一堆火作为求援信号等。另一派是以唱诗班领队杰克为代表，他们对这些文明的、民主的做法嗤之以鼻，而崇尚人性中的原恶，以及破坏、毁灭的本能。

They begin an island life without ***** guidance. The 12-year-old Ralf is the son of an British Navy Commander. As an elegant, optimistic and confident boy, Ralf feels hilarious to get rid of ***** control. He summons the other boys scattering on the island with a trumpet and declares himself their leader. Under Ralf's leadership, the boys set up tents, collect wild fruits, and light bonfires as signals asking for rescue. At first their island life seems harmonious and enjoyable, until the appearance of some "wild beasts". The tranquility was disturbed among them. As a result, they split up into two groups: one headed by Ralf, insisting on establishing a civilized island society with ordered behaviours, for example, taking pees at designated locations, organizing meetings to cope with emergencies, rasing his hands when someone wants to speak at such meetings, and lastly, a perennial fire being kept as a signal of asking for rescue. The other party of them is headed by Jack, the choir leader. They sneered at the civilized, democratic conducts, advocated the original sin, devastation, and instincts for destroying.

杰克自命不凡，对拉尔夫当选领袖十分不满。他被分配去打猎，便把猎来的野猪头插在一个尖木桩上，又逼着其他孩子仿效野蛮人将脸部涂抹成五颜六色，围着落满苍蝇的野猪头狂欢，却任凭救命的篝火熄灭，从而失去了得救的宝贵机会。可怕的是，越到后来，后一种倾向就越占据上风，更多的孩子加入了这群人当中。在远离了人类文明及其规范制约之后，人性恶得到了空前的释放，使他们渐渐步入“罪恶”的深渊。为了夺取领袖地位，杰克带人袭击了拉尔夫的住所，在激烈争斗中，拉尔夫最要好的朋友猪崽仔在混战中坠崖死去，西蒙被乱棍打死，拉尔夫自己也陷入重围。男孩们自相残杀，整个小岛陷于恐怖之中。这群男孩最终彻底毁灭了这里的一切，整个海岛在熊熊大火中燃烧起来。紧急关头，一艘英国军舰发现了岛上的大火，及时赶来，拉尔夫幸免于难。

Presumptuous by nature, Jack felt discontent when Ralf is elected the leader. When he is assigned the hunting job, he stabbed through

the heads of wild hogs on pointed wood posts. Then he forces his crew to paint their faces in mised colors like barbarians do and have a spree around the hog head which had buzzing flies around. He does not stop the signal fire from burning out, though, which deprived the boys of the valuable chance of receiving rescue. It turned out more disasterous that, as time went by, Jack's party prevailed and more boys joined them. The evil of human nature finally finds an outlet when the boys are far away from civilization and other obligations. The boys stepped into the abyss of "evil". In a bid to regain his leadership, Ralf attacked the residence of Jack with his crew. Ralf's best friend, Piggy, dies in the intense battle after falling off a cliff, Simon is beaten to death, and Ralf himself is surrounded. A slaughter followed among the boys. Horror swept the whole island. Finally these boys destroyed the whole lot on the island, whild ended up in a glaring fire. A turning point saved the day when an British warship noticed the fire and arrived on time to rescue Ralf.

拉尔夫最终实现了他被拯救的愿望，但他却感到异常悲痛，为同伴们人性的沦丧而不停地哭泣……

Ralf is finally rescued as he wished, but he feels extremely sad. He weeps incessantly for the fall of humanity of his friends...

refer to 的用法

refer to 主要用作及物动词（vt.）。

1、谈到；提到

英文释义：make reference of allusion to；mention

例句①：The veteran fighter referred to his experiences during the Long March.（那位战士提到他在长征中的经历。）

例句②：Don't refer to this matter again, please.（请不要再提这件事了。）

2、查阅

英文释义：look at sth. for information

例句①：If you don't know what it means，refer to the dictionary.（如果你不知道它的意思，可以查字典。）

例句②：In drawing up the plan，they went to the library to refer to many books.（在制订计划时，他们到图书馆查阅了许多书籍。）

3、涉及；关于；有关

英文释义：concern；relate or apply to

例句①：The rule refers only to special cases.（这条规则只涉及一些特殊的情况。）

例句②：I have examined all the documents referring to the matter.（我翻阅了所有关于此事的文件。）

例句③：What I have to say refers to all of you.（我要讲的话与你们大家都有关。）

4、指的是

英文释义：mean

例句：I was not referring to her when I said so.（当我那么说时，我并不是指她。）

5、提交…处理

英文释义：send to **. for decision or action

例句①：We referred the matter to the Finance Committee.（我们把这事提交财务委员会处理。）

例句②：The shop referred the complaint to the maker of the article.（那家商店将投诉意见转给了制造商。）