“extensive margin” 和“intensive margin” 如何典雅地翻译?

extensive margin：

粗放边际; 广延边际;

intensive margin：

深度边际; 强度边际; 约边际;

extensive and intensive margins什么意思

有些概念有广义（extensive）和狭义（intensive）之分，或者说是外延和内涵。

你直接翻译为 “广义和狭义的范畴” 即可。

具体理解如下：

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

margin就是对范围的一个限定。这里是对概念范围的圈定。

In economics, a margin is a set of constraints conceptualised as a border.

Margins are sometimes conceptualized as extensive or intensive.

extensive margin 是包含所有可用的：

An extensive margin corresponds to the number of usable inputs that are in some sense employed. For example, hiring an additional worker would increase an extensive margin.

intensive margin 只包含实际在用的：

An intensive margin corresponds to the amount of use extracted within a given extensive margin. For example, reducing required production from a given set of workers would decrease the intensive margin.

下面是关于“劳动力”这个概念的解释：

In the context of the workforce, the intensive margin can refer to people already in the workforce. The extensive margin refers to all members of the labor force, employed and unemployed.

intensive margin指所有在职工人的总数；而extensive margin指所有具有劳动能力的人的总数（含在职的和失业的）。

extensive margin 怎么翻译

extensive

[iks5tensiv]

adj.

广大的, 广阔的, 广泛的

margin

[5mB:dVin]

n.

页边的空白, (湖、池等的)边缘, 极限, 利润, 差数, (时间、金额等的)富余

vt.

加边于, 加旁注于

可以理解为大量的利润。那要看你是什么情况了。

如何写ag

----------------------------正文段---------------------------------------------------------------逻辑错误顺序： 顺序式攻击（1，2，3...） 低级 主次式攻击（主要-次要） 中级 让步式攻击（逻辑排列） 高级 注，让步式攻击：A——不成立 即使A不成立——B不成立 即使A和B都成立——C不成立 -------------------------------全文写法---------------------------------------------------------- 开头段: 归纳原题论点，论据（改写，提炼） 指明逻辑错误个数（待攻击的错误个数）第二、三、四正文段: 主要错误攻击+小错带过（独立与组合）第五段： 总结归纳（收敛思维） -------------------------------开头段具体写作举例------------------------------------------------Merely based on the unfounded assumption and dubious(suspicious) evidence,the statement draws the conclusion that__c__.To substantiate(support) this conclusion.The arguer points out the evidence that__e1__.In addition,he indicates that_____.Further more,he cites that result of a recent survey in support of the____.At first glance,this argument appears to be somewhat convincing.But further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressd in the argument.From the logical perspective,this argument suffers from N logical flaws. 说明：c=conclusion,e1=evidence1,N=自然数 -----------------------------过渡句举例----------------------------------------------------------1.Another problem that weakens the logic of this argument is that...2.Before Icome to my conclusion,it is necessary to point out the last flaw,involved this argument that... -----------------------------结尾及具体写法举例--------------------------------------------------- conclusion + suggestionTo sum up,this arguer fails to substantiate is claim that__c__,because the evidence cited the ****ysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.To make the argument more convincing,the author would have to provide more information with regard to__s1__.Additionally,he would have to demonstrate that__s2__.Therefore,if the atgument had included the given factors discussed above,it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.说明：s1=suggestion 1,s2=suggestion 2 -------------------------------各个逻辑错误-------------------------------------------------------1.调查类错误：例Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of __ and did so randomly cross the entire spectum,the survey results are not reliable to gauge__gernerally The number of respondents/samples in it self does not ensure representativeness.For example,if the samples included only __,then the results would no doubt suggest___or if the grosses are considerable__(具体数字)__would account for only a little percentage,which would render the result of the survey meaningless. We are not informed whether the survey response are anonymous,even confidential,if they were not honest... 调查类错误词汇归纳：名：survey,questionaire,statistical,study,sample, specimen ,sampling ,accidental sampling,class sampling,randomicity,randomness,quantity,quality,statistic,poll,absolute value,percentage,validity,statistic validity,range,spectrum,scope 动：select,choose,sample,indagate,investigate,examine,scrutinize,comprimize 形副：valid，authentic,random,quantitative,statistical,representative,charactoristic,typical,far-ranging,comprehensive,extensive,generally,universally,rifely 2.充分条件，必要条件类错误攻击原理：a+b+c=D充分条件错误标志词：once,will必要条件错误标志词：without,necessory,only 例the editor's recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B.However common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one.A myriad of other factors including_C_or_D_might be cause of B.To be specific___,without ruling out these and other possible cause,the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by A can? B 词汇归纳：名:condition,requirement,necessity,sufficient condition,sufficiency,outcome,aftermath动：constitute,establish,suffice,result in,induce,render,exclude形副：sufficient,necessary,perforce,necessarily,required 3.因果关系错误(1）无因果标志词：for ,cause,reason,since,link,correlation,connection,therefore,and（2）时序性因果错误：because,after,this,therefore,consequence,consequently时序性因果错误攻击体系（错误的location,攻击方式，弱化条件的攻击，结果）例Based on the fact that_A_occurred after_B_,the editor infers that_B_should be responsible for_A_.However,the sequence of these event in itself,does not suffice to prove that the earlier development cause the later one.It might have resulted from some other events instead:_CDE_.to just a few possibilities.Without ruling out,scenarios such as this.the editor establish a cause-and-effect relationship between_A_and_B_upon which the editor's recommandation depends.(3)同时性因果错误攻击原理 A,B同时发生，则作者认为A,B有因果关系标志词：meanwhile,also,with,during,under,over,parallel 因果词汇归纳：名relation,causation,relevancy,conjunction,connection,nexus,association,linkage 动associate,link,connect,relate to,ignore, neglect,lose sight of 形relational,relevant,causal,related,sequent,traceable 4.范围变化类错误原理表征现象：题干引言，范围变换；正文标志词：论据核心词不同于结论核心词（名词） nationwide,statewide(永远表示州)，throughout,overall,across,average 词汇归纳：名scope,localization,diversity,variety,individual,unit,whole 动extend,expand,broaden,enlarge,spread,shrink,differentiate,distinguish 形overall,generally,extensive,entire,diverse,dissimilar,multiplex 5.profit错误标志词 profit,profitable,profitablity profit攻击体系：例The author's conclusion that__is unwarranted.Profit is a factor relating to not only revenue,but also cost.It entirely possible that the cost of _A_,or other costs associated with _BC_will offset,even outweigh the revenue,besides a myride of other unexpected occurences,such as unfavorable economic depression might prevent__from being as profitable as the argument predicts. 词汇归纳：名disadvantage,drawback,demerit,value,worthiness,pros and cons,revenue,income,proceeds,profit,margin,gain,cost,feasibility动consider, balance,weigh,compare,形all-round,all-sided,one-sided,unilateral 6.时间外推类错误标志词（时间性表达）two years ago,last year...trend,tendency,continue,remain,stay 时间外推类错误攻击体系（时间类体系）例The author claims that_将来_because_过去/现在_.This assumption is unwarranted,because things rarely remain.the same over extended period of time.There are likely all kinds of difference between_过去_and_将来_.For example,_将来_;however,_过去_Any of these scenarios,if true,would serve to undermine the claim that__多样化原理用词名trend,tendency,direction,fixedness,diversification 动forecast,anticipate,expect,continue,remain,alter,inflect,shift, 形副bypast,forepassed, current,present,intending,continued,changeless,unaltered,variable 7.论据含糊类错误论据含糊的标志词主观词汇：promise,guess关联型FAvague,invalid,void,ill-defined,indistinct,unclear 8.错误类比标志词：similar,same,nearby,neighboring,两个行业/公司名称，两个城市/州/国家的名称错误类比表征现象（题干/正文）例The arguer's recommendation relies on what might be a poor anology between A and B.The anology falsely depends on the assumption that____in both A and B are similar.However it is possible that A 与 B 有差异 ,in short,without accounting for such possible differences between A and B,the arguer cannot prove that B will reap the similar benefits from the proposed method. 词汇归纳：名：****ogy,comparison,similarity,comparability,paralleli**动：resemble,differ,vary,distinguish,discriminate,secern 形/副：****ogically,homologous,distinct,****ogous,dissimilar,disparate 9.非此即彼类错误标志词：either...or...法一：例：Even assuming A is not the reason for C,the aouthor falsely assumes that C must be attributable to B,this "either or"(指代此类错误)argument is fallacious in that.it ...ignores other possibles. 法二：The editorial seems to make two irreconcilable claims.One is that A;The other is B.However,this assumption presents a false dilemma,since A.B are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives. 10.无理假设 我貌似什么都没记 11.绝对化词记错误标志词：all,best,any,anything,everybody ------------------------Arguement note-----------end!-

集约边际和粗放边际区别？The difference between intensive margin and extensive margin

An extensive margin corresponds to the number of usable inputs that are in some sense employed; to put in another way,extensive margin refers to the range to which a resource is utilized or applied. For example: the number of hours worked by an employee; and if you hire

an additional employee, it would increase an extensive margin.

An intensive margin corresponds to the amount of use extracted within a given extensive margin. Put in more simply, Intensive margin refers to the degree (intensity) to which a resource is utilized or applied. For example, the effort put in by a worker or the number of hours the worker works. By reducing required production from a given set of workers would decrease the intensive margin.

注：这是范里安的《微观经济学：现代观点》一书第15章《市场需求》中提到的两个概念：

可以简单地理解为一个经济量的深度与广度，或集约边际与广义或粗放边际，如贸易。粗放边际一般指新市场的开辟和新产品的出口，集约边际一般指的是在同一市场原有贸易的增加。

根据上面的解释，可以这样理解原书中提到的“消费在粗放边际上与集约边际上的调整”。粗放或广义边际讲的是要不要消费一种商品的问题，集约边际讲的是，在一组价格下，消费多少的问题。