如何写ag

----------------------------正文段---------------------------------------------------------------逻辑错误顺序： 顺序式攻击（1，2，3...） 低级 主次式攻击（主要-次要） 中级 让步式攻击（逻辑排列） 高级 注，让步式攻击：A——不成立 即使A不成立——B不成立 即使A和B都成立——C不成立 -------------------------------全文写法---------------------------------------------------------- 开头段: 归纳原题论点，论据（改写，提炼） 指明逻辑错误个数（待攻击的错误个数）第二、三、四正文段: 主要错误攻击+小错带过（独立与组合）第五段： 总结归纳（收敛思维） -------------------------------开头段具体写作举例------------------------------------------------Merely based on the unfounded assumption and dubious(suspicious) evidence,the statement draws the conclusion that__c__.To substantiate(support) this conclusion.The arguer points out the evidence that__e1__.In addition,he indicates that_____.Further more,he cites that result of a recent survey in support of the____.At first glance,this argument appears to be somewhat convincing.But further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressd in the argument.From the logical perspective,this argument suffers from N logical flaws. 说明：c=conclusion,e1=evidence1,N=自然数 -----------------------------过渡句举例----------------------------------------------------------1.Another problem that weakens the logic of this argument is that...2.Before Icome to my conclusion,it is necessary to point out the last flaw,involved this argument that... -----------------------------结尾及具体写法举例--------------------------------------------------- conclusion + suggestionTo sum up,this arguer fails to substantiate is claim that__c__,because the evidence cited the ****ysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.To make the argument more convincing,the author would have to provide more information with regard to__s1__.Additionally,he would have to demonstrate that__s2__.Therefore,if the atgument had included the given factors discussed above,it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.说明：s1=suggestion 1,s2=suggestion 2 -------------------------------各个逻辑错误-------------------------------------------------------1.调查类错误：例Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of __ and did so randomly cross the entire spectum,the survey results are not reliable to gauge__gernerally The number of respondents/samples in it self does not ensure representativeness.For example,if the samples included only __,then the results would no doubt suggest___or if the grosses are considerable__(具体数字)__would account for only a little percentage,which would render the result of the survey meaningless. We are not informed whether the survey response are anonymous,even confidential,if they were not honest... 调查类错误词汇归纳：名：survey,questionaire,statistical,study,sample, specimen ,sampling ,accidental sampling,class sampling,randomicity,randomness,quantity,quality,statistic,poll,absolute value,percentage,validity,statistic validity,range,spectrum,scope 动：select,choose,sample,indagate,investigate,examine,scrutinize,comprimize 形副：valid，authentic,random,quantitative,statistical,representative,charactoristic,typical,far-ranging,comprehensive,extensive,generally,universally,rifely 2.充分条件，必要条件类错误攻击原理：a+b+c=D充分条件错误标志词：once,will必要条件错误标志词：without,necessory,only 例the editor's recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B.However common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one.A myriad of other factors including_C_or_D_might be cause of B.To be specific___,without ruling out these and other possible cause,the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by A can? B 词汇归纳：名:condition,requirement,necessity,sufficient condition,sufficiency,outcome,aftermath动：constitute,establish,suffice,result in,induce,render,exclude形副：sufficient,necessary,perforce,necessarily,required 3.因果关系错误(1）无因果标志词：for ,cause,reason,since,link,correlation,connection,therefore,and（2）时序性因果错误：because,after,this,therefore,consequence,consequently时序性因果错误攻击体系（错误的location,攻击方式，弱化条件的攻击，结果）例Based on the fact that_A_occurred after_B_,the editor infers that_B_should be responsible for_A_.However,the sequence of these event in itself,does not suffice to prove that the earlier development cause the later one.It might have resulted from some other events instead:_CDE_.to just a few possibilities.Without ruling out,scenarios such as this.the editor establish a cause-and-effect relationship between_A_and_B_upon which the editor's recommandation depends.(3)同时性因果错误攻击原理 A,B同时发生，则作者认为A,B有因果关系标志词：meanwhile,also,with,during,under,over,parallel 因果词汇归纳：名relation,causation,relevancy,conjunction,connection,nexus,association,linkage 动associate,link,connect,relate to,ignore, neglect,lose sight of 形relational,relevant,causal,related,sequent,traceable 4.范围变化类错误原理表征现象：题干引言，范围变换；正文标志词：论据核心词不同于结论核心词（名词） nationwide,statewide(永远表示州)，throughout,overall,across,average 词汇归纳：名scope,localization,diversity,variety,individual,unit,whole 动extend,expand,broaden,enlarge,spread,shrink,differentiate,distinguish 形overall,generally,extensive,entire,diverse,dissimilar,multiplex 5.profit错误标志词 profit,profitable,profitablity profit攻击体系：例The author's conclusion that__is unwarranted.Profit is a factor relating to not only revenue,but also cost.It entirely possible that the cost of _A_,or other costs associated with _BC_will offset,even outweigh the revenue,besides a myride of other unexpected occurences,such as unfavorable economic depression might prevent__from being as profitable as the argument predicts. 词汇归纳：名disadvantage,drawback,demerit,value,worthiness,pros and cons,revenue,income,proceeds,profit,margin,gain,cost,feasibility动consider, balance,weigh,compare,形all-round,all-sided,one-sided,unilateral 6.时间外推类错误标志词（时间性表达）two years ago,last year...trend,tendency,continue,remain,stay 时间外推类错误攻击体系（时间类体系）例The author claims that_将来_because_过去/现在_.This assumption is unwarranted,because things rarely remain.the same over extended period of time.There are likely all kinds of difference between_过去_and_将来_.For example,_将来_;however,_过去_Any of these scenarios,if true,would serve to undermine the claim that__多样化原理用词名trend,tendency,direction,fixedness,diversification 动forecast,anticipate,expect,continue,remain,alter,inflect,shift, 形副bypast,forepassed, current,present,intending,continued,changeless,unaltered,variable 7.论据含糊类错误论据含糊的标志词主观词汇：promise,guess关联型FAvague,invalid,void,ill-defined,indistinct,unclear 8.错误类比标志词：similar,same,nearby,neighboring,两个行业/公司名称，两个城市/州/国家的名称错误类比表征现象（题干/正文）例The arguer's recommendation relies on what might be a poor anology between A and B.The anology falsely depends on the assumption that____in both A and B are similar.However it is possible that A 与 B 有差异 ,in short,without accounting for such possible differences between A and B,the arguer cannot prove that B will reap the similar benefits from the proposed method. 词汇归纳：名：****ogy,comparison,similarity,comparability,paralleli**动：resemble,differ,vary,distinguish,discriminate,secern 形/副：****ogically,homologous,distinct,****ogous,dissimilar,disparate 9.非此即彼类错误标志词：either...or...法一：例：Even assuming A is not the reason for C,the aouthor falsely assumes that C must be attributable to B,this "either or"(指代此类错误)argument is fallacious in that.it ...ignores other possibles. 法二：The editorial seems to make two irreconcilable claims.One is that A;The other is B.However,this assumption presents a false dilemma,since A.B are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives. 10.无理假设 我貌似什么都没记 11.绝对化词记错误标志词：all,best,any,anything,everybody ------------------------Arguement note-----------end!-

“extensive margin” 和“intensive margin” 如何典雅地翻译?

extensive margin：

粗放边际; 广延边际;

intensive margin：

深度边际; 强度边际; 约边际;

extensive and intensive margins什么意思

有些概念有广义（extensive）和狭义（intensive）之分，或者说是外延和内涵。

你直接翻译为 “广义和狭义的范畴” 即可。

具体理解如下：

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

margin就是对范围的一个限定。这里是对概念范围的圈定。

In economics, a margin is a set of constraints conceptualised as a border.

Margins are sometimes conceptualized as extensive or intensive.

extensive margin 是包含所有可用的：

An extensive margin corresponds to the number of usable inputs that are in some sense employed. For example, hiring an additional worker would increase an extensive margin.

intensive margin 只包含实际在用的：

An intensive margin corresponds to the amount of use extracted within a given extensive margin. For example, reducing required production from a given set of workers would decrease the intensive margin.

下面是关于“劳动力”这个概念的解释：

In the context of the workforce, the intensive margin can refer to people already in the workforce. The extensive margin refers to all members of the labor force, employed and unemployed.

intensive margin指所有在职工人的总数；而extensive margin指所有具有劳动能力的人的总数（含在职的和失业的）。

集约边际和粗放边际区别？The difference between intensive margin and extensive margin

An extensive margin corresponds to the number of usable inputs that are in some sense employed; to put in another way,extensive margin refers to the range to which a resource is utilized or applied. For example: the number of hours worked by an employee; and if you hire

an additional employee, it would increase an extensive margin.

An intensive margin corresponds to the amount of use extracted within a given extensive margin. Put in more simply, Intensive margin refers to the degree (intensity) to which a resource is utilized or applied. For example, the effort put in by a worker or the number of hours the worker works. By reducing required production from a given set of workers would decrease the intensive margin.

注：这是范里安的《微观经济学：现代观点》一书第15章《市场需求》中提到的两个概念：

可以简单地理解为一个经济量的深度与广度，或集约边际与广义或粗放边际，如贸易。粗放边际一般指新市场的开辟和新产品的出口，集约边际一般指的是在同一市场原有贸易的增加。

根据上面的解释，可以这样理解原书中提到的“消费在粗放边际上与集约边际上的调整”。粗放或广义边际讲的是要不要消费一种商品的问题，集约边际讲的是，在一组价格下，消费多少的问题。

extensive margin 怎么翻译

extensive

[iks5tensiv]

adj.

广大的, 广阔的, 广泛的

margin

[5mB:dVin]

n.

页边的空白, (湖、池等的)边缘, 极限, 利润, 差数, (时间、金额等的)富余

vt.

加边于, 加旁注于

可以理解为大量的利润。那要看你是什么情况了。

急需环形珊瑚礁的英文简介

帮你找了一些,很全面,包括你说的分布情况与产生原因,希望对你有用:

coral reef

Coral reefs (also known as Sea Gardens) grow in tropical seas in the photic zone, where there is mild wave action, not so strong it tears the reef apart yet strong enough to stir the water and deliver sufficient food and oxygen. Coral reefs also need nutrient-poor, clear, warm, shallow water to grow. Coral reefs are built up from millions of skeletons from tiny animals called polyps, which are related to sea anemones.

Coral reef biology

The building blocks of coral reefs are the "skeletons" of generations of reef-building algae, corals, and other organi**s that are composed of calcium carbonate. For example, as a coral head grows, it lays down a skeletal structure encasing each new polyp. Waves, grazing fishes (such as parrotfish), sea urchins, sponges, and other forces and organi**s break down the coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure. Many other organi**s living in the reef community contribute their skeletal calcium carbonate in the same manner. Coralline algae are actually the main contributors to the structure, at least in those parts of the reef subjected to the greatest forces by waves (such as the reef front facing the open ocean). These algae contribute to reef-building by depositing limestone in sheets over the surface of the reef and thereby contributing to the structural integrity of the reef. Many coralline algae species form nodules, or develop on the surface of fragments, enlarging these. The crust-forming species protect coral reefs by withstanding and mitigating wave pressures that would destroy most corals. This crust often forms a protective ridge on the outer edge of a reef (reef crest or reef margin), particularly in the Pacific (Castro and Huber, 2000; Nybakken, 1997).

Reef-building or hermatypic corals are only found in the photic zone (above 50m depth), the depth to which sufficient sunlight penetrates the water for photosynthesis to occur. The coral polyps do not photosynthesize, but have a symbiotic relationship with single-celled algae called zooxanthellae; these algal cells within the tissues of the coral polyps carry out photosynthesis and produce excess organic nutrients that are then used by the coral polyps. Because of this relationship, coral reefs grow much faster in clear water, which admits more sunlight. Indeed, the relationship is responsible for coral reefs in the sense that without their symbionts, coral growth would be too slow for the corals to form impressive reef structures.

Although corals are found growing in most areas of a healthy coral reef, the elevation of the reef flat relative to sea level (and considering tidal range) imposes significant constraints on coral growth. In general, only a **all number of coral species can thrive on the reef flat, and these cannot grow above a certain height because the polyps can withstand only limited exposure to the air at low tide. Of course some reef flats carry a meter or so of water over the surface, and then coral growth can be prolific. It is the upward growth of coralline algae on the outer part of the reef flat that ultimately results in an overall rise in the surface elevation of a reef, which typically slopes gently downward in towards the shore or lagoon and very steeply downward in the seaward direction. Prolific growth of these algae is a response to water motion bringing in inorganic nutrients and removing waste products. The damaging effects of exposure at low tide on the algae is ameliorated somewhat by constantly breaking waves on the reef edge. Nonetheless, it is the case that mature reefs are in equilibrium with both sea level and wave regime with respect to their elevation, and excess production of limestone moves away from the margin to expand the reef laterally and fill in low areas.

The more prolific growths of corals are to be found in water deeper than where the bottom is exposed at low tides: on the frontal reef slope (forereef), in lagoons, and along reef channels that bisect the flat. Under conditions of clear, moving seawater, corals provide the bulk of the skeletal material comprising the reef and the structural complexity that results in a high diversity of reef associated fishes and invertebrates.

Coral reef formations

Coral reefs can take a variety of forms, defined as the following;

Apron reef — short reef resembling a fringing reef, but more sloped; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore.

Fringing reef — reef that is directly attached to shore or borders it with an intervening shallow channel or lagoon.

Barrier reef — reef separated from a mainland or island shore by a deep lagoon; see Great Barrier Reef.

Patch reef — an isolated, often circular reef, usually within a lagoon or embayment.

Ribbon reef — long, narrow, somewhat winding reef, usually associated with an atoll lagoon.

Table reef — isolated reef, approaching an atoll type, but without a lagoon.

Atoll reef — a more or less circular or continuous barrier reef surrounding a lagoon without a central island; see atoll.

World-wide distribution of reefs

Coral reefs are estimated to cover 284,300 square kilometers, with the Indo-Pacific region (including the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and the Pacific) accounting for 91.9 percent of the total. Southeast Asia accounts for 32.3 percent of that figure, while the Pacific including Australia accounts for 40.8 percent. Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs only account for 7.6 percent of the world total (Spalding et al., 2001).

Coral reefs are either restricted or absent from along the west coast of the Americas, as well as the west coast of Africa. This is due primarily to upwelling and strong cold coastal currents that reduce water temperatures in these areas (Nybakken, 1997). Corals are also restricted from off the coastline of South Asia from Pakistan to Bangladesh (Spalding et al., 2001). They are also restricted along the coast around north-eastern South America and Bangladesh due to the release of vast quantities of freshwater from the Amazon and Ganges Rivers respectively.

Famous coral reefs and reef areas of the world include:

The Great Barrier Reef - largest coral reef in the world, Queensland, Australia;

The Barrier Reef of Roatán - second largest in the world, Honduras, Central America; and

The Red Sea Coral Reef - located off the coast of Egypt.

Ecology and biodiversity

Coral reefs support an extraordinary amount of biodiversity; although they are located in nutrient-poor tropical waters. The process of nutrient cycling between corals, zooxanthellae, and other reef organi**s provides an explanation for why coral reefs flourish in these waters: recycling ensures that fewer nutrients are needed overall to support the community.

Cyanobacteria also provide soluble nitrates for the coral reef through the process of nitrogen fixation. Corals absorb nutrients, including inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, directly from the water, and they feed upon zooplankton that are carried past the polyps by water motion (Castro and Huber, 2000). Thus, primary productivity on a coral reef is very high. Producers in coral reef communities include the symbiotic zooxanthellae, coralline algae, and various seaweeds, especially **all types called turf algae, although scientists disagree about the importance of these particular organi**s (Castro and Huber, 2000).

Coral reefs are home to a variety of tropical or reef fishes, such as the colorful parrotfishes, angelfishes, damselfishes and butterflyfishes. Other fish groups found on coral reefs include groupers, snappers, grunts and wrasses. Over 4,000 species of fishes inhabit coral reefs (Spalding et al., 2001).

Reefs are also home to a large variety of other organi**s, including sponges, Cnidarians (which includes some types of corals and jellyfish), worms, crustaceans (including shrimp, spiny lobsters and crabs), mollusks (including cephalopods), echinoderms (including starfish, sea stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers), sea squirts, sea turtles and sea snakes. Aside from humans, mammals are rare on coral reefs, with visiting cetaceans such as dolphins being the main group. A few of these varied species feed directly on corals, while others graze on algae on the reef and participate in complex food webs (Castro and Huber, 2000; Spalding et al., 2001).

A number of invertebrates, collectively called cryptofauna, inhabit the coral rock substrate itself, either boring into the limestone surface or living in pre-existing voids and crevices. Those animals boring into the rock include sponges, bivalve mollusks, and Sipunculans. Those settling on the reef include many other species, particularly crustaceans and Polychaete worms (Nybakken, 1997).

Due to their vast biodiversity, many governments world-wide take measures to protect their coral reefs. In Australia, the Great Barrier Reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, and is the subject of many plans and pieces of legislation, including a Biodiversity Action Plan.

Threats to reefs

Humans continue to represent the single greatest threat to coral reefs living in Earth's oceans. In particular, land-based pollution and over-fishing are the most serious threats to these ecosystems. Physical destruction of reefs due to boat and shipping traffic is also a problem. The live food fish trade has been implicated as a driver of decline due to the use of cyanide and other chemicals in the capture of **all fishes. Finally, above normal water temperatures, due to climate phenomena such as El Niño and global warming, can cause coral bleaching. According to The Nature Conservancy, if destruction increases at the current rate, 70% of the world’s coral reefs will have disappeared within 50 years. This loss would be an economic disaster for peoples living in the tropics. Hughes, et al, (2003), writes that "with increased human population and improved storage and transport systems, the scale of human impacts on reefs has grown exponentially. For example, markets for fishes and other natural resources have become global, supplying demand for reef resources far removed from their tropical sources".

Currently researchers are working to determine the degree various factors impact the reef systems. The list of factors is long but includes the oceans acting as a carbon dioxide sink, changes in Earth's atmosphere, ultraviolet light, ocean acidification, biological virus, impacts of dust storms carrying agents to far flung reef systems, various pollutants and others... Reefs are threatened well beyond coastal areas and so the problem is broader than factors from land development and pollution though those are too causing considerable damage.

Land development and pollution

Extensive and poorly managed land development can threaten the survival of coral reefs. Within the last 20 years, once prolific mangrove forests, which absorb massive amounts of nutrients and sediment from runoff caused by farming and construction of roads, buildings, ports, channels, and harbors, are being destroyed. Nutrient-rich water causes fleshy algae and phytoplankton to thrive in coastal areas in suffocating amounts known as algal blooms. Coral reefs are biological assemblages adapted to waters with low nutrient content, and the addition of nutrients favors species that disrupt the balance of the reef communities. Both the loss of wetlands and the algal bloom events are considered to be significant factors affecting water quality on reefs. [1]

Poor water quality has also been shown to encourage the spread of infectious diseases among corals. [2]

Copper, a common industrial pollutant, has been shown to interfere with the life history and development of coral polyps. [3]

A large area of the Gulf of Mexico is hypoxic during the year, killing countless marine life and threatening the Flower Gardens reef system.

Live reef fish trade

Due to the increased demand for live reef fish in North America and Europe, the use of cyanide fishing has increased in the Indo-Pacific region. 85% of the world’s aquarium fish are caught in this region and almost all of them are caught using cyanide. [citation needed] Cyanide is used to stun the fish, in order to easily capture them for trade. It is detrimental to the organs of fish, and there is a 90% mortality rate of cyanide-captured fish. [citation needed] Cyanide is also very destructive to the surrounding coral reef ecosystems, as it kills corals and other reef invertebrates. (Barber and Pratt, 1-2) Corals are also harmed by the poor harvesting practices of the live fish trade. Fishermen sometimes pound on the reef with crowbars and rocks to scare fish into nets or pry corals apart to retrieve stunned fish.

A major catalyst of cyanide fishing is poverty within fishing communities. In areas like the Philippines where cyanide is regularly used to catch live aquarium fish, the percentage of the population below the poverty line is 40%[3]. In such developing countries, a fisherman might resort to such unethical practices in order to prevent his or her family from starving.

Dynamite fishing is another extremely destructive method that fishermen use to harvest **all fish. The procedure of dynamite fishing starts with a bottle that is filled with explosives made of potassium nitrate. Once the dynamite goes off the explosion brings about an underwater shockwave causing the swim bladders of fish to burst making them float to the top. A second blast is often set off after the first to kill any larger predators that are attracted to the initial kill of the **aller fish. This method of fishing does not only kill **all fish but also claims the lives of many reef animals that are not edible or wanted, such as the coral itself. Areas that used to be full of coral now are like desert sand, no sign of coral or any other reef animals that used to inhabit them.

Coral bleaching

Main article: Coral bleaching

During the 1998 and 2004 El Niño weather phenomena, in which sea surface temperatures rose well above normal, many tropical coral reefs were bleached or killed. Some recovery has been noted in more remote locations, but global warming could negate some of this recovery in the future. Toxins in the tissue are produced when the water temperatures climb, causing coral bleaching. [citation needed]

However, Ben McNeil of the University of New South Wales hypothesises that reefs are not in decline, and may exceed pre-industrial levels by as much as 35 percent by 2100, especially because of the positive influence of global warming. However, growth in some reefs due to global warming is expected to be offset by declines in other reefs, due to the comfortable temperature range for a coral being close to the temperature at which they bleach.[citation needed]

Some suggest that while reefs may die in certain areas, other areas will become habitable for corals, and form coral reefs. [4] Others yet point to data that suggests that the global temperature has never changed by more than a degree for a very long time. (See Global warming controversy).

Destruction worldwide

Southeast Asian coral reefs are at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as cyanide and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, pollution and bleaching. A variety of activities, including education, regulation, and the establishment of marine protected areas are underway to protect these reefs. Indonesia, for example has nearly 33,000 square miles of coral reefs. Its waters are home to a third of the world’s total corals and a quarter of its fish species. Indonesia's coral reefs are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and have been victim to destructive fishing, unregulated touri**, and bleaching due to climatic changes. Data from 414 reef monitoring stations throughout Indonesia in 2000 found that only 6 percent of Indonesia’s coral reefs are in excellent condition, while 24 percent are in good condition, and approximately 70 percent are in poor to fair condition (2003 The Johns Hopkins University).

General estimates show approximately 10% of the coral reefs around the world are already dead. [5][6]Problems range from environmental effects of fishing techniques, described above, to Ocean acidification. [7] Coral bleaching is another manifestation of the problem and is showing up in reefs across the planet.

Protection and restoration of reefs

It is estimated that about 60% of the world’s reefs are at risk due to destructive, human-related activities. The threat to the health of reefs is particularly strong in Southeast Asia, where an enormous 80% of reefs are considered endangered.

Marine Protected Areas

One method of coastal reef management that has become increasingly prominent is the implementation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). MPAs have been introduced in Southeast Asia and elsewhere around the world to attempt to promote responsible fishery management and habitat protection. Much like the designation of national parks and wild life refuges, potentially damaging extraction activities are prohibited. The objectives of MPAs are both social and biological, including restoration of coral reefs, aesthetic maintenance, increased and protected biodiversity, and economic benefits. Conflicts surrounding MPAs involve lack of participation, clashing views and perceptions of effectiveness, and funding.

Indonesia currently has nine MPAs, claiming a total 41,129 square kilometers of coastal waters are to be under protection. [citation needed] A study done on one of the more recently established MPAs in Indonesia showed the need for co-management when it comes to the success of managing MPAs. This collaborative approach emphasizes the cooperation and partnership between parties at the national, provincial, and local community level.

The coral reefs in the Philippines and Indonesia are disappearing rapidly due to dynamite and cyanide fishing. Between 1966 and 1986 the productivity of coral reefs in the Philippines dropped by one-third as the national population doubled (State of the Reefs). [citation needed] In Indonesia as well, over eighty percent of the coral reefs are under threat (The Jakarta Post). These two locations are home to the world's most diverse range of corals. If the rate of destruction does not diminish, seventy percent of all the world's coral reefs will be gone in the next twenty-five to forty years (the Philippines). [citation needed]

Organizations

Numerous organizations exist that aim to help preserve coral reef habitat. For instance, The Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) is an international, non-profit organization that works to bring responsibility and sustainability to the aquarium fish trade industry concerned with industry practices that bring harm to coral reefs. Such concerns include the use of cyanide to stun and collect fish, poor handling and hu**andry practices, wild stock depletion, limited government regulation and management of natural resources, and lack of reliable data about the industry. A ban on collecting organi**s from reefs for the aquarium industry would create a loss of income to communities, and possibly an increase in illegal trade. MAC encompasses a large network of researchers, industry operators and conservationists to ensure objective solutions that can benefit the industry and the environment. MAC supports the concept that there is a sustainable and responsible way to meet the demands of the industry by creating international standards and certification schemes to inform and educate consumers, collectors, and retailers on the importance of sustaining healthy coral reef environments.