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mitigate词根「mitigate词根词源」

更新时间:2026-07-18 11:54:35 周记网3年前 (2023-04-14)英文周记127

2020-03-14

①A priority of China’s belt is to improve cross-border transport. ②It squares with ASEAN’s desire for regional integration.③As elsewhere, the soft infrastructure lags the hard, particularly at borders.④Hence a new body called the Chongqing Connectivity Initiative, set up with Singapore, to seek a single electronic platform for speeding up customs clearance.

mitigate词根「mitigate词根词源」

“一带一路李旅”的一个首要任务是改善跨境运输。这与东盟对区域一体化的愿望吻合。和其他地方一样,这里的软件基础设施落后于硬件,尤其在边界地区。为此,重庆和新加坡联合成立了名为“重庆互联互通倡议”的新部门,打造单一电子平台来加快通关速度。

①A priority of China’s belt is to improve cross-border transport.

“一带一路”的一个首要任务是改善跨境运输。

A priority of  首要任务;头等大事;当务之急

priority 优先事项;优先;优先通行权

词根 pri=first 第一

后缀 -ity=构成名词;表状态和性质等

China's belt 中国“一带一路”,英文省略掉了road,但根据意思我们应该知道它指代的是瞎裤“一带一路”。所磨扰简以翻译的时候要翻译完整。

improve 改进;改善;增进;提高;康复;健康好转;超过;胜过

根据后面的词选择相应的动词修饰

improve与以下词性连用

adv.

significantly improve

明显改进(或好转)

improve slightly

略有改进(或好转)

v.

continue to improve

继续改进(或好转)

expected to improve

期望改进(或好转)

need to improve

需要改进

try to improve

力图改进

improve on/upon sth      改进;做出比…更好的成绩

to achieve or produce sth that is of a better quality than sth else           

We've certainly improved on last year's figures.  我们的业绩的确超过了去年的数字。

其他同义词

in the sense of advance(提高)

The country has advanced from a rural society to an industrial power.

同义词 improve, rise, grow, develop, reform, pick up, progress, thrive, upgrade, multiply, prosper, make strides

in the sense of ameliorate(改善)

Definition

to make (something) better

Nothing can be done to ameliorate the situation.

同义词 improve, better, benefit, reform, advance, promote, amend, elevate, raise, mend, mitigate, make better, assuage, meliorate

cross-border 跨境

cross-border trade 跨境贸易

cross-border electronic commerce (跨境电子商务)跨境电商

首句指明首要任务是什么。接下来论述

②It squares with ASEAN’s desire for regional integration.

这与东盟对区域一体化的愿望吻合。

It指代前面第一句所说的首要任务:改善跨境运输。

square with

1.agree with与…一致(或协调)

His actions do not square with his principles.他的行为与他的原则不一致。

His theory squares with the facts.他的理论与事实相符。

2.finish paying sth.付清…的帐

I should be able to square with you at the end of the month.我在月底就能付清你的帐。

3.arrange(things)with **.与…把…安排好

Can you square things with the director so that the worker won't be punished for his accidental damage?

你与主任商量一下,不要使这个造成意外损失的工作人员受到处罚,行吗?

ASEAN 东南亚联盟的缩写,上文有说到。

one's desire for (某人)...愿望/渴望

[countable, uncountable] a strong hope or wish

desire to do something

a strong desire to win 有强烈想赢的渴望

desire for

a desire for knowledge 对知识的渴望

desire that

It was Harold’s desire that he should be buried next to his wife.

express/show a desire  表达愿望

She expressed a desire to visit us.

have no desire to do something (=used to emphasize that you do not want to do something)

I have no desire to cause any trouble.

overwhelming/burning desire (=very strong desire)

Paul had a burning desire to visit India.

integration

第二句话引出东盟的愿望和“一带一路"是相吻合的。

③As elsewhere, the soft infrastructure lags the hard, particularly at borders.

和其他地方一样,这里的软件基础设施落后于硬件,尤其在边界地区。

第三句介绍为什么东盟想要区域一体化的缘由。

As elsewhere 和其他地方一样

前后可加入区域地区,可特指强调某地区的其他地方一样

As elsewhere in the world/ in Europe 和世界上/欧洲其他地区一样

leg 在句中是“落后于”的意思,其实还有很多其他意思

v. 缓慢移动;发展缓慢;滞后;落后于;给(管道等)加防冻保暖层     

n. 滞后,(时间上的)间隔

in the sense of drop

Definition

to fall away in strength or intensity

Trade has lagged since the embargo.

同义词

drop

fail

diminish

decrease

flag

fall off

wane

ebb

slacken

lose strength

the soft infrastructure lags the hard(infrastructure)

hard后面应该还有,省略掉。

后面强调尤其是在边界地区,和前面两句的首要任务呼应,也衔接下一句要说的内容。

④Hence a new body called the Chongqing Connectivity Initiative, set up with Singapore, to seek a single electronic platform for speeding up customs clearance.

为此,重庆和新加坡联合成立了名为“重庆互联互通倡议”的新部门,打造单一电子平台来加快通关速度。

首先先短句,划清成分。

Hence a new body(主语)/ called the Chongqing Connectivity Initiative, set up/(谓语) with Singapore, /to seek a single electronic platform/ for speeding up customs clearance.

主句是 a new body set up 成立了一个新部门

body 有机构,部门,身体等的意思,根据上下文应该是部门。

called the Chongqing Connectivity Initiative  called后面是body的修饰定语,告诉我们这个新部门是做什么的。

set up with Singapore 和新加坡一起成立。开头用被动语态,没有谈及是谁和新加坡一起成立。根据倡议内容,可知知是和重庆一起成立新部门。

to seek a single electronic platform /for speeding up customs clearance.

to seek 表方式,去寻求....

a single electronic platform 单一电子平台

按照英文合起来的意思是为了寻求单一电子平台,但读起来不符合中文语境。平台可以用打造的,所以可以改成打造单一电子平台。

for speeding up customs clearance

speeding up 加快(…的)速度;

customs clearance 通关,清关

英文十二个和味蕾相关的词

英文十二个和味蕾相关的词

生活中12个和味蕾有关的词语 你都知道吗?下面我就为大家讲解一下吧。

1. EAGER

1、热切

The word eager goes back to the French word aigre, meaning sour. In English, it first took on the sense of sharp, biting, or severe. Then it took on the sense of intense or impatient, which developed into the "ready to go!" sense.

eager这个词来自法语单词aigre, 意为“酸的”。英语中,最初的意思是味道**、辛辣的或者味道浓重。然后有了强烈和不耐烦的意思,逐步发展为“准备出发”这层意思。

   2. VINEGAR

2、醋

Vinegar also goes back to aigre—vin aigre, or sour wine. That's what vinegar is, after all.

“醋”也来自aigre,即vin aigre,酸的酒,也就是醋,别无汪高其它了。

   3. OXYGEN

3、氧气

In the 18th century, when scientists discovered oxygen, they thought of it as the element whose main characteristic was its role in producing acids. The word oxygen was formed from Greek roots to mean "acid generating."

18世纪时,科学家发现了氧气,认为其主要特点在于氧是能产生酸的元素。oxygen这个词来源于希腊词根,意为“产生酸”。

   4. ACERBIC

4、苦涩

Latin acerbus meant harsh, bitter, or exceptionally sour-tasting. It’s the root of acerbic, which means in a bitter or cutting manner.

拉丁词汇acerbus意为“苦、涩”,尤指“尝起来酸”,是acerbic一词的词根,意指行为方式尖酸刻薄、令人不快。

5. EXACERBATE

5、加剧

Exacerbate also goes back to acerbus, meaning to "make intensely bitter" or, more generally, to worsen.

Exacerbate一词同样可以追溯到acerbus,意为“加重苦味”,或者广义说是“使之恶化”。

   6. MYRRH

6、没药(我注:芳香液状树脂,用于制困瞎尺香水等)

Myrrh is a bitter-tasting tree resin used in perfume and incense. The word comes from a Semitic root meaning bitter.

没药味苦,是用于香水和熏香的'树脂,来神坦自闪米特语词根,意为“苦”。

   7. LICORICE

7、甘草

Licorice goes back to ancient Greek glykus, meaning sweet.

甘草这词可以追溯到古希腊语glykus,意为“甜”。

8. DULCIMER

8、洋琴

The name of this mellow stringed instrument was formed on Latin dulce + melos, or sweet melody.

这一音色甜美的弦乐器的名字是由拉丁语dulce和melos组合而成的,即“甜美的旋律”。

9. ASSUAGE

9、缓和

When you assuage, you soften or mitigate. It goes back to Latin ad + suavis, or "to sweet."

你缓和态度的时候,你会变柔和、平息自己。这个词要追溯到拉丁语ad和suavis,即“甜”。

10. SALARY

10. 薪水

A salary, was originally, in ancient Rome, a salarium—money given to soldiers for the purchase of salt.

薪水,最初起源于古罗马,salarium指的是发给战士们买盐的钱。

   11. SAUSAGE

11、香肠

Sausage, a tube of cured meat, goes back to salsus, meaning salted.

Sausage即一管腌制的肉,这词可以追根溯源到salsus一词,意为盐腌的。

   12. SALAD

12、色拉

Salad, which can now refer to an unseasoned pile of vegetables, also comes from the idea of "salted."

色拉,现在指未加调味料的一堆蔬菜,也是来自“加了盐的”这层意思。

;

【外刊D32】面对职业倦怠,你该如何破局?

Burnout is a term easily tossed around, the way somebody might claim to be starving when they're simply hungry, or freezing when cold. That's harmless if a person is describing a tired day or week. But somebody who is actually burned out should be prepared to take serious action because it's a condition that needs attention.

The big three symptoms are emotional exhaustion, cynici** and feeling ineffective, according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), a survey designed to measure employee burnout in the workforce. Other symptoms can include frequent colds or sicknesses, insomnia and a tendency to alleviate stress in unhealthy ways, such as with too much alcohol or online shopping.

Part of the difficulty of pinpointing true burnout may be because burnout is a nonmedical term—at least in the United States. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders doesn't list it as an illness. But other countries including France, Denmark and Sweden, do recognize burnout syndrome and consider it to be a legitimate reason to take a sick day from work.

For those who suspect they might be on the road to burnout, there are practical tools to mitigate it. Among others: physical exercise, sleep and positive social connection (the real kind, not the Facebook kind). The importance of balance and self-care to prevent burnout likely isn't surprising to most.

"There's nothing fancy about what it would take to turn things around, " says Ziegler, the "Mommy Burnout" author. "But it's a huge shift in the cultural mind-set. That's the challenge."

Burnout is a term easily tossed around, the way somebody might claim to be starving when they're simply hungry, or freezing when cold. That's harmless if a person is describing a tired day or week. But somebody who is actually burned out should be prepared to take serious action because it's a condition that needs attention.

The big three symptoms are emotional exhaustion, cynici** and feeling ineffective, according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), a survey designed to measure employee burnout in the workforce. Other symptoms can include frequent colds or sicknesses, insomnia and a tendency to alleviate stress in unhealthy ways, such as with too much alcohol or online shopping.

Part of the difficulty of pinpointing true burnout may be because burnout is a nonmedical term—at least in the United States. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders doesn't list it as an illness. But other countries including France, Denmark and Sweden, do recognize burnout syndrome and consider it to be a legitimate reason to take a sick day from work.

For those who suspect they might be on the road to burnout, there are practical tools to mitigate it. Among others: physical exercise, sleep and positive social connection (the real kind, not the Facebook kind). The importance of balance and self-care to prevent burnout likely isn't surprising to most.

"There's nothing fancy about what it would take to turn things around," says Ziegler, the "Mommy Burnout" author. "But it's a huge shift in the cultural mind-set. That's the challenge."

burnout

/ˈbɜːrnaʊt/

n. 精疲力竭;倦怠

e.g.

相关词汇:burn out((火)熄灭;东西烧坏)

英文释义:the state of being extremely tired or ill, either physically or mentally, because you have worked too hard

malaise

/məˈleɪz/

n. 身体不适;无法描述的问题

e.g.

近义词:discomfort

英文释义:a general feeling of being ill or having no energy

英文释义:a discomfort that is difficult to explain or identify

例句:This is an economic malaise.

toss around

抛出,提出(想法、建议或说法)

e.g.

相关词汇:toss(v.(轻轻或漫不经心地)扔,抛)

toss 英文释义:to throw something lightly or carelessly

toss 例句:He glanced at the letter and then tossed it into the bin.

英文释义:If you toss ideas, suggestions, or phrases around, you mention them and discuss them with other people.

exhaustion

/ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən/

n. 精疲力竭;疲惫不堪

e.g.

英文释义:the state of being extremely tired

例句:As they approached the end of the marathon, the runners looked near exhaustion.

相关词汇:exhausted(adj. 感到精疲力竭的); exhausting(adj.(某事)让人感到精疲力竭)

例句:I've had an exhausting day./I'm exhausted after a busy day.

cynici**

/ˈsɪnɪsɪzəm/

n. 愤世嫉俗;玩世不恭

e.g.

相关词汇:cynic

cynic 英文释义:a person who believes that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere

词根词缀:-i**(…主义,学说)

alleviate

/əˈliːvieɪt/

v. 减轻;缓和,缓解

e.g.

英文释义:to make something less severe

例句:A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.

pinpoint

/ˈpɪnpɔɪnt/

v. 准确指出,确定

e.g.

相关词汇:pin(n. 大头针);point(v. 指向;瞄准)

搭配短语:pinpoint a location

例句:It is difficult to pinpoint the source of its inspiration.

legitimate

/lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/

adj. 合理的;正当的

e.g.

近义词:valid; reasonable; fair

例句:Her resentment is quite legitimate.

mitigate

/ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/

v. 使缓和;减轻(危害等)

e.g.

近义词:alleviate

搭配短语:mitigate the storm's impact

词义辨析

mitigate, alleviate

mitigate 和 alleviate 意思相近,均可表示“减轻;缓和”。mitigate 更侧重减轻某事的强度或者力度,比如,减轻风暴造成的影响 mitigate the storm's impact。alleviate 指缓解某事,让它更容易承受,经常搭配的名词有 stress 压力,还有 pain 疼痛,例如,这些药物对减轻她的病痛没有丝毫作用:The drugs did nothing to alleviate her pain。

mind-set

/maɪnd set/

n. 观念;思维模式

e.g.

英文释义:a person's way of thinking

搭配短语:a conservative mindset

harmless

adj. 无害的

相关词汇:harm (v./n. 危害)

词根词缀:-less (无,没有)

condition

n. 情况,状况

workforce

n. 劳动力,全体的员工

insomnia

n. 失眠

a tendency to do sth

有倾向做某事

suspect

v. 认为;怀疑

be on the road to sth

即将取得某事;在某事的过程中

英文释义:to be likely to achieve something

fancy

adj. 复杂的;高级的

turn sth around

使某事有好转,有起色

mitigate, alleviate

mitigate 和 alleviate 意思相近,均可表示“减轻;缓和”。mitigate 更侧重减轻某事的强度或者力度,比如,减轻风暴造成的影响 mitigate the storm's impact。alleviate 指缓解某事,让它更容易承受,经常搭配的名词有 stress 压力,还有 pain 疼痛,例如,这些药物对减轻她的病痛没有丝毫作用:The drugs did nothing to alleviate her pain。

The big three symptoms are emotional exhaustion, cynici** and feeling ineffective, according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), a survey designed to measure employee burnout in the workforce.

一项旨在衡量员工工作倦怠程度的问卷调查——**诗职业倦怠量表(MBI)显示,职业倦怠的三大症状是:情绪衰竭、玩世不恭和成就感低落。

Maslach Burnout Inventory,就是**诗职业倦怠量表,简称为 MBI, 这个量表概括了职业倦怠的三大症状。第一大症状是 emotional exhaustion 情绪衰竭,这是一种情绪和精力都被消耗殆尽的状态。例如有“不想干活或不想担事”的想法,尤其是对周而复始的上班感到恐惧。第二大症状是 cynici**,愤世嫉俗或玩世不恭的想法。比如对组织和同事不满意,在工作和人际交往中我行我素。最后一类症状是 feeling ineffective,成就感低落。典型的现象是低估自己在工作中的价值。这三大维度就是**诗量表评估职业倦怠的标准,作者后面又用同位语对这个量表作了补充,a survey designed to measure employee burnout in the workforce,workforce 劳动力,全体的员工,说明**诗量表是一种专门用来测量员工倦怠的调查问卷。

畅销书《自我驱动心理学》对于职业倦怠症的建议

心理咨询专家史蒂文·贝格拉斯在《自我驱动心理学》中,将众多案例和理论融合,对精疲力竭症(编者按:即今天文章中的“职业倦怠”)追根溯源,并且提供了有针对性的治疗经验,节选如下:

1. 正确认识自我

《自我驱动心理学》中,贝格拉斯告诉我们:想要理解、治疗和预防精疲力竭症,第一步就是客观地自我评价。了解自我的需求、性格、优缺点、理想等,才能有的放矢,随时调整自己的事业目标和工作节奏。现代人的压力越来越大,但是每个人害怕的事物不同,焦虑的来源也不同。只有客观认清自己的情况,找到引发我们精疲力竭的根源,才有治愈的可能性。

2. 接纳自我

贝格拉斯在书中揭示出,在众多导致精疲力竭症的因素中,最糟糕的就是人们对追求成功的态度。人们往往给成功人士贴了标签:成功者必须坚强且独立。于是,当人们在获取成就后,往往忽略内心真实的声音,努力维护自己无所不能、不需要别人、不会被情绪左右的成功者形象。想要治疗精疲力竭症,首先需要认识到这种成功观是不健康的;其次需要承认和接纳自己的软弱,和他人建立良好的人际沟通,同时学会正确地表达自己的情绪。

3. 循序渐进地治疗

当身体或心理患上了疾病,产生了痛苦,人们常常急于解脱,试图用一个方法治愈所有症状,让自己从痛苦中解脱。与之相比,更加现实的做法是控制并且减少病症。贝格拉斯在书中提出循序渐进的治疗方法有:站在客观的角度重新审视自己,包括自己的行为和意图,学会接受自己的缺陷;尝试新的环境、新的职能,让自己对工作保持有新鲜感,比如通过在企业内部轮岗;掌握多种技能,或者在职业生涯中尝试在多个方面发展技能,以此紧跟时代发展的需求;等等。

详解GRE单词背诵的“8字”原则

1. 词根词缀:

claim-叫喊

1) declaim高谈阔论

2) disclaim否认

3) proclaim声明

4) exclaim大喊

5) acclaim欢呼、称赞

6) claim要求、声称

7) acclaimed受欢呼的、受称赞的

8) reclaim要求归还、矫正、开垦

it-走

1) itinerant流动的,巡回的

2) itinerary行程表、旅行路线

3) itinerate巡回

dict/dic-说

1) indicate显示、象征

2) indicative暗示的

3) indict**

4) dictator*者

5) dictation听写

6) abdicate退位、辞职、放弃

fect-做

1) affectation做作、虚假

2) affection爱

3) affecting感汪枯烂人的

4) affected不自然的、假装的

gnost-知道

1) agnostic不可之论的

2) diagnostic诊断的

3) ignorance无知

2. 拆分联想:

1) Morose:没有玫瑰——阴郁的

2) Canine:一只藏敖可以咬死9只狼——(类似)犬的

3) Sanguine:陈圆圆看到三桂面色红润——充满希望困漏的

4) Chari**a:中国东方生起了毛主席——领袖魅力

5) Camouflage:拿着白旗出来——伪装掩饰

6) Euthanasia:欧洲比亚洲早实行安乐死——安乐死

7) Meander:我和她在蜿蜒的小河边散步——蜿蜒地流;漫步

8) Tenant:十只蚂蚁找家——房客

9) Adamant:亚当和蚂蚁——固执的

10) Hermit:何处觅她——隐士

11) Saturnine:坐在九个骨灰盒子上——忧郁的、严肃的

12) Caveat:因为在岩洞偷吃东西而被警告——警告、告诫

1. 词根词缀:

claim-叫喊

1) declaim高谈阔论

2) disclaim否认

3) proclaim声明

4) exclaim大喊

5) acclaim欢呼、称赞

6) claim要求、声称

7) acclaimed受欢呼的、受称赞的

8) reclaim要求归还、矫正、开垦

it-走

1) itinerant流动的,巡回的

2) itinerary行程表、旅行路线

3) itinerate巡回

dict/dic-说

1) indicate显示、象征

2) indicative暗示的

3) indict**

4) dictator*者

5) dictation听写

6) abdicate退位、辞职、放弃

fect-做

1) affectation做作、虚假

2) affection爱

3) affecting感人的

4) affected不自然的、假装的

gnost-知道

1) agnostic不可之论的

2) diagnostic诊断的

3) ignorance无知

2. 拆分联想:

1) Morose:没有玫瑰——阴郁的

2) Canine:一只藏敖可以咬死9只狼——(类似)犬的

3) Sanguine:陈圆圆看到三桂面色红润——充满希望的

4) Chari**a:中国东方生起了毛主席——领袖魅力

5) Camouflage:拿着白旗出来——伪装掩饰

6) Euthanasia:欧洲比亚洲早实行安乐死——安乐死

7) Meander:我和她在蜿蜒的小河边散步——蜿蜒地流;漫步

8) Tenant:十只蚂蚁找家——房客

9) Adamant:亚当和蚂蚁——固执的

10) Hermit:何处觅她——隐士

11) Saturnine:坐在九个骨灰盒子上——忧郁的、严败迅肃的

12) Caveat:因为在岩洞偷吃东西而被警告——警告、告诫 6. 意群法:

1) 动静:

commotion/disturbance/perturbation/turbulence/action/agitation/din

/ferment/fracas/havoc/pandemonium turmoil/upheaval——equanimity/

hush/quiet/quiescence/serenity/silence/tranquil/ tranquility/pacific

2) 合分:

diverge/detach/disperse/dissipate/isolate/separate/break/scatter/breach/rend

/sunder——accumulate/aggregate/agglomerate/amalgamate/collect/coalesece

/concatenate/ compound/gather /group/nucleate/unify/unite/solder/nexus

3) 多少:

profuse/abundant/affluent/copious/plenty/prodigal/rife/plethora/

slewscant/scanty/limited/penurious/sparse/dearth/iota/paucity/pinch

4) 批评、指责、谴责、辱骂、斥责对称赞、歌颂:(轻)

admonish/chide/criticize/reproach/reproof/reprove/flak;(重) berate/castigate/censure/chastise/condemn /denounce/diatribe/excoriate/

fulminate/impeach/impugn/invective/inveigh/lambaste /rail/rebuke/reprehend

/reprimand/reprobate/revile/scold/upbraid/vituperate/pan——acclaim

/applaud/commend/eulogize/exalt/extol/glorify/laud/rave/tout/accolade/en

comium/approbation/orchid/plaudit/tribute; (诽谤)

slander/calumniate/libel/defame

5) 顺从、顽固:

amenble/amiable/complaisant/compliant/docile/obedient/responsive/

submissive/tolerant/ tractable/alacrity-incorrigible/bigoted/contumacious

/headstrong/hidebound/indocile/intractable/intransigent/obdurate/obstinate

/rebellious/recalcitrant

/refractory/stubborn/tenacious

6) 肯定、否定:

affirm/assert/attest/aver/avow/posit/proclaim——deny/disclaim

/gainsay /negate/repudiate(包含证据)

corroborate/prove/substantiate/verify——disprove/ refute/controvert

7) 忧郁对快乐:

morose/saturnine/downcast/crestfallen/dispririted/gloomy/melancholy/

doleful/ /lugubrious——heerful/ecstatic/exhilarating/facetious/jocund

/jaunty/sanguine

8) 促进、抑制:

abet/aid/assist/catalyze/encourage/facilitate/foment/foster/goad/ignite

/impel /incite/incubate/instigate/permit/precipitate/prod/provoke/promote/

rouse/spur/ stimulate/trigger/ vitalize——arrest/ban/check/curb/extinguish

/forbid/forestall /frustrate/hamper/hinder/impede/inhibit/obstruct/quell/rein

/repress/restrain/ scotch/squelch/stymie/subdue/stifle/thwart

9) 清晰、模糊:

clear/limpid/lucid/pellucid/translucent/transparent/clarity——murky/

opaque/obscure/turbid/vague/obfuscate

10) 扩大、缩小:

aggrandize/amplify/broaden/dilate/distend/expand/inflate/swell——

constrict/contract/ condense/compress/deflate/shrink

11) 健康、不健康:

healthful/hygienic/innocuous/salubrious/salutary/wholesome——

debilitating/deleterious/detrimental/injurious/nocuous/noxious/

mischievous/ lethal/pernicious/virulent

12) 持续、短暂:

chronic/constant/enduring/gradual/lasting/incessant/perennial/permanent/

perpetual/persistent——evanescent/ephemeral/fleeting/fugacious/

fugitive/interim /intermittent/meteoric/sporadic/transient/transitory

13) 得体、无礼:

amiable/civil/congenial/decent/decorous/deferent/irreproachable/

seemly—— /insolentbawdy/blatant/brazen/effrontery/impertinent/impudent

/indecorous/opprobrious/rude/scurrilous/scurvy/unseemly/asperity/impropriety

14) 序言、结尾:

beginning/commencement/foreword/greeting/introduction/outset/overture

/preface /prelude/preamble/prologue——conclude/coda/cessation/epilogue

/finale/termination/valediction

15) 大小:bull/colossal/elephantine/enormous/gargantuan/gigantic/huge/immense/mammoth/

prodigious/tremendous/titanic——diminutive/microscopic/minuscule/minute

/piddling/paltry/slight/trivial/tiny

16) 相关、无关:

apposite/appropriate/apropos/apt/cognate/felicitous/germane/intrinsic/

pertinent/related/relevant——alien/extraneous/extrinsic/foreign

/impertinent/irrelevant

17) 脱水、补水:

desiccate/dehydrate/deplete/drain/dry/evaporate/parch/sear——drench/

douse/hydrate/ inundate/reconstitute/saturate/souse/steep

18) 真假:apocryphal/bogus/deceptive/dissembling/fraudulent/feigned/fictitious/mendacious

/prevaricated/pseudo/spurious——authenticated/candid/genuine/truthful

/unfeigned /valid

19) 平息抚慰、**激怒:

allay/alleviate/appease/assuage/conciliate/lull/mitigate/moderate/mollify/

pacify/placate/propitiate/reconcile/relieve/soothe——agitate/annoy

/antagonize/bother/disturb/grate/harass/harrow/irk/nag/pester/perturb/pique/

rankle

20) 尊敬、嘲笑/亵渎:deference/veneration/revere/respect/awe—— irreverence/contempt/ derision/deride/profane  7. “四大”总结:

1) 四大挥霍 prodigal profligate wastrel spendthrift

2) 四大无力 torpid lethargic dull listless

3) 四大好斗 belligerent bellicose aggressive scrappy

4) 四大污蔑 vilify slander malign stigmatize

5) 四大颂歌 panegyric ode encomium eulogy

6) 四大安慰 mollify assuage placate pacify

7) 四大预言 portend prophesy presage prefigure

8) 四大世俗 worldly earthly temporal secular

9) 四大先驱 precursor harbinger herald forerunner

10) 四大粗人 lout yokel boor churl

11) 四大隐士 anchorite recluse hermit solitary

12) 四大新人 novice rookie neophyte tyro

13) 四大陈词 b****ity bromide clichéplatitude

14) 四大傻瓜 fatuous asinine oafish lunatic

15) 四大陈腐 b**** commonplace trite hackneyed

8. 日常生活:

1) 奔腾pent→微软Microsoft→联想legend→方正founder;

2) Carnation康乃馨/violet紫罗兰/yogurt/yoghurt/yoghourt酸奶3) 电影:Titanic/Tornado/Poseidon/The Da Vinci Code/Basic Instinct/Crash

从以上8种方法可以看出,实际上随处都是GRE单词,GRE中的确有很多单词还是不需要完全会运用的,但还有一条真理“人无我有,人有我优”我相信会更加适合当今日益激烈的社会竞争。

联想法和词根词缀法哪个对GRE词汇背诵更有帮助

ANSWER:都有帮助,但帮助都非常有限。

所谓联想法指的是利用谐音、拆分等手段,将英语单词联想为某个与之意思相关的汉语单词来辅助记忆。比如,“ambulance谐音是‘俺不能死’,所以意思叫救护车”、“adamant可以拆开看作是adam‘亚当’和ant‘蚂蚁’,而亚当和蚂蚁都很坚定,所以adamant叫‘坚定的’”都是典型的联想法。

联想法记单词确实是有一定理论依据的:研究发现,人在记忆信息时,通常是记忆的内容越有意义则记忆效果越好,如记忆文章比记同样长度的、没有意义的音节记忆效果好得多。因此联想法可以帮助学习者把相对不那么有意义的外语单词转变为相对更有隐颤兄意义的母语单词,从而提高记忆效率。

但联想法灶袭最大的问题在于,并不是每个英语单词都可以让人很自然地联想到与之意思相关的汉语词。英语里像hysteria这种意思叫歇斯底里,谐音也是歇斯底里的情况是极为少见的(歇斯底里这个汉语词其实根本就是hysteria音译过来的),大多数的联想其实都像上面举的ambulence和adamant差不多:前者勉强还有点像那么回事,而后者则完全是生拉硬拽胡思乱想。

而且,即使是前面说的联想法可以帮助学习者把外语单词对应为更有意义的母语单词这一用途,也仅仅对几乎没学过英语的人有比较明显的效果,学习者英语水平越高则效果越差,对高水平的学习者而言效果微乎其微。因为在后者看来,英语单词的构词和发音方式都已足够熟悉,其有意义程度已经很高,此时去花心思去记很可能是生拉硬拽的联想远不如直接把单词记住自然。这也是为什么越高水平的学习者对联想法接受度越低。

因此对于联想法我个人建议,英语初学者可以多借助联想,而高阶学习者则应少用联想;此外,对于比较自然的联想(如hysteria这样天生就是个谐音的情况)则不用白不用,但如果找不到自然的联想方式的话,还是直接死记硬背比较好。

而所谓词根词缀法(又叫词源法),指的是利用以词根词缀为主的词源信息去记单词。词根词缀统称词素,语言学上的定义一般为“能独立表示意思的最小单元”。比如propel(“推动”)这个单词从构词上讲是由前缀pro-(表示“向前”)和词根pel(来自拉丁语pellere,表示“推”)构成。其中pro-和pel都有各自的意思,因此为词素,但字母p本身没有实际意思,因此不为词素。再比如,包含词根pel的单词还包括repel(“击退;使反感”;其中前缀re-在这里表示“回去”,因此其字面意思为“推回去”)、expel(“驱逐”;前缀ex-表示“向外”,因此其字面意思为“向外推”)等。

词根词缀法的支持者声称,由于单词是由词根词缀组成的,因此掌握了词根词缀之后可以轻松地掌握单词。但实际上这一说法是有严重问题的,因为第一,很多单词是没有词根词缀的,比如apple。第二,很多时候一个词根只会在一个洞雹单词及其派生词里出现,所以用途非常有限,比如mitigat(“缓和”)这个词根基本上只在mitigate(“缓和”)、mitigator、mitigating这几个词里出现过,此时为了记这些单词而去记这个词根显然是没有意义的,因为直接去记单词要方便得多。第三,即使已经知道一个单词的词根,也不一定能借此去助记单词的意思,因为很多时候单词由词根词缀推出的字面意思和其实际意思可能有很大区别,甚至表面上看来完全没关系(比如你能想像mercy“手下留情”这个词的词根merc表示的意思是“商品、贸易”吗),此时与其花费大量时间精力去追根溯源研究单词究竟如何从字面意思一步步发展到今天实际意思,远远不如直接死记硬背把单词记住方便快捷。第四,借助词根词缀背单词的一个基本前提是掌握足够多的词根词缀,但问题在于词根词缀相关知识庞大而复杂,掌握起来非常不容易,因此靠词根词缀背单词很多时候是不划算的。

词源知识的错综复杂和变幻莫测程度简直可以说是令人发指:首先同一个词根在不同单词中的写法可能完全不同(比如你能看出来mischievous“淘气的”和capital“首都”是来自同一个词根的单词吗?),其次拼写相同的字母组合实际上有可能是完全不同的词根(比如solitary“单独的”和console“安慰”中的sol分别来自solus“单独”和solari“安抚”),因此很难想象学习者会有时间和精力去充分掌握这些知识。所以,我说词源对背单词帮助有限并不是因为它没用(毕竟多掌握一些词汇知识无论如何都不是坏事),而是因为这种方法的投入和产出严重不成比例,划不来。

个人认为词根词缀唯一有实践意义的用途在于,通过词根词缀可以把单词串到一起去记,尤其是把生词和已经掌握的单词联系到一起,从而使学习者可以借助旧单词去掌握新单词,提高一些记单词的效率。比如对于前面举的propel、repel、expel的例子,如果这些单词一个都不认识的话则应先死记硬背记住至少一个,而如果已经认识其中一个的话,借助词根pel去记剩下两个以及其他来自pel的单词(dispel, compel, propeller, repellent等)比起全都死记硬背要容易一些。

所以说,鉴于词根词缀的主要用途在于帮助学习者利用旧单词去学新单词,所以只有需要掌握大量单词的学习者才有理由去了解词根词缀。如果你背单词只是为了过四级的话,完全不需要借助词根词缀,因为四级大纲只有四千多个词(其中两千还是高中大纲里有的),对于记这点单词而言研究词根带来的负担远大于帮助(这也是为什么中学和非英语专业的大学课堂上几乎都不会讲词根词缀)。只有当你需要掌握特别多的单词时(比如说你想在GRE或者SAT考试里取得高分,或者你是英语专业的——这几种情况一般都需要你有至少一万的词汇量),掌握词源知识所带来的收益才抵得上成本。此外,即使是对于需要掌握词根的学习者,通常也只需要掌握在单词中最常见和最直观(比如上面举的pel)的十几个到几十个词根,至于其他那些少见的和莫名其妙的则完全不需要管。毕竟学习词根本质上是在研究词源,所以这不是普通学习者应该过分投入精力的事。

标签: mitigate词根

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