A开头的英语单词有哪些

A开头的英语单词有很多例如：apple、all、always 等等。要记住单词的话一定要多读多说多想，建议你可以来上网上英语培训，是外教一对一教学的，课程种类涵盖了少儿、成人等等，每一节课最低才要13.8元，效果也好。

给你分享免费试听课地址：【免费领取，外教一对一精品课程】点击即可领取外教一对一免费试听课大礼包！

看看阿卡索是不是你想要的英语培训班，你的学习情况如何，都是要先试听才知道得，试听是免费的哦，大家不妨去试课对比一下是否合适你家学员。

试听完后还可以免费获得一次英语能力水平测试和一份详细的报告，以及公开课免费看。

希望可以帮到你啦！

想要找到合适英语培训机构，百度搜下“阿卡索vivi老师”即可。

百度搜下“阿卡索官网论坛”免费获取全网最齐全的英语资源。

理解记忆每日一词‖counterproductive

今天的单词看似很长，其实很简单－有时候词根的威力就在这里。

就如之前极力推荐大家记住一个长长的形容词后缀“aneous”，这样就可以记住以下一系列单词：

A.simultaneous：

simul+t+aneous同步发生的，同时的

simul独立做单词是副词，处方用语，表示“同时”

B.miscellaneous：mis+cell+aneous混杂的

“mis”做前缀表示“坏的，错误的”如mislead误导，misfortune不幸……但在这里不是做前缀的意思，而是单词“mix”的变形，这里当一个词根来看待。之前说到一条造词规则：s/x/th/z可互换。所以该单词就是“细胞混合”，再形容词化，所以就是“混杂的”。

C.instantaneous：instant+aneous瞬时的

单词“instant”本来表示“立刻的，马上的”。

以上例子是对之前提到的单词的详细讲解，之前只说明了形容词后缀，整体记忆未解释。也想强调，有意识地记忆那些比较长的且固定的词根词缀组合对于记单词会起到事半功倍的效果。

回到今天的主角counterproductive，很容易知道是counter和productive的组合。

它的意思是：

“产生相反效果的，适得其反的，事与愿违的”

先来看看 productive ：

productive意思有“生产的；富有成效的”

counter都知道是一个单词，人人也都知道它表示“柜台”，但除了这个熟义，它还有很重要的其他的意思

由其他意思，可以归纳概括下“counter”主要表示“反”。

1.（观点态度上相反）反驳

He was determined to counter the bribery allegations.

他决心要反驳受贿的指控。

（bribery：n.贿赂；allegation：n.[无证据的]陈述，说法；指控）

2.（作用等相反）抵消

Exercise helps to counter the effects of stress.

运动有助于减轻压力。

3.（行为做法相反）违背，背道而驰

Some actions by the authorities ran counter to the President’s call for leniency.

当局的某些行为和总统呼吁的宽容背道而驰。（leniency［li:njənsi］n.宽大，仁慈）

所以，不难理解counterproductive表示“适得其反的”，将“counter”视为表示“反”的词根即可。

例：One important feature of the soccer reform plan is to streamline the sport's widely critized counterproductive management system.

足改方案 的一个重要特点是简化其广受诟病、适得其反的管理体系。

（streamline v.精简〔企业、组织等〕，简化…使效率更高；使…成为流线型)

又如军事上常用的“counterattack”：counter+attack 表示  “反击”。

经济上，尤其在国际贸易中“counter-offer”也写作短语“counter offer”或单词“counteroffer”，表示“还盘”，法律上叫“反要约”，因为与同为法律上的说法“要约”——“offer”相对。

另补充两个单词：

counteract：counter+act抵消，对抗

例：However, if they counteract the consumption of coffee with milk, they are fine.

然而，如果她们用牛奶抵消咖啡的用量，就没事。

counterintuitive：counter+intuitive反直觉的

例：The method is based on “the friendship paradox” — the counterintuitive idea that your friends have more friends than you do.

这种办法是建立在“友谊悖论”的基础上——这种违反直觉的观点就是说：“你的朋友比你有更多的朋友”。

拓展 ：发音连读规则里有一条“前辅后元可连读”，“counteract”、“counteroffer”、“counterintuitive”可能会听到有连读现象。就像短语“房地产”“real estate”的发音，大家可以去有道词典听听看。

总结：

今天只需要记住“counter”表示“反”；

其次，明白单词的多个意思之间通常有联系，只要按照自己的理解找到一个基础词义，其他展开理解记忆。比如，用“反”来记忆“counter”的三种词义，也恰好可用“反”来总结它的词根意思。

05——07年考研英语阅读及译文

回答字数在10000字以内，所以就放了2005年希望对你有用。

2005 Passage 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

[A]. posing a contrast.

[B]. justifying an assumption.

[C]. making a comparison.

[D]. explaining a phenomenon.

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that

[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.

[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.

[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D]. more generous than their male companions

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.

[B]. can be taught to exchange things.

[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

重点词汇：

assumption  （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；见1997年Text 2。.参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潜在的假定。

grievance /n.委屈冤情不平。申诉人提出不满意见交付仲裁者。悲痛伤心事不幸忧伤。因为有冤情（）而满怀悲痛（）向申诉人申诉。

tardily  adv.缓慢。形容词形式拖拉的。（谐音记忆：他地，工作是他的，所以我可以拖拉）

counterpart （相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。见2000年 Passage 4 。

token  n. 表示, 向征, 记号, 代币 adj. 象征的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇怪的表示。

reluctant  （不愿的，勉强的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反复”，luct可看作词根lect“选择”，-ant形容词后缀，人们都不愿反反复复地作选择，所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。

indignation  n. 愤慨, 义愤。 记忆：in-dig挖（坑）-nation，挖坑藏在里面的民族，能不愤慨吗？比如老萨，呵呵。形容词形式 indignant  adj. 愤怒的, 愤慨的

难句分析：

①Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式；with加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定”，其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。

翻译：这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。

②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

该句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引导的时间状语从句，其中包含了so that引导的目的状语从句。

翻译：当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

试题解析：

这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识，文章本身难度不是太大，一开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比，文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解，第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。

21题，我们应该选择C，考察第一段的写作手法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。

22题答案是B，也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平

23题答案选A，这个是事实细节题，答案是根据文章第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。

24题答案选择C，他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话，

25题选择B.这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词，"假设"为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应，这个问题没有得以解决。

全文翻译：

人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。

研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。

研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。

2005 Passage 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that **oking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the anti**oking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million **okers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on **oking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by ****ysis”.

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of **oking was that

[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between **oking and death.

[B]. the number of early deaths of **okers in the past decades was insignificant.

[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.

[D]. anti**oking people were usually talking nonsense.

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as

[A]. a protector.

[B]. a judge.

[C]. a critic.

[D]. a guide.

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by ****ysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)

[A]. Endless studies kill action.

[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.

[C]. prudent planning hinders.

[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about

[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.

[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.

[C]. Press for further scientific research.

[D]. Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of **oking because

[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.

[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.

[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.

[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.

重点词汇：

prudent adj. 谨慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。名词形式prudence n. 审慎。记忆：rude 粗鲁的，无礼的，p不-rude粗鲁的-ent形容词后缀

paralysis n. 瘫痪, 麻痹。 para-侧面。参见2003年Text 2。

paraphrase  （n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）←para+site地点。

****ysis  n. 分析, 分解。记忆：an-a-lysis，后缀同上，分析成一个an,a。联想：反义词synthesis n. 综合, 合成

take the legislative initiative

take the initiative 带头,开始着手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.开始着手试图解决这个问题

initiative  n. 主动。 名词形式initiate vt. 开始, 发动, 传授 v. 开始, 发起

legislative  adj. 立法的, 立法机关的 n. 立法机关。参见1999 Passage 4 。legislation  （立法；法规）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg词根“法律”（参allegation宣称，2003年Text 2），is是，late迟的，-ion名词后缀，“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。

难句解析：

①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.

主干部分是The latest was a panel，表语panel后接有两个定语成分：from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词，即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”，其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构，表目的，即“为了告诉我们……而召集的（专家团）”。

翻译：最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。

②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句，前一分句的主干是science…provide us with…guide；后一分句的主干是it is critical，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments，judgments后接有两个定语结构，一是that引导的定语从句，一是concerning分词结构。

翻译：但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

③Just as on **oking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。

该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as结构做比较状语，意为“正如…一样”；insisting 引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice，分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的真实主语是不定式结构to keep…

翻译：就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。

试题解析：

第二篇文章是一篇一般的时事性文章，这也是一篇类比，考完了以后很多考生说这篇文章讲抽烟，其实不是的，作者讲抽烟是想说明现在的温室效应，也是一种类比，许多人抽烟没有人去管，因为缺乏足够的证据,咱们各国政府也不管温室效应, 也是同样的原因。中心讲的是世界各个政府对温室效应的解决的态度，篇章的关键词围绕这样三个问题展开，第一个就是证据不充足。第二是科学的意义。第三是制定法律，尤其最后三段大量出现立法和法规的现象，

26题选C，

27应该选D，科学应该作为一个指导性，是答案是根据文章第2段的最后两句话。

28题是猜单词题，单词所在的句子的意思是有些人总要科学证据，结果抹杀了行动。所以选A。29答案选择D，采取某种法律措施，法律在最后的段落重复的最多。

30题作者谈的抽烟的教训对我们温室处理也是一样的，选B。

全文翻译：

还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，在三十多年中，差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。

现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继，试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点：“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏；到了有百分之百的证据的时候，可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显，并且不断增加，一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。

幸运的是，白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。

为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须积极

counterintuitive怎么记忆

今天的单词看似很长，其实很简单－有时候词根的威力就在这里。

就如之前极力推荐大家记住一个长长的形容词后缀“aneous”，这样就可以记住以下一系列单词：

A.simultaneous：

simul+t+aneous同步发生的，同时的

simul独立做单词是副词，处方用语，表示“同时”

B.miscellaneous：mis+cell+aneous混杂的

“mis”做前缀表示“坏的，错误的”如mislead误导，misfortune不幸但在这里不是做前缀的意思，而是单词“mix”的变形，这里当一个词根来看待。之前说到一条造词规则：s/x/th/z可互换。所以该单词就是“细胞混合”，再形容词化，所以就是“混杂的”。

C.instantaneous：instant+aneous瞬时的

单词“instant”本来表示“立刻的，马上的”。

以上例子是对之前提到的单词的详细讲解，之前只说明了形容词后缀，整体记忆未解释。也想强调，有意识地记忆那些比较长的且固定的词根词缀组合对于记单词会起到事半功倍的效果。

回到今天的主角counterproductive，很容易知道是counter和productive的组合。

它的意思是：

“产生相反效果的，适得其反的，事与愿违的”

先来看看productive：

productive意思有“生产的；富有成效的”

counter都知道是一个单词，人人也都知道它表示“柜台”，但除了这个熟义，它还有很重要的其他的意思

由其他意思，可以归纳概括下“counter”主要表示“反”。

1.（观点态度上相反）反驳

He was determined to counter the bribery allegations.

他决心要反驳受贿的指控。

（bribery：n.贿赂；allegation：n.[无证据的]陈述，说法；指控）

2.（作用等相反）抵消

Exercise helps to counter the effects of stress.运动有助于减轻压力。

3.（行为做法相反）违背，背道而驰

Some actions by the authorities ran counter to the President’s call for leniency.

当局的某些行为和总统呼吁的宽容背道而驰。（leniency［li:nj_nsi］n.宽大，仁慈）

所以，不难理解counterproductive表示“适得其反的”，将“counter”视为表示“反”的词根即可。

例：One important feature of the soccer reform plan is to streamline the sport's widely critized counterproductive management system.

足改方案的一个重要特点是简化其广受诟病、适得其反的管理体系。

（streamline v.精简〔企业、组织等〕，简化使效率更高；使成为流线型)

又如军事上常用的“counterattack”：counter+attack 表示 _胺椿鳌薄

经济上，尤其在国际贸易中“counter-offer”也写作短语“counter offer”或单词“counteroffer”，表示“还盘”，法律上叫“反要约”，因为与同为法律上的说法“要约”——“offer”相对。

另补充两个单词：

counteract：counter+act抵消，对抗

例：However, if they counteract the consumption of coffee with milk, they are fine.

然而，如果她们用牛奶抵消咖啡的用量，就没事。

counterintuitive：counter+intuitive反直觉的

例：The method is based on “the friendship paradox” — the counterintuitive idea that your friends have more friends than you do.

这种办法是建立在“友谊悖论”的基础上——这种违反直觉的观点就是说：“你的朋友比你有更多的朋友”。

拓展：发音连读规则里有一条“前辅后元可连读”，“counteract”、“counteroffer”、“counterintuitive”可能会听到有连读现象。就像短语“房地产”“real estate”的发音，大家可以去有道词典听听看。

明白单词的多个意思之间通常有联系，只要按照自己的理解找到一个基础词义，其他展开理解记忆。比如，用“反”来记忆“counter”的三种词义，也恰好可用“反”来总结它的词根意思。