如何理解 Norse 网站显示的实时网络攻击

网络攻击是近来常发生的问题，可以分为遭受外网攻击及内网攻击。以下分别说明: 1、外部来的DoS攻击会造成网络掉线，判别方法是从路由器的系统日志文件中可以看出，Qno侠诺的路由器会显示遭受攻击，而且路由器持续在工作。其它品牌的路由器，有些也有相关的功能，用户可以查看使用手册。DoS病毒攻击，如SYN攻击，因为发出大量数据包导致系统资源占用过多，使路由器损耗效能造成网络壅塞，达到瘫痪网吧网络对于广域网来的攻击，路由器能作的不多，也无法反击。此时，网吧管理者或网管应直接联系对应的运营商，请求更换WAN IP。 2、内网遭受DoS攻击时，也会造成掉线或壅塞。网吧管理者或网管可以从被激活的告警日志中，查找到内网攻击源头的中毒机器，第一时间先拔除PC机网络线，阻止DoS攻击影响扩大，并进行杀毒或重新安装系统。 3、内网遭受冲击波攻击是另一个原因，冲击波攻击，是针对网络特定服务端口(TCP/UDP 135~139，445)发出大量数据包导致系统资源占用过多，使路由器损耗效能造成网络壅塞，以达到瘫痪网吧网络的目的。同样网吧管理者或网管可以从Qno侠诺被激活的告警日志中，发现问题。 网吧管理者或网管可以针对特定服务端口(TCP/UDP 135~139，445)设置网络存取条例，并从被激活的防火墙日志中，查找到内网攻击源头的中毒机器，第一时间先拔除PC机网络线，阻止冲击波攻击影响扩大，并进行杀毒或重新安装系统。 4、内网遭受ARP攻击是最近常发生的原因，ARP病毒攻击以窜改内网PC机或路由器 IP或MAC地址，来达到盗取用户账号/密码，进一步进行网络盗宝等犯罪行为，或是恶意瘫痪网吧网络。ARP病毒攻击会造成内网IP或MAC冲突，出现短时间内部份断线。网吧要确定网吧已做好Qno侠诺路由器及内网PC机端双向绑定IP/MAC地址的防制工作，内网所有的PC机与路由器IP/MAC地址对应关系都被保存到路由器的ARP缓存表中，不能被轻易更改。此时ARP攻击虽然并不会扩及其它PC机，但网吧管理者或网管还是必须立即查找出内网攻击源头的中毒机器，进行杀毒或重新安装系统。路由器内建ARP病毒来源自动检测工具，系统日志中可提供攻击源的IP或MAC地址，帮助网吧进行查找攻击源机器。有些高阶路由器也都有相仿的设计。 网络遭受攻击，可从路由器相关功能找出遭受攻击类型，网吧管理者或网管查找、直击攻击源加以隔离与排除，在攻击发起时即能迅速加以解决，无需等到客人反应受到影响。 另外网络的雍堵也可能造成掉线. 1、短暂网络壅塞，有可能是网吧内突发的带宽高峰，网吧管理员或网管应关注路由器的带宽统计，可先持续关注状况。若是尖峰时段，网吧客人较多，带宽也会比较吃紧，或是有用户使用BT、P2P软件做大量上传，占用大量带宽，造成网络卡。网吧管理员或网管此时应设置QoS流量管理规范内网用户最大使用带宽，才能让网络联机恢复正常，解决壅塞情况。 2、尖峰时段持续性壅塞，是有用户使用BT、P2P 软件进行大量下载，或在线观看电影、视讯等占用大量带宽行为。若是用户观看电影人数很多，网吧应考虑于内网安装电影服务器供用户使用，才不致因观看影片人多占用对外带宽。对于大量下载，则应考虑建置内部私服加以改善。 3、若是长时间从路由器看到带宽占用率高，有可能表示网吧根本带宽不足，线路带宽过小，不足以提供目前在线众多人数使用，应考虑加大线路带宽。这时就可利用多WAN口特性进行带宽的升级，解决带宽不足的问题。 措施:基于路由器的防范方法 一．内部PC基于IP地址限速 现在网络应用众多，BT、电驴、迅雷、FTP、在线视频等，都是非常占用带宽，以一个200台规模的网吧为例，出口带宽为10M，每台内部PC的平均带宽为50K左右，如果有几个人在疯狂的下载，把带宽都占用了，就会影响其他人的网络速度了，另外，下载的都是大文件，IP报文最大可以达到1518个BYTE，也就是1.5k，下载应用都是大报文，在网络传输中，一般都是以数据包为单位进行传输，如果几个人在同时下载，占用大量带宽，如果这时有人在玩网络游戏，就可能会出现卡的现象。 一个基于IP地址限速的功能，可以给整个网吧内部的所有PC进行速度限制，可以分别限制上传和****，既可以统一限制内部所有PC的速度，也可以分别设置内部某台指定PC的速度。速度限制在多少比较合适呢？和具体的出口带宽和网吧规模有关系，不过最低不要小于40K的带宽，可以设置在100-400K比较合适。 二：内部PC限制NAT的链接数量 NAT功能是在网吧中应用最广的功能，由于IP地址不足的原因，运营商提供给网吧的一般就是1个IP地址，而网吧内部有大量的PC，这么多的PC都要通过这唯一的一个IP地址进行上网，如何做到这点呢？ 答案就是NAT（网络IP地址转换）。内部PC访问外网的时候，在路由器内部建立一个对应列表，列表中包含内部PCIP地址、访问的外部IP地址，内部的IP端口，访问目的IP端口等信息，所以每次的ping、QQ、下载、WEB访问，都有在路由器上建立对应关系列表，如果该列表对应的网络链接有数据通讯，这些列表会一直保留在路由器中，如果没有数据通讯了，也需要20-150秒才会消失掉。（对于RG-NBR系列路由器来说，这些时间都是可以设置的） 现在有几种网络病毒，会在很短时间内，发出数以万计连续的针对不同IP的链接请求，这样路由器内部便要为这台PC建立万个以上的NAT的链接。 由于路由器上的NAT的链接是有限的，如果都被这些病毒给占用了，其他人访问网络，由于没有NAT链接的资源了，就会无法访问网络了，造成断线的现象，其实这是被网络病毒把所有的NAT资源给占用了。 针对这种情况，不少网吧路由器提供了可以设置内部PC的最大的NAT链接数量的功能，可以统一的对内部的PC进行设置最大的NAT的链接数量设置，也可以给每台PC进行单独限制。 同时，这些路由器还可以查看所有的NAT链接的内容，看看到底哪台PC占用的NAT链接数量最多，同时网络病毒也有一些特殊的端口，可以通过查看NAT链接具体内容，把到底哪台PC中毒了给揪出来。 三：ACL防网络病毒 网络病毒层出不穷，但是道高一尺，魔高一丈，所有的网络病毒都是通过网络传输的，网络病毒的数据报文也一定遵循TCP/IP协议，一定有源IP地址，目的IP地址，源TCP/IP端口，目的TCP/IP端口，同一种网络病毒，一般目的IP端口是相同的，比如冲击波病毒的端口是135，震荡波病毒的端口是445,只要把这些端口在路由器上给限制了，那么外部的病毒就无法通过路由器这个唯一的入口进入到内部网了，内部的网络病毒发起的报文，由于在路由器上作了限制，路由器不加以处理，则可以降低病毒报文占据大量的网络带宽。 优秀的网吧路由器应该提供功能强大的ACL功能，可以在内部网接口上限制网络报文，也可以在外部王接口上限制病毒网络报文，既可以现在出去的报文，也可以限制进来的网络报文。 四：WAN口防ping功能 以前有一个帖子，为了搞跨某个网站，只要有大量的人去ping这个网站，这个网站就会跨了，这个就是所谓的拒绝服务的攻击，用大量的无用的数据请求，让他无暇顾及正常的网络请求。 网络上的黑客在发起攻击前，都要对网络上的各个IP地址进行扫描，其中一个常见的扫描方法就是ping，如果有应答，则说明这个ip地址是活动的，就是可以攻击的，这样就会暴露了目标，同时如果在外部也有大量的报文对RG-NBR系列路由器发起Ping请求，也会把网吧的RG-NBR系列路由器拖跨掉。 现在多数网吧路由器都设计了一个WAN口防止ping的功能，可以简单方便的开启，所有外面过来的ping的数据报文请求，都装聋作哑，这样既不会暴露自己的目标，同时对于外部的ping攻击也是一个防范。 五：防ARP地址欺骗功能 大家都知道，内部PC要上网，则要设置PC的IP地址，还有**地址，这里的**地址就是NBR路由器的内部网接口IP地址，内部PC是如何访问外部网络呢？就是把访问外部网的报文发送给NBR的内部网，由NBR路由器进行NAT地址转发后，再把报文发送到外部网络上，同时又把外部回来的报文，去查询路由器内部的NAT链接，回送给相关的内部PC，完成一次网络的访问。 在网络上，存在两个地址，一个是IP地址，一个是MAC地址，MAC地址就是网络物理地址，内部PC要把报文发送到**上，首先根据**的IP地址，通过ARP去查询NBR的MAC地址，然后把报文发送到该MAC地址上，MAC地址是物理层的地址，所有报文要发送，最终都是发送到相关的MAC地址上的。 所以在每台PC上，都有ARP的对应关系，就是IP地址和MAC地址的对应表，这些对应关系就是通过ARP和RARP报文进行更新的。 目前在网络上有一种病毒，会发送假冒的ARP报文，比如发送**IP地址的ARP报文，把**的IP对应到自己的MAC上，或者一个不存在的MAC地址上去，同时把这假冒的ARP报文在网络中广播，所有的内部PC就会更新了这个IP和MAC的对应表，下次上网的时候，就会把本来发送给**的MAC的报文，发送到一个不存在或者错误的MAC地址上去，这样就会造成断线了。 这就是ARM地址欺骗，这就是造成内部PC和外部网的断线，该病毒在前一段时间特别的猖獗。针对这种情况，防ARP地址欺骗的功能也相继出现在一些专业路由器产品上。 六：负载均衡和线路备份 举例来说，如锐捷RG-NBR系列路由器全部支持VRRP热备份协议，最多可以设定2-255台的NBR路由器，同时链接2-255条宽带线路，这些NBR和宽带线路之间，实现负载均衡和线路备份，万一线路断线或者网络设备损坏，可以自动实现的备份，在线路和网络设备都正常的情况下，便可以实现负载均衡。该功能在锐捷的所有的路由器上都支持。 而RG-NBR系列路由器中的RG-NBR1000E，更是提供了2个WAN口，如果有需要，还有一个模块扩展插槽，可以插上电口或者光接口模块，同时链接3条宽带线路，这3条宽带线路之间，可以实现负载均衡和线路备份，可以基于带宽的负载均衡，也可以对内部PC进行分组的负载均衡，还可以设置访问网通资源走网通线路，访问电信资源走电信线路的负载均衡。

一共10个苹果 甲比乙多4个 甲和乙分别是多少个？ 请问怎么算啊

（10-4）÷2＝3，乙有3个，则甲有7个。做这种题，你先把多出来的4个给甲，10个苹果剩了6个了，再平均分给两个人，一人3个。乙只有后面分的3个，甲算是一开始的4个，共7个。

有什么鲜为人知，但是很有意思的网站？

游多多:yododo、.六格格:6gege、公务员之家:gwyoo、.红袖添香:hongxiu、自我换发型网 cnmeifa、无敌改装网:modi-auto。

我记得这么一个单词，philiy，我以前是在某个网站上看人回答过，说这个是印度语中爱的意思，印度单词？爱

唯一能扯上一点关系的词是 phallus, 复数是 phalli, 是勃起的男性生殖器的意思.

雄性崇拜的标志往往就是一个phallus. 不过这个词原来是来自拉丁语和古希腊语的...

Via Latin, and Greek φαλλός, from Indo-European root *bhel- "to inflate, swell". Compare with Old Norse (and modern Icelandic) boli = "bull", Old English bulluc = "bullock", Greek φαλλή = "whale".

I want the information of Iceland

Iceland

I INTRODUCTION

Iceland (Icelandic, Ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country’s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi).

II LAND AND RESOURCES

In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breiðafjörður (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest.

Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnajökull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous **all lakes and swift-flowing rivers.

Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island’s main town, Vestmannaeyjar.

Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and industrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs.

A Climate

Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic during much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland’s interior mountains receive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year.

B Plants and Animals

The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introduced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of duck. The eider duck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland’s freshwater rivers and lakes.

III POPULATION

The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi).

A Political Divisions and Principal Cities

Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfjörður (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast.

B Religion and Language

The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a **all minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature.

C Education

Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the ***** population. Education is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher education is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools.

The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson.

IV ECONOMY

Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major industries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further industrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate decreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland’s gross domestic product was $8.5 billion.

A Agriculture

Only 9 percent of Iceland’s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy products, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are produced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses.

B Fishing

Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic industries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food products, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland’s exports. Iceland is a leading producer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland’s commercial fish population.

C Mining

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite.

D Manufacturing

Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal products are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book production is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants producing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland’s energy resources.

E Energy

Hydroelectric installations produce 85 percent of Iceland’s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations.

F Currency and Banking

The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introduced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks.

G Foreign Trade

The yearly value of Iceland’s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country’s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country’s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan.

H Transportation and Communications

Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufjörður. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service.

There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants.

V GOVERNMENT

Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own except for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base.

A Executive

The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country’s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power.

B Legislature

The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections.

C Political Parties

The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People’s Alliance, the People’s Party, and the Alliance of Women’s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.

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