美国有几代人 文学上

重农派(Agrarians)

迷惘的一代(The Lost Generation)

黑山派诗歌(Biack Mountain Poems)

垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)

黑色幽默(Black humor)

重农派(Agrarians)

美国现代南方作家组成的一个松散的文化团体，又称“逃亡者派”。1915年，一些与田纳西州纳什维尔镇范德比尔特大学有关的文化人常常聚会讨论文学及哲学问题。第一次世界大战期间**曾一度中断，1919年重又恢复。范德比尔特大学教师、诗人约翰·克罗·兰塞姆成为这一活动的实际领导者，他的周围聚集了一批有才华的年轻人，如诗人罗伯特·潘·华伦、阿伦·泰特、唐纳德·戴维森以及小说家安德鲁·纳尔逊·莱特尔、诗人莫里尔·莫尔等。1922至1925年，他们出版了有影响的小型文艺杂志《逃亡者》，它所发表的重要的文章后来收组成为《逃亡者文选》(1928)。“逃亡者派”一词即由此而来。

“逃亡者”们提倡维护南方传统的文学地方主义，成为“南方文艺复兴”的一文中坚力量。1930年，以“逃亡者派”为主体的12个南方作家，其中有兰塞姆、华伦、泰特以及诗人约翰·弗莱彻、剧作家斯塔克·扬格等人，撰写的专题论文集《我要表明我的态度》出版。这部被看作“重农派”宣言的著作在社会上引起了不小反响。这些文章的主旨都是以南方农业社会为尺度来评价、批判现代美国资本主义社会。此后，阿伦·泰特等人编辑出版了“重农派”的第二部论文集《谁占有美国?》(1936)。

30年代经济大萧条时期，重农思想对南方知识分子影响极大。这种思想不仅贯穿在兰塞姆、戴维森、泰特、华伦等人的作品中，在威廉·福克纳、卡罗琳·戈登、莱特尔以至尤多拉·韦尔蒂等人的小说中也有鲜明的体现，一时形成了一股很有声势的文化潮流，以致有“重农运动”之称。1935年，华伦与克林斯·布鲁克斯共同创办了《南方评论》，1939年兰塞姆创办了《肯庸评论》，这些杂志便成为“重农派”作家重要的活动阵地。美国现代重要的文艺批评流派“新批评派”就是围绕着这些刊物形成的。“新批评派”中的不少成员也都是“重农派”的核心人物。

迷惘的一代(The Lost Generation)

第一次世界大战后出现在美国的一个文学流派。它不是一个有组织、有共同纲领的团体。这个名词源出侨居巴黎的美国女作家格特鲁德·斯泰因。她有一次指着海明威等人说：“你们都是迷惘的一代。”海明威把这句话作为他的长篇小说《太阳照样升起》的一句题辞，于是“迷悯的一代”成了一个文学流派的名称。“迷惘的一代”作家的共同点是厌恶帝国主义战争，却又找不到出路。第一次世界大战爆发时，他们大多是20岁左右的年轻人。他们在美国政府“拯救世界民主”口号的蛊惑下，怀着民主的理想，奔赴欧洲战场。他们目睹人类空前的大屠杀，发现战争远不是他们原来设想的那种英雄的事业，所谓“民主”、“光荣”、“牺牲”都是骗人的东西。他们在战争中经历了种种苦难，了解到普通兵士中间的反战情绪。这在他们心灵中留下了无法医治的创伤。他们的作品反映了这些思想感情。例如，约翰·多斯·帕索斯的《三个士兵》、爱·肯明斯的《巨大的房间》、威廉·福克纳的《士兵的报酬》和《萨托里斯》。厄内斯特。海明威是“迷惘的一代”的代表作家。他到欧洲打过仗，负过重伤。海明威当时对待战争的态度，象其他反战作家一样，只限于厌恶、逃避与诅咒。他对战后的和平生活也不抱希望，所以在作品中迷惘、悲观的情绪较为浓厚。“迷惘的一代”不仅指参加过欧洲大战的作家，也包括没有参加过战争、但对前途感到迷悯和迟疑的20年代作家，例如司各特·菲茨杰拉尔德、托·斯·艾略特和托·马斯·沃尔夫等。“迷悯的一代”主要繁荣在20年代；30年代以后，他们的创作倾向，包括海明威在内，都有了变化。

黑山派诗歌(Biack Mountain Poems)

美国当代的一个诗歌流派。20世纪50年代初，在马萨诸塞州黑山学院任教的查·奥尔逊、罗·邓肯、罗·克里利等人创办《黑山评论》杂志，提倡与40年代流行的传统格律体相反的“放射体”诗歌，逐步形成一个流派。奥尔逊的《放射体诗歌》(1950)一文阐述了他们的主要观点。奥尔逊认为诗是把诗人的“能”传递给读者的东西，因此诗是“能的结构”和“能的放射”；要以顺应呼吸的“音乐片语”代替传统诗律中的节拍；形式只是内容的延伸；一个意念必须直接导向另一个意念，提倡快速写作。黑山派诗人还倡导诗歌朗诵。他们强调诗歌的自发性和口语化，采用美国口语和埋语，反对艾略特等人精雕细刻、广征博引的学院派诗风。50年代后期他们与垮掉派诗人合流，引起较大的反响。

垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)

第二次世界大战后在美国出现的一个文学流派。有人根据英文“Beats”和“Beatniks”(“垮掉青年”的俗称)译成“避世青年”或“疲塌派”，也有人取其诗歌的部分特征，称为“节拍运动”或“敲打诗派”。“垮掉青年”对战后美国社会现实不满，又迫于麦卡锡主义的反动政治高压，便以“脱俗”方式来表示**。他们奇装异服，蔑视传统观念，厌弃学业和工作，长期浪迹于底层社会，形成了独特的社会圈子和处世哲学。50年代初，他们的反叛情绪表现为一股“地下文学”潮流，向保守文化的统治发动冲击。多数垮掉派文人来自东部。著名的有杰克·凯鲁亚克、艾伦·金斯堡、威廉· 巴罗斯、格雷戈里。柯尔索、约翰·克莱伦·霍尔姆斯、塞缪尔·克雷姆和加里·斯奈德等。1950年，凯鲁亚克与巴罗斯合写侦探故事未成，却各自完成了一部垮掉派小说《小镇与城市》(1951)和《吸毒者》(1953)。霍尔姆斯从中受到启发，在小说《走吧》(1952)中更明确地反映纽约“垮掉青年”的生活感受，又在《****》上鼓吹垮掉派文学，但这种尝试受到东部学院派势力的压抑，他们就往西部寻求同道和发展基地。当时洛杉矶近郊的西威尼斯有个以劳伦斯·李普顿为首的垮掉派组织，他于1955年发表小说《神圣的野蛮人》。在旧金山，以劳伦斯·弗林盖梯的“城市之光”书店为中心，聚合了一群立志从事“文艺复兴”的反学院派诗人，他们的首领即是后来成为“垮掉的一代”理论家的肯尼斯·雷克思罗斯。

1955年夏天，“垮掉文人”和反学院派诗人(包括旧金山诗人和黑山派诗人)在旧金山联合举办诗歌朗诵会，自此之后垮掉派文学作品开始流行。金斯堡在会上朗读了他那首被誉为“50年代《荒原》”的长诗《嚎叫》。这首诗以怨气冲天的哀号表达“我这一代精英”的痛苦与自暴自弃，斥责“莫洛克”神统治下的军事化、商业化的社会。1956年，他的诗集出版，轰动全国。1957年，凯鲁亚克的长篇小说《在路上》出版，它描写垮掉分子在各地流浪的生活，使大批精神苦闷的青年为之神往，奉为“生活教科书”。这两部作品出版后，《常青评论》、《黑山评论》等杂志连续出版专号，加以推荐。诺曼·梅勒的被称为美国存在主义宣言的《白种黑人》(1957)，以及1960年他在波士顿审讯中为巴罗斯小说所做的辩护，则从理论上论证了“垮掉文学”的意义。商业化宣传使得美国青年纷纷接受“垮掉”生活方式，从爵士乐、摇摆舞、吸**、性放纵直至参掸念佛和“背包革命”(指漫游旅行)，一时成为风气。

“垮掉派”人生哲学的核心是个人在当代社会中的生存问题。霍尔姆斯和梅勒借用欧洲存在主义观念，宣扬通过满足感官欲望来把握自我。斯奈德和雷克思罗斯则吸收佛教禅宗的学说，以虚无主义对抗生存危机。在政治上，他们标榜自己是“没有目标的反叛者，没有口号的鼓动者，没有纲领的革命者”。在艺术上，据雷克思罗斯在《离异：垮掉的一代的艺术》(1957)中宣称，他们“以全盘否定高雅文化为特点”。凯鲁亚克发明的“自发式散文”写作法和查尔斯·奥尔逊的“放射诗”论，在“垮掉文人”中被广泛奉行。

由上述艺术观点支配的“垮掉文学”运动，虽然昙花一现，而且掺杂大量不健康的因素，仍在美国文学史上留下了一定影响。大量“垮掉诗”因具有大众化和反象征主义倾向，长期在青年中流传。在小说方面，凯鲁亚克的一组用自发表现法写成的“路上小说”，除了《在路上》之外，还有《地下人》(1958)、《达摩流浪汉》(1958)、《特莉斯苔萨》(1959)、《孤独天使》(1959)等。它们的一个特点是继承了马克．吐温的《哈克贝里·费思历险记》所开创的美国文学中写流浪生活的传统，形成了一种为当代其他小说家所仿效的模式，主人公为逃脱污浊的环境而四出漫游，寻找自由和归宿。它们的另一个特点是主人公毫不隐讳地大谈自己的境遇和感受，作自我剖析，这种“个人新闻体”手法在印年代得到较大的发展。

巴罗斯对暴行、堕落、吸毒和犯罪等的描写在“垮掉”作家中首屈一指。他同时又在语言和小说的形式上进行大胆实验，用“剪裁法”拼凑和改变小说的结构。他的代表作《**的午餐》(1959)，由于反映了“真正地狱般的”地下生活，引起了一场诉讼和谐争。以后的作品如《诺瓦快车》(1964)、《柔软机器》(1966)和《爆炸的火车票》(1967)，也采用了真实与梦属相混合的手法，全面、冷酷地表现 作者厌恶社会的冷酷的幽默感，后来有人因此把巴罗斯列入“黑色幽默”小说家行列。

黑色幽默(Black humor)

20世纪60年代美国重要的文学流派。1965年3月，弗里德曼编了一本短篇小说集，收入12个作家的作品，题名为《黑色幽默》，“黑色幽默”一词即由此而来。它是60年代美国小说创作中最有代表性的流派之一。进入70年代后，“黑色幽默”的声势大减，但不时仍有新作出现，它在美国文学中至今仍有相当深远的影响。它的主要作家有约瑟夫·海勒、克特·小伏尼格、托马斯·平钦、约翰·巴斯、詹姆斯·珀迪、布鲁斯·杰伊·弗里德曼、唐纳德·巴赛尔姆等。

“黑色幽默”的小说家突出描写人物周围世界的荒谬和社会对个人的压迫，以一种无可奈何的嘲讽态度表现环境和个人(即“自我”)之间的互不协调，并把这种互不协调的现象加以放大，扭曲，变成畸形，使它们显得更加荒诞不经，滑稽可笑，同时又令人感到沉重和苦闷。因此，有一些评论家把“黑色幽默”称为“绞架下的幽默”或“大难临头时的幽默”。“黑色幽默”作家往往塑造一些乖僻的“反英雄”人物，借他们的可笑的言行影射社会现实，表达作家对社会问题的观点。在描写手法方面，“黑色幽默”作家也打破传统，小说的情节缺乏逻辑联系，常常把叙述现实生活与幻想和回忆混合起来，把严肃的哲理和插科打诨混成一团。例如海勒的《第二十二条军规》、平钦的《万有引力之虹》、小伏尼格的《第一流的早餐》。有些“黑色幽默”小说则嘲笑人类的精神危机，如巴斯的《烟草经纪人》和珀迪的《凯柏特·赖特开始了》。

“黑色幽默”作为一种美学形式，属于喜剧范畴，但又是一种带有悲剧色彩的变态的喜剧。“黑色幽默”的产生是与60年代美国的动荡不安相联系的。当代资本主义社会的荒谬可笑的事物和“喜剧性”的矛盾不是作家们凭主观意志所能创造的，它们是那种社会生活的反映。这种反映虽然具有一定的社会意义和认识价值，作家虽然也抨击了包括统治阶级在内的一切权威，但是他们强调社会环境是难以改变的，因而作品中往往流露出悲观绝望的情绪。

What is it?

The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America

had become by the 1900’s. At this point in time, America had become a great place to, “go into some area of business”

(Crunden, 185). However, the Lost Generation writers felt that America was not such a success story because the country

was devoid of a co**opolitan culture. Their solution to this issue was to pack up their bags and travel to Europe’s

co**opolitan cultures, such as Paris and London. Here they expected to find literary freedom and a co**opolitan way of life.

A co**opolitan culture is one which includes and values a variety of backgrounds and cultures. In the 1920's the White

Anglo Saxon Protestant work ethic was the only culture that was considered valued by the majority of Americans. It was

because of ethics such as this which made the co**opolitan culture of Paris so alluring.

American Literature went through a profound change in the post WWI era. Up until this point, American writers were

still expected to use the rigid Victorian styles of the 19th Century. The lost generation writers were above, or apart from,

American society, not only in geographic terms, but also in their style of writing and subjects they chose to write about.

Although they were unhappy with American culture, the writers were instrumental in changing their country's style of

writing, from Victorian to modern.

Who was involved in it?

T.S.Eliot

T.S. Eliot was born into a prominent New England family. His education consisted of Harvard University, the Sorbonne,

and the University of Oxford. Eliot was a disciple of the author/editor Ezra Pound who will be discussed later. His

permanent residence became London, because Eliot found London more appealing due to its cultural tradition. Eliot's studies

and interests stemmed from anthropology, mythology, and religion. His works ranged from subjects such as religion, serenity,

the Italian poet Dante, English metaphysical poets, and Elizabethan dramatists. His poetry has no fixed verse, form, or

regular pattern, with an occasional rhyme scheme. Eliot's most celebrated work "The Wasteland" is a long poem, which

construes his views of the modern society, in comparison of the past. Eliot gave Ezra Pound the poem to edit, and pound and

his wife cut through the poem, often emitting large portions that they felt irrelevant. In "The Wasteland" Eliot incorporates

many footnotes. Some critics claimed it was Eliot's egocentri** that allowed him to do this, because he felt **arter than the

average person did, and they would need the footnote to decode his writings. Others said he was crazy (he did suffer a

nervous breakdown while writing "The Wasteland." Eliot was an essential figure in the modernistic times, and his methods of

literary ****ysis, such as he develops in the work "Sacred Wood" influenced literary critici** for future writers.

From "The Hollow Men"

We are the hollow men

We are the stuffed men

Leaning together

Headpiece filled with straw

Our dried voices, when

We whisper together

Are quiet and meaningless

As wind in dry grass

Or rat's feet over broken glass

In our dry cellar

Ezra Pound

Ezra Pound was born in Idaho, and at an early age moved to Pennsylvania with his family. His education consisted of

Hamilton College, and the University of Pennsylvania where he meets literary figures such as William Carlos Williams, and

Hilda Doolittle. Hilda Doolittle, Pound, and Richard Aldington published an anthology based on their famous teashop

conversations called "Des Imgistes: An Anthology." Pound had this published to help further his friend's careers. He entitled

the book in French because he felt that they owed a debt to French literature. Pound was an instructor in Romance

Languages at Wabash College. Pound's friendship with various authors and poets helped establish the birth of moderni**

with regards to French, English, and American literature. Pound later moved to Europe, as he found nothing of interest in

America. It was in Europe that Pound met T.S. Eliot. His course of readings in Europe had a profound effect on his

writings. In addition to the Romance Languages, Pound studied Chinese. Pound felt a greater admiration to French and

Chinese past histories than he did for American and British. Ezra Pound had a penetrating impact on literature. Not only did

he write his own highly acclaimed works; he helped others to achieve the same recognition.

From "Portrait d'unne Femme"

Your mind and you are our Sargasso Sea

London has swept about you this score years

And bright ships left you this or that in fee

Ideas, old gossip, oddments of all things

Strange spars of knowledge and dimmed waves of price

Great minds have sought you-lacking someone else.

Gertrude Stein

Gertrude Stein was born into an affluent family, which enabled her to spend a considerable amount of time in Europe.

Having such a diverse background, Stein did not know the conventional life that many Americans lived. Her areas of study

include Radcliffe College, where she studied with the philosopher William James. To further her education, Stein attended

Johns Hopkins Medical School, but she did not have the drive to finish her degree. Stein used her knowledge of medicine and

philosophy (particularly what she learned from James about stream of consciousness) and incorporated them into her

writings. Stein then went off to Europe, and with her brother Leo, set up a salon which was visited by such figures as

Picasso, Henri Matisse, Sherwood Anderson, and Ernest Hemingway. With influences such as Picasso, Stein explored

Cubi**, with concentration on illumination of the present moment. A good example of this was the work "Tender Buttons."

Stein's first and most celebrated work was "Three Lives"- where she tried to establish new verb forms, and a way to enable

the reader's consciousness to be able to study the workings of another mind. Dialogue was a main focus, because dialogue

allowed the reader to understand the perceptions of the characters, while allowing the reader to understand the perceptions

of the self. Freud was also an influence, as seen in Stein's attempt to get into ones conscious and unconscious mind while

merging the two together.

From "The Gentle Lena"

Poor Lena had no power to be strong in such trouble. She did not know how to yield her sickness nor endure. She lost all her little sense of being in her suffering. She was so scared, and then at her best, Lena, who was patient, sweet, and quiet, had not self-control, nor any active courage.

Ernest Hemingway

Hemingway is probably one of the most celebrated authors of his time. Hemingway is well known for his fiction. His

take on fiction is something invented or imagined. Main topics were centralized around his love of embellishment of the

facts. Hemingway did not have the education as many other writers of his time, rebelling against his parents attempts to send

him to colleges. His idea of education did not consist of lectures, and research papers, but of life experiences, and his love of

reading. Hemingway's readings centered around Russian writers such as Tolstoy and Turgrnev, Tolstoy was a primary

influence in Hemingway's writings. WWI also had a profound impact on him as well, as he was an ambulance driver during

the war. He hated the abstract, especially abstract words such as honor, glory, and courage. Hemingway held strong to old

beliefs, and symboli**, as he used symboli** to depict the Protestant religion he could not accept. He used observation and

description in his works, rather than rhetoric views. The concept of war fascinated Hemingway, as well as the experiences

one could endure in a lifetime. One of the most famous works, "Farewell to Arms" depicted the uselessness for words such

as honor and glory, because they were not the first things in a soldier's mind as he walked onto the battlefield. Hemingway's

works were raw, and dilled with the notion that one could be inside the characters mind, the concrete, and not around in the

abstract view of his works.

From "Big Two Hearted River Part I"

From the time he had gotten down off the train and the baggage man had thrown his pack out of the open car door things had been different. Seney was burned, he knew that. He hiked along the road, sweating in the sun, climbing to cross the range of hills that separated the railway from the pure plains.

When did it occur?

The term "lost generation" was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself, after World War I. It was

between the first and second World Wars, that these writers spent their time abroad. "In the 1930's, the forces of politics

and war drove artists back to America."

Why was it significant to American Culture?

This temporary emigration of American talent into co**opolitan cities such as Paris, is significant to American culture in

two parts.

One, because it aided in the desire for a co**opolitan culture to be established and to exist in America.

Two, because when American Culture became more defined, European and other countries began to recognize a

distinctive Democratic American culture.

迷惘一代的内容

The Lost Generation Jill Tripodi and Jackie Gross What is it? The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900’s. At this point in time, America had become a great place to, “go into some area of business” (Crunden, 185). However, the Lost Generation writers felt that America was not such a success story because the country was devoid of a co**opolitan culture. Their solution to this issue was to pack up their bags and travel to Europe’s co**opolitan cultures, such as Paris and London. Here they expected to find literary freedom and a co**opolitan way of life. A co**opolitan culture is one which includes and values a variety of backgrounds and cultures. In the 1920's the White Anglo Saxon Protestant work ethic was the only culture that was considered valued by the majority of Americans. It was because of ethics such as this which made the co**opolitan culture of Paris so alluring. American Literature went through a profound change in the post WWI era. Up until this point, American writers were still expected to use the rigid Victorian styles of the 19th Century. The lost generation writers were above, or apart from, American society, not only in geographic terms, but also in their style of writing and subjects they chose to write about. Although they were unhappy with American culture, the writers were instrumental in changing their country's style of writing, from Victorian to modern.

Who was involved in it? T.S.Eliot T.S. Eliot was born into a prominent New England family. His education consisted of Harvard University, the Sorbonne, and the University of Oxford. Eliot was a disciple of the author/editor Ezra Pound who will be discussed later. His permanent residence became London, because Eliot found London more appealing due to its cultural tradition. Eliot's studies and interests stemmed from anthropology, mythology, and religion. His works ranged from subjects such as religion, serenity, the Italian poet Dante, English metaphysical poets, and Elizabethan dramatists. His poetry has no fixed verse, form, or regular pattern, with an occasional rhyme scheme. Eliot's most celebrated work "The Wasteland" is a long poem, which construes his views of the modern society, in comparison of the past. Eliot gave Ezra Pound the poem to edit, and pound and his wife cut through the poem, often emitting large portions that they felt irrelevant. In "The Wasteland" Eliot incorporates many footnotes. Some critics claimed it was Eliot's egocentri** that allowed him to do this, because he felt **arter than the average person did, and they would need the footnote to decode his writings. Others said he was crazy (he did suffer a nervous breakdown while writing "The Wasteland." Eliot was an essential figure in the modernistic times, and his methods of literary ****ysis, such as he develops in the work "Sacred Wood" influenced literary critici** for future writers. From "The Hollow Men" We are the hollow men

We are the stuffed men

Leaning together

Headpiece filled with straw

Our dried voices, when

We whisper together

Are quiet and meaningless

As wind in dry grass

Or rat's feet over broken glass

In our dry cellar

Ezra Pound Ezra Pound was born in Idaho, and at an early age moved to Pennsylvania with his family. His education consisted of Hamilton College, and the University of Pennsylvania where he meets literary figures such as William Carlos Williams, and Hilda Doolittle. Hilda Doolittle, Pound, and Richard Aldington published an anthology based on their famous teashop conversations called "Des Imgistes: An Anthology." Pound had this published to help further his friend's careers. He entitled the book in French because he felt that they owed a debt to French literature. Pound was an instructor in Romance Languages at Wabash College. Pound's friendship with various authors and poets helped establish the birth of moderni** with regards to French, English, and American literature. Pound later moved to Europe, as he found nothing of interest in America. It was in Europe that Pound met T.S. Eliot. His course of readings in Europe had a profound effect on his writings. In addition to the Romance Languages, Pound studied Chinese. Pound felt a greater admiration to French and Chinese past histories than he did for American and British. Ezra Pound had a penetrating impact on literature. Not only did he write his own highly acclaimed works; he helped others to achieve the same recognition. From "Portrait d'unne Femme" Your mind and you are our Sargasso Sea

London has swept about you this score years

And bright ships left you this or that in fee

Ideas, old gossip, oddments of all things

Strange spars of knowledge and dimmed waves of price

Great minds have sought you-lacking someone else.

Gertrude Stein Gertrude Stein was born into an affluent family, which enabled her to spend a considerable amount of time in Europe. Having such a diverse background, Stein did not know the conventional life that many Americans lived. Her areas of study include Radcliffe College, where she studied with the philosopher William James. To further her education, Stein attended Johns Hopkins Medical School, but she did not have the drive to finish her degree. Stein used her knowledge of medicine and philosophy (particularly what she learned from James about stream of consciousness) and incorporated them into her writings. Stein then went off to Europe, and with her brother Leo, set up a salon which was visited by such figures as Picasso, Henri Matisse, Sherwood Anderson, and Ernest Hemingway. With influences such as Picasso, Stein explored Cubi**, with concentration on illumination of the present moment. A good example of this was the work "Tender Buttons." Stein's first and most celebrated work was "Three Lives"- where she tried to establish new verb forms, and a way to enable the reader's consciousness to be able to study the workings of another mind. Dialogue was a main focus, because dialogue allowed the reader to understand the perceptions of the characters, while allowing the reader to understand the perceptions of the self. Freud was also an influence, as seen in Stein's attempt to get into ones conscious and unconscious mind while merging the two together. From "The Gentle Lena" Poor Lena had no power to be strong in such trouble. She did not know how to yield her sickness nor endure. She lost all her little sense of being in her suffering. She was so scared, and then at her best, Lena, who was patient, sweet, and quiet, had not self-control, nor any active courage.

Ernest Hemingway Hemingway is probably one of the most celebrated authors of his time. Hemingway is well known for his fiction. His take on fiction is something invented or imagined. Main topics were centralized around his love of embellishment of the facts. Hemingway did not have the education as many other writers of his time, rebelling against his parents attempts to send him to colleges. His idea of education did not consist of lectures, and research papers, but of life experiences, and his love of reading. Hemingway's readings centered around Russian writers such as Tolstoy and Turgrnev, Tolstoy was a primary influence in Hemingway's writings. WWI also had a profound impact on him as well, as he was an ambulance driver during the war. He hated the abstract, especially abstract words such as honor, glory, and courage. Hemingway held strong to old beliefs, and symboli**, as he used symboli** to depict the Protestant religion he could not accept. He used observation and description in his works, rather than rhetoric views. The concept of war fascinated Hemingway, as well as the experiences one could endure in a lifetime. One of the most famous works, "Farewell to Arms" depicted the uselessness for words such as honor and glory, because they were not the first things in a soldier's mind as he walked onto the battlefield. Hemingway's works were raw, and dilled with the notion that one could be inside the characters mind, the concrete, and not around in the abstract view of his works. From "Big Two Hearted River Part I" From the time he had gotten down off the train and the baggage man had thrown his pack out of the open car door things had been different. Seney was burned, he knew that. He hiked along the road, sweating in the sun, climbing to cross the range of hills that separated the railway from the pure plains.

When did it occur? The term "lost generation" was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself, after World War I. It was between the first and second World Wars, that these writers spent their time abroad. "In the 1930's, the forces of politics and war drove artists back to America."

Why was it significant to American Culture? This temporary emigration of American talent into co**opolitan cities such as Paris, is significant to American culture in two parts. One, because it aided in the desire for a co**opolitan culture to be established and to exist in America. Two, because when American Culture became more defined, European and other countries began to recognize a distinctive Democratic American culture. Works Cited Bayne, Nina. (1994). The Norton Anthology of American Literature. NY: Crunden, Perkins, George Barbara. (1994). The American Tradition in Literature. NY: McGraudill

关于清**的英文介绍

PURITANS

The Puritans were a group of people who grew discontent in the Church of England and worked towards religious, moral and societal reforms. The writings and ideas of John Calvin, a leader in the Reformation, gave rise to Protestanti** and were pivotal to the Christian revolt. They contended that The Church of England had become a product of political struggles and man-made doctrines. The Puritans were one branch of dissenters who decided that the Church of England was beyond reform. Escaping persecution from church leadership and the King, they came to America.

The Puritans believed that the Bible was God's true law, and that it provided a plan for living. The established church of the day described access to God as monastic and possible only within the confines of "church authority". Puritans stripped away the traditional trappings and formalities of Christianity which had been slowly building throughout the previous 1500 years. Theirs was an attempt to "purify" the church and their own lives.

What many of us remember about the Puritans is reflective of the modern definition of the term and not of the historical account. Point one, they were not a **all group of people. In England many of their persuasion sat in Parliament. So great was the struggle that England's Civil War pitted the Puritans against the Crown Forces. Though the Puritans won the fight with Oliver Cromwell's leadership, their victory was short-lived; hence their displacement to America. Point two, the witchcraft trials did not appropriately define their methods of living for the 100+ years that they formed successful communities. What it did show was the danger that their self-imposed isolation had put them in.

Most of the Puritans settled in the New England area. As they immigrated and formed individual colonies, their numbers rose from 17,800 in 1640 to 106,000 in 1700. Religious exclusiveness was the foremost principle of their society. The spiritual beliefs that they held were strong. This strength held over to include community laws and customs. Since God was at the forefront of their minds, He was to motivate all of their actions. This premise worked both for them and against them.

The common unity strengthened the community. In a foreign land surrounded with the hardships of pioneer life, their spiritual bond made them sympathetic to each other's needs. Their overall survival techniques permeated the colonies and on the whole made them more successful in several areas beyond that of the colonies established to their south.

Each church congregation was to be individually responsible to God, as was each person. The New Testament was their model and their devotion so great that it permeated their entire society. People of opposing theological views were asked to leave the community or to be converted.

Their interpretation of scriptures was a harsh one. They emphasized a redemptive piety. In principle, they emphasized conversion and not repression. Conversion was a rejection of the "worldliness" of society and a strict adherence to Biblical principles. While repression was not encouraged in principle, it was evident in their actions. God could forgive anything, but man could forgive only by seeing a change in behavior. Actions spoke louder than words, so actions had to be constantly controlled.

The doctrine of predestination kept all Puritans constantly working to do good in this life to be chosen for the next eternal one. God had already chosen who would be in heaven or hell, and each believer had no way of knowing which group they were in. Those who were wealthy were obviously blessed by God and were in good standing with Him. The Protestant work ethic was the belief that hard work was an honor to God which would lead to a prosperous reward. Any deviations from the normal way of Puritan life met with strict disapproval and discipline. Since the church elders were also political leaders, any church infraction was also a social one. There was no margin for error.

The devil was behind every evil deed. Constant watch needed to be kept in order to stay away from his clutches. Words of hell fire and brimstone flowed from the mouths of eloquent ministers as they warned of the persuasiveness of the devil's power. The sermons of Jonathan Edwards, a Puritan minister, show that delivery of these sermons became an art form. They were elegant, well formed, exegetical renditions of scriptures... with a healthy dose of fear woven throughout the fabric of the literary construction. Grammar children were quizzed on the material at school and at home. This constant subjection of the probability of an unseen danger led to a scandal of epidemic proportions.

In 1688, four young girls accused a laundry woman of "bewitching" them. What could have been stopped progressed into a community tragedy. The young women enjoyed the attention this story afforded them, but no doubt were afraid that their lies would be found out. In an effort to further punctuate their story, they lapsed into prolonged convulsions. Those who were "possessed by the devil" were forced to make confessions of their evil liaisons in order to protect their families and properties from harm . Those who denounced witchcraft (thereby calling the witnesses liars) were then accused themselves. In the frenzy to follow, by 1690 two hundred persons were in jail, fifty in prison and twenty executed (along with 2 dogs). Cotton Mather, a leader of the group, quietly led the way in bringing this crisis to an end. The devotion they held in maintaining a religious society in isolation fueled the fire of the witchcraft scandal.

Great pains were taken to warn their members and especially their children of the dangers of the world. Religiously motivated, they were exceptional in their time for their interest in the education of their children. Reading of the Bible was necessary to living a pious life. The education of the next generation was important to further "purify" the church and perfect social living.

Three English diversions were banned in their New England colonies; drama, religious music and erotic poetry. The first and last of these led to immorality. Music in worship created a "dreamy" state which was not conducive in listening to God. Since the people were not spending their time idly indulged in trivialities, they were left with two godly diversions.

The Bible stimulated their corporate intellect by promoting discussions of literature. Greek classics of Cicero, Virgil, Terence and Ovid were taught, as well as poetry and Latin verse. They were encouraged to create their own poetry, always religious in content.

For the first time in history, free schooling was offered for all children. Puritans formed the first formal school in 1635, called the Roxbury Latin School. Four years later, the first American College was established; Harvard in Cambridge. Children aged 6-8 attended a "Dame school" where the teacher, who was usually a widow, taught reading. "Ciphering" (math) and writing were low on the academic agenda.

In 1638, the first printing press arrived. By 1700, Boston became the second largest publishing center of the English Empire. The Puritans were the first to write books for children, and to discuss the difficulties in communicating with them. At a time when other Americans were physically blazing trails through the forests, the Puritans efforts in areas of study were advancing our country intellectually.

Religion provided a stimulus and prelude for scientific thought. Of those Americans who were admitted into the scientific "Royal Society of London," the vast majority were New England Puritans.

The large number of people who ascribed to the lifestyle of the Puritans did much to firmly establish a presence on American soil. Bound together, they established a community that maintained a healthy economy, established a school system, and focused an efficient eye on political concerns. The moral character of England and America were shaped in part by the words and actions of this strong group of Christian believers called the Puritans.

求一篇英语阅读理解，开头是My father,a sales trainer,tried to teach me the importance of hard work

I believe in leaving work at five o’clock. In a nation that operates on a staunch Protestant work ethic, this belief could be considered radical. Working only 40 hours a week? I just don’t know many people who punch out at five o’clock anymore. It seems downright quaint, like pocket watches and shoe shines. My father tried to teach me the importance of hard work, long hours and dedication to a career. But then there are the things he taught me unintentionally, like when he arrived home from work for the last time and crawled up the stairs. My father, a self-employed sales trainer, was that sick, that tired. His body was wracked with liver cancer, and he suffered the effects of a diabetic ulcer. Still, he insisted on traveling to honor his commitment to give a seminar. He probably earned a lot of money that day, and he paid the price: He returned to the hospital soon after and was dead within three months, at age 58.

我的信念是在五点结束每天的工作。 在这个奉行新**那套“工作至上”理念的国度，我的这一信念可算是激进。每周只工作40小时？我认识的人中很少是下午五点打卡下班的。那看起来就跟怀表、鞋油这类东西一样，简直是过时而怪异。我父亲尽力教导我勤奋工作、超时工作以及献身事业这几点的重要性。但后来，他也无意中教了我一些东西，比如那次当他最后一次下班回家爬上楼梯的时候。 我父亲是一名自雇的销售培训师。那天，他已经病得很厉害，疲惫不堪。肝癌拖垮了他的身体，他还饱受糖尿病溃疡的折磨。然而，他为履行承诺仍坚持到外地主持一个研讨会。他那天可能赚了不少钱，但他也付出了代价——不久之后又住进了医院，而且三个月后就去世了，终年58岁。

It’s been 10 years since I saw my father come home that night and since then, I’ve thought a lot about work. I’ve decided something: I will never crawl up the stairs. As much as I love my job as a newspaper reporter, I will never work myself into the ground, literally or figuratively. The idea of leaving work at work didn’t come easily to me. After all, I am my father’s daughter. In college, I wasn’t going to keg parties in a frat basement; I was the girl who lingered on the library steps each morning, waiting for the doors to open. I even dreamt about schoolwork.

那晚看到父亲回家已是十年前的事了，自那以后，我对工作作了多番思考。我决定：我决不要爬着楼梯回家。作为一名报社记者，尽管我非常热爱我的工作，但我决不会因为拼命工作而把自己送进“坟墓”里，无论是字面义还是比喻义。 只在工作时间内工作的想法于我并非易事，毕竟，有其父必有其女。读大学时，我不去大学生联谊会在地下室里举办的啤酒狂欢派对，而是每天一早就在图书馆的阶梯上徘徊，等着图书馆开门。我甚至做梦都会梦到功课作业。

My dad once told me he was unable to just gaze at a sunset; he had to be doing something as he looked at it—writing, reading, playing chess. You could say he was a success: He was a published author, an accomplished musician, fluent in German and the American Sign Language. That’s an impressive list, but here’s the thing: I want to gaze at sunsets. I don’t want to meet a deadline during them or be writing a column at the same time, or glance at them over the top of a book. This raises the question: If I leave work at five o’ clock to watch the sunset, what are the consequences? Do I risk not reaching the top of my profession? Maybe, because honestly, knocking off after eight hours probably won’t earn me the corner office or the lucrative promotion. But hey, leaving work at five o’ clock means I eat dinner with my family. I get to hop on my bike and pedal through the streets of my hometown as the shadows lengthen and the traffic thins. And I get to take in a lot of sunsets. That’s got to be worth something.

我父亲曾经告诉我，他就是没法凝视夕阳。看着夕阳的同时他还得做些别的事——写作、阅读、下象棋。你可以称他是成功人士：他是一名发表过作品的作家，一位有造诣的音乐家，能说流利的德语，能熟练运用美国手语。这一连串成就看起来挺厉害的。但问题是：我想凝视夕阳。我不想边看夕阳边赶在最后期限前完成工作，也不想边看边给专栏赶稿，又或者是看着书，偶尔才朝那一抹夕阳瞥上一眼。这引发了一个问题：如果我五点就下班去看夕阳，会有什么后果？我是否就无法爬到职场最高位？也许是，因为说实话，工作八小时就下班，想搬进角落的高层办公室或升职加薪是不太可能的。不过，嘿，五点就下班意味着我能和家人共进晚餐。我跳上单车，穿梭在家乡的大小街道上，一切在夕阳的余晖中被拉长了影子，路上车少人稀。 从此，我看了不少夕阳美景。这肯定有其价值所在。

What's the definition of American Dream in English?

The American Dream is the idea (often associated with the Protestant work ethic) held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve prosperity. ...............wanna see more, go to the website