社会学，人类学，有什么特点啊？

　社会学(sociology)起源于19世纪末期,是一门利用经验考察[1][2]与批判分析[3]来研究人类社会结构与活动的学科.社会学家通常跟经济学、政治学、人类学、心理学等一起并列于社会科学底下来研究.因其兴起的历史背景,社会学研究的重心很大一部份放在现代社会中的各种生活实态,或是当代社会如何形成演进以至今日的过程,不但注重描述现况,也不忽略社会变迁.社会学的研究对象范围广泛,小到几个人面对面的日常互动,大到全球化的社会趋势及潮流.家庭、各式各样的组织、企业工厂等经济体、城市、市场、政党、国家、文化、媒体等都是社会学研究的对象,而这些研究对象的共通点是一些具有社会性的社会事实.虽然“社会性”的定义在不同学派之间仍有争执,但社会事实外在于个人,且对个人的行为跟认知有影响,这一点是大致上为社会学者所共同接受的.

通俗的说社会学着重于社会的构建,一个社会何以可能的宏观理念,社会的结构,社会的普遍现象综合分析出的理论知识.研究对象是群体不是个体或者特例,一个群体的生活环境作用于人,人反过来对生活环境进行影响.将社会理论化再把理论应用于社会改造的学科.着重于分析大量调查数据,从现象利用现有理论发觉本质,在将理论加以创新.

人类学和他的名字一样着重于人,着重于人文信息,从人本的角度研究群体的特质,着重于文化对人类的影响,研究一个群体特定的文化.更人性化的学科.需要对一个群体,一个民族,或者一个组织有深入的内涵的了解而不仅仅是概念化或者数字的分析.研究需要有深厚的文化底蕴做基础.

sociology是什么意思

sociology[英][ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒi][美][ˌsoʊsiˈɑ:lədʒi]

n.社会学; 群体生态学;

复数：sociologies

例句:

1.

I didn't have a sociology test, did I?

我没有社会学考试是不是?

2.

Sociology major from india. Everyone?

社会学专业的学生来自印度谁有印象吗?

3.

My name is carol. I go to usc. I major in sociology.

我叫卡罗尔。我在南加州大学主修社会学。

关于社会学的英文介绍

Sociology (from Latin: socius, "companion"; and the suffix -ology, "the study of", from Greek λόγος, lógos, "knowledge" [1]) is the scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the ****ysis of brief contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social interaction. Numerous fields within the discipline concentrate on how and why people are organized in society, either as individuals or as members of associations, groups, and institutions. As an academic discipline, sociology is usually considered a branch of social science.

Sociological research provides educators, planners, lawmakers, administrators, developers, business leaders, and people interested in resolving social problems and formulating public policy with rationales for the actions that they take.

History

Main article: History of sociology

Auguste ComteSociology, including economic, political, and cultural systems, has origins in the common stock of human knowledge and philosophy. Social ****ysis has been carried out by scholars and philosophers at least as early as the time of Plato.

There is evidence of early Greek (e.g. Xenophanes[3], Xenophon[4] , Polybios[5]) and Muslim sociological contributions, especially by Ibn Khaldun,[6] whose Muqaddimah is viewed as the earliest work dedicated to sociology as a social science.[7][8] Several other forerunners of sociology, from Giambattista Vico up to Karl Marx, are nowadays considered classical sociologists.

Sociology later emerged as a scientific discipline in the early 19th century as an academic response to the challenges of modernity and modernization, such as industrialization and urbanization. Sociologists hope not only to understand what holds social groups together, but also to develop responses to social disintegration and exploitation.

The term "sociologie" was first used by the French essayist Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748-1836).[9] ). It was popularized by the French thinker Auguste Comte [10] in 1838. Comte hoped to unify all studies of humankind - including history, psychology and economics. His own sociological scheme was typical of the 19th century; he believed all human life had passed through the same distinct historical stages (theology, metaphysics, positive science) and that, if one could grasp this progress, one could prescribe the remedies for social ills. Sociology was to be the 'queen of positive sciences'.[11] Thus, Comte has come to be viewed as the "Father of Sociology".[11]

"Classical" theorists of sociology from the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Ferdinand Tönnies, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer, Vilfredo Pareto, Ludwig Gumplowicz, Georg Simmel and Max Weber. Like Comte, these figures did not consider themselves only "sociologists". Their works addressed religion, education, economics, law, psychology, ethics, philosophy and theology, and their theories have been applied in a variety of academic disciplines. Their influence on sociology was foundational.

Institutionalizing sociology

The discipline was taught by its own name for the first time at the University of Kansas, Lawrence in 1890 by Frank Blackmar, under the course title Elements of Sociology. It remains the oldest continuing sociology course in America. The Department of History and Sociology at the University of Kansas was established in 1891 [12] [13], and the first full-fledged independent university. The department of sociology was established in 1892 at the University of Chicago by Albion W. Small, who in 1895 founded the American Journal of Sociology.[14]

The first European department of sociology was founded in 1895 at the University of Bordeaux by Émile Durkheim, founder of L'Année Sociologique (1896). The first sociology department to be established in the United Kingdom was at the London School of Economics and Political Science (home of the British Journal of Sociology) [15] in 1904. In 1919 a sociology department was established in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich by Max Weber, and in 1920 in Poland by Florian Znaniecki.

International cooperation in sociology began in 1893 when René Worms founded the Institut International de Sociologie, which was later eclipsed by the much larger International Sociological Association (ISA), founded in 1949.[16] In 1905, the American Sociological Association, the world's largest association of professional sociologists, was founded, and in 1909 the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie (German Society for Sociology) was founded by Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber, among others.

Positivi** and anti-positivi**

Articles: Positivi**, Sociological positivi**, and Antipositivi**.

Max Weber.Early theorists' approach to sociology, led by Comte, was to treat it in much the same manner as natural science, applying the same methods and methodology used in the natural sciences to study social phenomena. The emphasis on empirici** and the scientific method sought to provide an incontestable foundation for any sociological claims or findings, and to distinguish sociology from less empirical fields such as philosophy. This methodological approach, called positivi** assumes that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method.

One push away from positivi** was philosophical and political, such as in the dialectical materiali** based on Marx' theories. A second push away from scientific positivi** was cultural, becoming sociological. As early as the 19th century, positivist and naturalist approaches to studying social life were questioned by scientists like Wilhelm Dilthey and Heinrich Rickert, who argued that the natural world differs from the social world because of unique aspects of human society such as meanings, symbols, rules, norms, and values. These elements of society inform human cultures. This view was further developed by Max Weber, who introduced antipositivi** (humanistic sociology). According to this view, which is closely related to antinaturali**, sociological research must concentrate on humans' cultural values (see also: French Pragmati**).

Twentieth century developments

In the early 20th century, sociology expanded in the United States, including developments in both macrosociology interested in evolution of societies and microsociology. Based on the pragmatic social psychology of George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer and others (later Chicago school) inspired sociologists developed symbolic interactioni**.

In Europe, in the Interwar period, sociology generally was both attacked by increasingly totalitarian governments and rejected by conservative universities. At the same time, originally in Austria and later in the U.S., Alfred Schütz developed social phenomenology (which would later inform social constructioni**). Also, members of the Frankfurt school (most of whom moved to the U.S. to escape Nazi persecution) developed critical theory, integrating critical, idealistic and historical materialistic elements of the dialectical philosophies of Hegel and Marx with the insights of Freud, Max Weber (in theory, if not always in name) and others. In the 1930s in the U.S., Talcott Parsons developed structural-functional theory which integrated the study of social order and "objective" aspects of macro and micro structural factors.

Since World War II, sociology has been revived in Europe, although during the Stalin and Mao eras it was suppressed in the communist countries. In the mid-20th century, there was a general (but not universal) trend for US-American sociology to be more scientific in nature, due partly to the prominent influence at that time of structural functionali**. Sociologists developed new types of quantitative and qualitative research methods. In the second half of the 20th century, sociological research has been increasingly employed as a tool by governments and businesses. Parallel with the rise of various social movements in the 1960s, theories emphasizing social struggle, including conflict theory (which sought to counter structural functionali**) and neomarxist theories, began to receive more attention.

In the late 20th century, some sociologists embraced postmodern and poststructuralist philosophies. Increasingly, many sociologists have used qualitative and ethnographic methods and become critical of the positivi** in some social scientific approaches.[citation needed] Much like cultural studies, some contemporary sociological studies have been influenced by the cultural changes of the 1960s, 20th century Continental philosophy, literary studies, and interpretivi**. Others have maintained more objective empirical perspectives, such as by articulating neofunctionali**, social psychology, and rational choice theory. Others began to debate the nature of globalization and the changing nature of social institutions. These developments have led some to reconceptualize basic sociological categories and theories. For instance, inspired by the thought of Michel Foucault, power may be studied as dispersed throughout society in a wide variety of disciplinary cultural practices. In political sociology, the power of the nation state may be seen as transforming due to the globalization of trade (and cultural exchanges) and the expanding influence of international organizations (Nash 2000:1-4).

However, the positivist tradition is still alive and influential in sociology. In the U.S., the most commonly cited journals, including the American Journal of Sociology and American Sociological Review, primarily publish research in the postivist tradition. There is also a minor revival for a more independent, empirical sociology in the spirit of C Wright Mills, and his studies of the Power Elite in the USA, according to Stanley Aronowitz.

Social network ****ysis is an example of a new paradigm in this tradition which can go beyond the traditional micro vs. macro or agency vs. structure debates. The influence of social network ****ysis is pervasive in many sociological subfields such as economic sociology (see the work of J. Clyde Mitchell, Harrison White, or Mark Granovetter for example), organizational behavior, historical sociology, political sociology, or the sociology of education.

Throughout the development of sociology, controversies have raged about how to emphasize or integrate concerns with subjectivity, objectivity, intersubjectivity and practicality in theory and research. The extent to which sociology may be characterized as a 'science' has remained an area of considerable debate, which has addressed basic ontological and epistemological philosophical questions. One outcome of such disputes has been the ongoing formation of multidimensional theories of society, such as the continuing development of various types of critical theory. Another outcome has been the formation of public sociology, which emphasizes the usefulness of sociological ****ysis to various social groups.

Scope and topics of sociology

Selected general topics: Discrimination, Deviance and social control, Migration, Power Elite , Social action, Social change, Social class, Social justice/injustice, Social order, Social status, Social stratification, Socialization, Society, Sociological imagination, Structure and agency, Subfields of sociology

Social interactions and their pros and cons are studied in sociology.Sociologists study society and social action by examining the groups and social institutions people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business organizations. They also study the social interactions of people and groups, trace the origin and growth of social processes, and ****yze the influence of group activities on individual members and vice versa. The results of sociological research aid educators, lawmakers, administrators, and others interested in resolving social problems, working for social justice and formulating public policy.

Sociologists research macro-structures and processes that organize or affect society, such as race or ethnicity, gender, globalization, and social class stratification. They study institutions such as the family and social processes that represent deviation from, or the breakdown of, social structures, including crime and divorce. And, they research micro-processes such as interpersonal interactions and the socialization of individuals. Sociologists are also concerned with the effect of social traits such as sex, age, or race on a person’s daily life.

Most sociologists work in one or more specialties, such as social stratification, social organization, and social mobility; ethnic and race relations; education; family; social psychology; urban, rural, political, and comparative sociology; sex roles and relationships; demography; gerontology; criminology; and sociological practice. In short, sociologists study the many dimensions of society.

Although sociology was informed by Comte's conviction that sociology would sit at the apex of all the sciences, sociology today is identified as one of many social sciences (such as anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, etc.). At times, sociology does integrate the insights of various disciplines, as do other social sciences. Initially, the discipline was concerned particularly with the organization of complex industrial societies. In the past, anthropology had methods that would have helped to study cultural issues in a "more acute" way than sociologists.[17] Recent sociologists, taking cues from anthropologists, have noted the "Western emphasis" of the field. In response, sociology departments around the world are encouraging the study of many cultures and multi-national studies.

Sociological research

Main article: social research

The basic goal of sociological research is to understand the social world in its many forms. Quantitative methods and qualitative methods are two main types of sociological research methods. Sociologists often use quantitative methods -- such as social statistics or network ****ysis - to investigate the structure of a social process or describe patterns in social relationships. Sociologists also often use qualitative methods - such as focused interviews, group discussions and ethnographic methods - to investigate social processes. Sociologists also use applied research methods such as evaluation research and asses**ent.

Methods of sociological inquiry

Sociologists use many types of social research methods, including:

Archival research - Facts or factual evidences from a variety of records are compiled.

Content Analysis - The contents of books and mass media are ****yzed to study how people communicate and the messages people talk or write about.

Historical Method - This involves a continuous and systematic search for the information and knowledge about past events related to the life of a person, a group, society, or the world.

Experimental Research - The researcher isolates a single social process or social phenonena and uses the data to either confirm or construct social theory. The experiment is the best method for testing theory due to its extremely high internal validity. Participants, or subjects, are randomly assigned to various conditions or 'treatments', and then ****yses are made between groups. Randomization allows the researcher to be sure that the treatment is having the effect on group differences and not some other extraneous factor.

Survey Research - The researcher obtains data from interviews, questionnaires, or similar feedback from a set of persons chosen (including random selection) to represent a particular population of interest. Survey items may be open-ended or closed-ended.

Life History - This is the study of the personal life trajectories. Through a series of interviews, the researcher can probe into the decisive moments in their life or the various influences on their life.

Longitudinal study - This is an extensive examination of a specific group over a long period of time.

Observation - Using data from the senses, one records information about social phenomenon or behavior. Qualitative research relies heavily on observation, although it is in a highly disciplined form.

Participant Observation - As the name implies, the researcher goes to the field (usually a community), lives with the people for some time, and participates in their activities in order to know and feel their culture.

The choice of a method in part often depends on the researcher's epistemological approach to research. For example, those researchers who are concerned with statistical generalizability to a population will most likely administer structured interviews with a survey questionnaire to a carefully selected probability sample. By contrast, those sociologists, especially ethnographers, who are more interested in having a full contextual understanding of group members lives will choose participant observation, observation, and open-ended interviews. Many studies combine several of these methodologies.

The relative merits of these research methodologies is a topic of much professional debate among practicing sociologists.

Combining research methods

In practice, some sociologists combine different research methods and approaches, since different methods produce different types of findings that correspond to different aspects of societies. For example, the quantitative methods may help describe social patterns, while qualitative approaches could help to understand how individuals understand those patterns.

An example of using multiple types of research methods is in the study of the Internet. The Internet is of interest for sociologists in various ways: as a tool for research, for example, in using online questionnaires instead of paper ones, as a discussion platform, and as a research topic. Sociology of the Internet in the last sense includes ****ysis of online communities (e.g. as found in newsgroups), virtual communities and virtual worlds, organizational change catalyzed through new media like the Internet, and social change at-large in the transformation from industrial to informational society (or to information society). Online communities can be studied statistically through network ****ysis and at the same time interpreted qualitatively, such as though virtual ethnography. Social change can be studied through statistical demographics or through the interpretation of changing messages and symbols in online media studies.

social science 与sociology的区别

总的来说,social science 包含 sociology

请看具体英文解释：

social science: 1. the study of people in society 社会科学

2. a particular subject connected with the study of people in society, for example geography, economics or sociology (注意此处 指的是所有社会科学学科 社会学只是其中一种)

sociology：the scientific study of the nature and development of society and social behaviour 社会学

希望对你有帮助!

什么是社会学?

社会学是系统地研究社会行为与人类群体的学科，起源于19世纪三四十年代，是从社会哲学演化出来的一门现代学科。社会学是一门具有多重研究方式的学科。社会学主要涉及科学主义实证论的定量方法和人文主义的理解方法，它们相互对立、相互联系，共同发展及完善一套有关人类社会结构及活动的知识体系，并以运用这些知识去寻求或改善社会福利为主要目标。

社会学的研究范围广泛，包括了由微观层级的社会行动（agency）或人际互动，至宏观层级的社会系统或结构，因此社会学通常跟经济学、政治学、人类学、心理学、历史学等学科并列于社会科学领域之下。

社会学在研究题材上或研究法则上均有相当的广泛性，其传统研究对象包括了社会分层、社会阶级、社会流动、社会宗教、社会法律、越轨行为等，而采取的模式则包括定性和定量的研究方法。由于人类活动的所有领域都是由社会结构、个体机构的影响下塑造而成，所以随着社会发展，社会学进一步扩大其研究重点至其他相关科目，例如医疗、军事或刑事制度、互联网等，甚至是例如科学知识发展在社会活动中的作用一类的课题。另一方面，社会科学方法（social scientific methods）的范围也越来越广泛。在20世纪中叶以来多样化的语言、文化转变也同时产生了更多更具诠释性、哲学性的社会研究模式。

中文名

社会学

外文名

Sociology

属性

研究人性与秩序的关系、现代性

起源

19世纪末期

研究方式

功能论/批判论/解释论等

快速

导航

定义

学科性质

研究主题

研究方法

研究工具

社会理论

学科地位

学科关系

主要学派

重要人物

院校排名

历史

背景

思想理论渊源

人类对由自身活动所构成的社会生活及其思考，无论在东方还是在西方都是源远流长的。中国先秦时期的思想家荀子就曾论述过“人生不能无群”的思想，他认为人之所以异于禽兽，在于“人能群，彼不能群也”。“群”即“社会”。中世纪**教神学家托马斯·阿奎那和A.奥古斯丁从宗教神学立场也曾对此做出过论证。文艺复兴时代的人文主义者用人性反对神性、用个性解放取代封建专制、用快乐主义反对禁欲主义，在反对宗教神学和封建宗法制度的斗争中形成了一整套市民阶级的社会伦理观。从社会学的学科历史上考察，这些理论观点都属于社会学史前阶段。社会学产生于资本主义生产方式形成以后，它的产生有其直接的社会历史背景。

社会结构变迁

各国学术界倾向于认为社会学产生于19世纪40年代的法国，它是欧洲社会、经济、政治、科学长期发展的产物。18世纪英国工业革命揭开了资本主义发展新的一页。商品生产的发展促进了市场的扩大，加剧了为获取原料和产品市场而展开的世界性贸易竞争和掠夺；宗教组织面对市民社会的经济活动逐渐失去往昔的神秘性和绝对权威，逐渐进入世俗化；法律由维护原有贵族特权而转向以调节经济活动为目的。总之，以工业革命为先导的18世纪的经济变革，使欧洲从过去的礼俗社会变成工业社会。

社会学概论新修用英语怎么说

社会学概论新修的英文翻译

社会学概论新修

A new study of the generality of Sociology

重点词汇

社会学sociology; demotics

概论introduction; conspectus; generality; survey; outline