misinterpretation和misunderstanding

其实两个都是合成词。一个是interpretation加了mis 一个是understand加了mis。

要理解异同的话，你看后面的词的意思就行了。

interpretation [ in,tə:pri'teiʃən ] n. 解释；翻译；演出

understand [ ,ʌndə'stænd ] vt. 理解；懂；获悉；推断；省略 、

所以相对应就是 misinterpretation：错误的解释，简称误解

misunderstanding：错误的理解，简称也是误解

关于文化差异的英语文章

不同的自然环境和社会背景孕育了不同的 文化 。下面是我带来的关于文化差异的英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!

　 　关于文化差异的英语文章1

Cultural differences

There are plenty of. people in the world. They come from different countried, have their own race, belief and way of life. What is more, their culture is different from others'. So, there is no doubt that cultural difference exist among lots of countries, especially between eastern and western countries.

Compared with the way of life, eastern people always have a bath in the evening or at night in order to relax themselves after one-day's hard work while western people take a bath in the morning. so as to keep freshly for the whole day. In general, it is true, especially for Chinese people. We, Chinese people would like to take baths at night rather than in the morning. It is a kind of habits we behave all the time.

Compared with the relationships, differences are as follow: firstly, eastern people like to make friends, sometimes through their friends, parents, relatives. While western people behave a little shyly. They do not want to make friends all the time. Secondly, eastern people would like to hang out with the person they do not know about quite a lot. while western people just like going out with the person whom they get along well with.

Finally, eastern people have much more friends than western people for their quite different way of getting along with. their friends. There is no doubt that eastern people are more outgoing than western people, so I agree with these a lot.

As for way of solving problems, eastern people always deal with things indirectly. They pay much attention to many things around them, and always work for a long time to solve the problem. However, western people just go straight the heart of the problem and solve it directly and efficiently. As far as I am concerned, this difference between eastern and western people is quite normal and correct. Eastern people, especially Chinese people care about things around them a lot, they always want to satisfy everyone's need, so that they spend much more time to solve a problem than western people.

As for way of thinking, people in eastern areas usually think indirectly. They used to think about the things around them a lot and try to deal with things in a reasonable even perfect way. However, in comparison with the eastern people, people in the western areas often think directly. They pay less attention to the things around them and care much more about themselves. Honestly speaking, I disagree to this.In my opinion, everyone is special and has their right and obligations to do things. There is no need for us to critise others and what we should do is to respect their own. decision.

There are a lot of differences between eastern and western culture. These are the symbols of their own characteristics and we need time to dig out more differences so as to learn more about them. Most importantly, we must respect their culture firstly!

　 　关于文化差异的英语文章2

The difference between chinese and western culture

With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows.

First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the opposite, some English-speaking contries, most of the people like to seat in two rows, two people face to face. They have their own plate. On the aspect of table manners, there are many differences between chinese and English-speaking people. For example, in some Englishi-speaking countries, Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use the knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. They should not start eating before your host does or instructs to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. When finished, place the knife and fork together at five o’clock with the fork on the left. It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If need to take an urgent call, excuse self and go outside. Try to eat all the food you are served. But in China, the table manners are different. Chinese traditionally eat rice from a **all bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and tap fingers on the table to show appreciation. When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect.

Secondly, the way of communication. Form birth to death, communication plays an integral part in our life. There are some language problems, including the different styles of using language such as direct, indirect; expansive, succinct; argumentative, conciliatory; instrumental, harmonnizing; and so on. These different styles can lead to wrong interpretations of intent and evaluation of insincerity, aggreeiveness, deviousness, or arrogance, among other. The misinterpretation nonverbal signs and symbols such as gestures, postures, and other body movements. It is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable message,usually in informal rather ways. It is more difficult to understand the less obvious unspoken codes of the other cultures. Language, as the carrier of culture, is created during the process of human beings’ productive labor and serves as the tool of communication to convey the message between people. However, it has been endowed with magic and power in particular language acts. As the old saying goes, troubles come out of the tongue. Superstitious people think that the language itself can bring about fortune or misfortune so that taboos to restrict the use of language are created. Anyone who violates them will get punishment, whereas those who faithfully obey the restrictions of language taboo will get protection. Furthermore, linguistic taboos change with the development of society .The paper firstly ****yzes the evolution of linguistic taboo. It is indicated in the paper that linguistic taboo exists in almost every aspect of people’s life and is a universal social phenomenon in China and Britain. Both Chinese and English cultures are in agreement about linguistic taboos such as pronunciation taboo, and vocabulary taboo. However, influenced by different cultural backgrounds, ideologies and the concepts of value, Chinese and English linguistic taboos also have differences, as is discussed in the paper from the aspects of taboo subjects, taboo numbers and names. At last, this paper puts forward two effective ways of avoiding taboo, that is, using euphemi** and having a good knowledge of the taboo culture. And this discussion would help English learners improve their ability of cross-cultural communication and achieve better communicational effects. For example, During the feudal times, people were not equal to the rulers and were suppressed by their superiors. The distinction between the upper and the lower classes was also reflected in the evaluation of the language used by them respectively. The words of upper class used were considered good and elegant while those used by the lower class were regarded as vulgar and indecent and should be avoided in the speech of ladies and gentlemen. In modern society, as a result of the development of science and technology, many natural phenomena are no longer mysterious. Human beings not only constantly improve their abilities to exploit the world where they are living through their great wisdom and knowledge, but also make efforts to explore the extraterrestrial world. Science has much more say in today’s society. Thereby, the superstitious elements in linguistic taboos decrease while those reflecting spiritual civilization increase.

In short, by comparison, we can find that both Chinese and English communication reflect people’s psychology for good will, for safety and fortune and pleasantness. The Chinese and English people restrict their words and deeds through taboos, trying to keep a harmonious relationship between human and nature, or between people and society. They are a reflection of people’s pursuit of freedom and equality.

The most important, the different way of family structure, family values and family education. Family structure is the big difference between east and west, traditional chinese, amony many other Asians, repect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. Children repay their parents` sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous burden in the English-speaking countries, where aging and family support are not honored highly. In some English-speaking countries are still extrmely family-oriented. They are dedicated to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an edcuation. In turn, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who go away and leave the country for the economic reasons typically send large parts of their salary home to their parents and the rest of the family. Or in some Asia, any decisions or actions are done from family consideration, not individual desires. Peope`s behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family. The children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. And many of them think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.

The way of family edcation is also the different. We all know the family education is the elementary education for children. Many serious problems have appeared in our education system in recent years. Almost everyone has realized the importance of solving these problems and many people have presented a lot of valuable suggestions. There are many types of family education in the world and each of them shows distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture. And American family education is the most famous one among them. There are great differences in the concepts of education, methods of education and results of education between East family education and West family education. In some English-speaking countries, parents’ aims are to train their children to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently. Based on this concept, most American parents emphasize more to train their children’s ability of independence once they are born. They generally believe that children’s growth must rely on their own experiences, because they think that children should form a self-supporting will and the capacity to live independently since their childhood. And the capacity comes from the training in the early age. The so-called training contains many aspects, such as work, temper will, patience, the spirit of hard work, etc. However, the most fundamental training is the ability of adapting to hard conditions. Through the process of work, children will form the labor sense, learn some work skills and form a habit of labor. Besides, children can learn how to overcome difficulties, temper their willpower, develop their talents and skills, rich their knowledge, and form a habit of hard work and thrifty by working in hard conditions. It is just in the unconsciously process that children will obtain the independent survivability and take the responsibilities for the society. Compared with some English-speaking countries, Chinese parents have a very different concept of children’s education. Some parents in China only care about whether the children have a promising future, a good job, a good life or not. Based on these expectations, the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth. In short, they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help. Therefore, in the process of children’s growth, the most important thing the parents concerning is to developing their children’s intellect, except for caring children’s daily life. In order to make their children have a good performance in study, become outstanding, or even become a famous person in the future, they would not let children do anything except studying. As for the children’s independence, civic awareness and their ability adapting to the society in the future, they consider little or not at all. From these aspects we can find the obvious differences of family education between America and China.

When we faced with those difference between West and East, we should give some advice to solve these problems. According to the three big difference that pointed, we should find some way to deal with these problems.

We can study other languages and learn to expect in nonvwebal forms and other cultural aspects. We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situation details. We can use an investigative approach rather than stereotypes and preconceptions. We can gradually expose ourselves to differences so that they become less threatening. We can even learn to lower our tension level when needed to advoid triggering defensive reactions. The overall goal should be to achieve intercultural communication competence.

So the ideal solution to reduce the problems are to share knowledge with others in communication. This is why it is easiest to communicate with other members of the same group. This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them. Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultual groups, and therefore, because we do not share knowledge, assumptions, values, and forms of discourse with them, we must expect there to be problems of interpretation. We must look for these problems, anticipate where they will arise out of our differences, and then plan our aommunications to be as effective as possible.

However, we have to remember that, most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of dfferent cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same tings in different manners, even though we can not understand ,we should show the respect. I believe this is the best way to make our life become more comfortable and make the world more harmonious.

misinterpretation是什么意思

misinterpretation

[英][ˌmɪsɪntɜ:prɪ'teɪʃn][美][ˌmɪsɪntɜ:prɪ'teɪʃn]

n.

误解，曲解;

复数：misinterpretations形近词：reinterpretationoverinterpretation

1

This we must remember or we shall add to all the other burdens of life the gall of misinterpretation.

这一点我们必须记得，否则我们生活中会有许多误解。

凯恩斯理论

凯恩斯的理论体系

一、凯恩斯之前的主导经济理论的主要论点

��凯恩斯以前的主导经济理论是马歇尔为代表的新古典学派自由放任经济学说，又称传统经济学。这种学说是建立在“自由市场、自由经营、自由竞争、自动调节、自动均衡”的五大原则基础上的，其核心是“自动均衡”理论。认为在自由竞争的条件下，经济都能通过价格机制自动达到均衡；商品的价格波动能使商品供求均衡；资本的价格——利率的变动能使储蓄与投资趋于均衡；劳动力的价格——工资的涨跌能使劳工市场供求平衡，实现充分就业。因此，一切人为的干预，特别是政府干预都是多余的，什么也不管的政府是最会管理的政府，应该信守自由竞争、自动调节、自由放任的经济原则，政府对经济的干预只会破坏这种自动调节机制，反而引起经济的动荡或失衡。

��凯恩斯主义的理论体系是以解决就业问题为中心，而就业理论的逻辑起点是有效需求原理。其基本观点是：社会的就业量取决于有效需求，所谓有效需求，是指商品的总供给价格和总需求价格达到均衡时的总需求。当总需求价格大于总供给价格时，社会对商品的需求超过商品的供给，资本家就会增雇工人，扩大生产；反之，总需求价格小于总供给价格时，就会出现供过于求的状况，资本家或者被迫降价出售商品，或让一部分商品滞销，因无法实现其最低利润而裁减雇员，收缩生产。因此，就业量取决于总供给与总需求的均衡点，由于在短期内，生产成本和正常利润波动不大，因而资本家愿意供给的产量不会有很大变动，总供给基本是稳定的。这样，就业量实际上取决于总需求，这个与总供给相均衡的总需求就是有效需求。

��凯恩斯进一步认为，由消费需求和投资需求构成的有效需求，其大小主要取决于消费倾向、资本边际效率、流动偏好三大基本心理因素以及货币数量。消费倾向是指消费在收入中所占的比例，它决定消费需求。一般来说，随着收入的增加，消费的增加往往赶不上收入的增加，呈现出“边际消费倾向递减”的规律，于是引起消费需求不足。投资需求是由资本边际效率和利息率这两个因素的对比关系所决定。资本边际效率，是指增加一笔投资所预期可得到的利润率，它会随着投资的增加而降低，从长期看，呈现“资本边际效率递减”的规律，从而减少投资的诱惑力。由于人们投资与否的前提条件是资本边际效率大于利率（此时才有利可图），当资本边际效率递减时，若利率能同比下降，才能保证投资不减，因此，利率就成为决定投资需求的关键因素。凯恩斯认为，利息率取决于流动偏好和货币数量，流动偏好是指人们愿意用货币形式保持自己的收入或财富这样一种心理因素，它决定了货币需求。在一定的货币供应量下，人们对货币的流动偏好越强，利息率就越高，而高利率将阻碍投资。这样在资本边际效率递减和存在流动偏好两个因素的作用下，使得投资需求不足。消费需求不足和投资需求不足将产生大量的失业，形成生产过剩的经济危机。因此解决失业和复兴经济的最好办法是政府干预经济，采取赤字财政政策和膨胀性的货币政策来扩大政府开支，降低利息率，从而**消费，增加投资，以提高有效需求，实现充分就业。

��总之，凯恩斯认为，由于存在“三大基本心理规律”，从而既引起消费需求不足，又引起投资需求不足，使得总需求小于总供给，形成有效需求不足，导致了生产过剩的经济危机和失业，这是无法通过市场价格机制调节的。他进一步否定了通过利率的自动调节必然使储蓄全部转化为投资的理论，认为利率并不是取决于储蓄与投资，而是取决于流动偏好(货币的需求)和货币数量(货币的供给)，储蓄与投资只能通过总收入的变化来达到平衡。不仅如此，他还否定了传统经济学认为可以保证充分就业的工资理论，认为传统理论忽视了实际工资与货币工资的区别，货币工资具有刚性，仅靠伸缩性的工资政策是不可能维持充分就业的。他承认资本主义社会除了自愿失业和摩擦性失业外，还存在着“非自愿失业”，原因就是有效需求不足，所以资本主义经济经常出现小于充分就业状态下的均衡。这样，凯恩斯在背叛传统经济理论的同时，开创了总量分析的宏观经济学。

��因此，在凯恩斯经济理论中，金融理论占有十分重要的位置。甚至可以说，凯恩斯的经济理论是建立在他的货币金融理论基础上。

��1．货币的本质

��在货币本质观上，凯恩斯是一个典型的名目主义者。他认为，货币是用于债务支付和商品交换的一种符号，这种符号是由“计算货币”的关系而派生的。所谓“计算货币”，是指一种观念上的货币，是货币的基本概念。计算货币本身就是一种符号或称号，不具有实质价值。本身是没有实质价值的符号或票券，是国家凭借权力创造的，并有权随时变更。

��2、货币的职能

��凯恩斯强调的货币职能有两个：一是作为计算货币，充当交换媒介，货币的功能仅仅在于便利交换，对经济不发生重要的和实质性的影响。货币的第二个职能是作为财富的积累，充当贮藏手段。这里的贮藏财富职能与马克思所说的“贮藏手段”职能是不同的。

��3．货币的特征

��凯恩斯认为现代货币具有以下几个特征：

��（1）货币的生产弹性等于零。

��所谓货币的生产弹性，凯恩斯是指生产货币人数的变化率除以购买货币人数的变化率。凯恩斯认为，在不兑现纸币流通或者实行管理通货的国家，纸币的生产或发行都由国家严密控制，对于私人企业来说，绝对没有生产纸币权力，货币的生产弹性只能等于零。

��（2）货币的替换弹性近似于零，或几乎等于零。

��所谓货币的替换弹性，凯恩斯是指当货币的交换价值上涨时，人们抛弃货币而用其他商品来替代货币的比率。凯恩斯认为，货币的这种替换弹性等于零。这是由于货币本身并无效用，它的效用来自于交换价值。作为一般购买力的代表，它可以换回任何其他商品,但其他商品中却没有一种商品具备这种效用。因此，人们不愿用其他商品来替代货币，货币的交换价值越高，人们越不愿用其他商品来替换货币，从而对货币的需求就越大。

��（3）货币具有周转灵活性且保藏费用低的特征

��凯恩斯认为，货币与其他商品相比，具有周转灵活性。这是由于货币较其他商品有更大的流动性，周转便利，既可以直接用于支付，又可以储藏起来，以防日后的不测之需，还可以灵活运用于各种资产的投机；同时，由于未来的不确定性，而货币工资又常常是相当稳定的，所以人们对货币未来价值的估计也是乐观的。货币由于其材料的属性（如体积小、自然损耗少等），使货币具有保藏费用很低，甚至微不足道的特征，货币的这一特征与周转灵活性结合在一起，意义非常重大。

��凯恩斯认为货币供应是由中央**控制的外生变量，它的变化影响着经济运行，但自身却不受经济因素的制约。凯恩斯的这一观点与供给弹性几乎等于零密切相关。货币的生产(货币供应的来源)对私人企业来说是可望不可及的。货币供应的控制权由政府通过中央**牢牢掌握在手，中央**根据政府的决策和金融政策，考虑到经济形势变化的需要，可以人为地进行调控；增减货币供应量。五、货币供应量渠道

��凯恩斯认为，公开市场业务是增加或减少货币供应量的主要办法。金融当局能够通过公开市场上各种债务票据的买卖来调节货币供应量。金融当局买进各种证券的同时就把货币投放出去，增加了货币供应量；反之，若金融当局要减少货币供应量，就卖出各种证券使货币回笼。凯恩斯认为，金融当局应该在公开市场业务中对各种期限的证券都进行买卖，以取得迅速的、良好的效果。同时，买卖证券的利率也不应该是单一的，而应根据证券的种类、期限等情况分别采用不同的利率。

六、货币需求的三大动机说

��凯恩斯认为货币需求就是指特定时期公众能够而且愿意持有的货币量。按他的说法是：人们所以需要持有货币，是因为存在流动偏好这种普遍的心理倾向。所谓流动偏好，是指人们在心理上偏好流动性，愿意持有货币而不愿意持有其它缺乏流动性资产的欲望。这种欲望构成了对货币的需求。因此，凯恩斯的货币需求理论又称为流动偏好理论。

��那么人们为什么偏好流动性，为什么愿意持有货币呢?凯恩斯认为，人们的货币需求是出自于以下三种动机：交易动机、预防动机和投机动机。

��(1)交易动机

��交易动机是指人们为了应付日常的商品交易而需要持有货币的动机。他把交易动机又分为所得动机和业务动机二种。所得动机主要是指个人而言，业务动机主要是指企业而言。基于所得动机与业务动机而产生的货币需求，凯恩斯称之为货币的交易需求。

��(2)预防动机

��预防动机是指人们为了应付不测之需而持有货币的动机。凯恩斯认为，出于交易动机而在手中保存的货币，其支出的时间、金额和用途一般事先可以确定。但是生活中经常会出现一些未曾预料的、不确定的支出和购物机会。为此，人们也需要保持一定量的货币在手中，这类货币需求可称为货币的预防需求。

��(3)投机动机

��投机动机是指人们根据对市场利率变化的预测，需要持有货币以便满足从中投机获利的动机。因为货币是最灵活的流动性资产，具有周转灵活性，持有它可以根据市场行情的变化随时进行金融投机。出于这种动机而产生的货币需求，称之为货币的投机需求。由于交易动机而产生的货币需求，加上出于预防动机和投机动机而产生的货币需求，构成了货币总需求。

��凯恩斯认为，货币的交易需求、预防需求和投机需求，出自于不同的动机，它们有其不同的特征：

��(1)货币交易需求和预防需求的特征

��第一，相对稳定，可以预计；

��第二，货币主要充当交换媒介；

��第三，对利率不太敏感；

��第四，是收入的递增函数。

��(2)货币投机需求的特征

��第一，货币需求难以预测；

��第二，货币主要充当贮藏财富的手段；

��第三，对利率极为敏感；

��第四，是现行利率的递减函数。

八、

��货币总需求是由货币的交易需求，预防需求和货币投机需求三部分构成，由于它们出自于不同的动机，因而分别受不同因素的制约，单项因素的波动通过影响其中一部分货币需求的变化而引起货币总需求的变动，进而对经济体系发生影响。��凯恩斯认为，对于货币的交易需求和预防需求来说，主要受经济发展状况的收入水平这两个客观因素现实变化的影响，而其它因素，特别是心理的、预期的因素影响甚微。而对于货币的投机需求主要受利率变动的影响。这种影响的机制是通过利率的变化，引起人们对未来利率预测的改变，可见其中心理的、预期的作用影响很大。货币投机需求的变动常常是剧烈的，变幻莫测的，甚至会走向极端。在极端的情况下，货币需求发生不规则变动。

九、

��1、关于利息的概念

��凯恩斯认为：货币是最灵活的流动资产，手持货币能给人们提供周转灵活的方便，满足交易动机、预防动机、投机动机的需要。因此，人们普遍具有对货币的灵活偏好。如果要求人们放弃这种灵活的偏好，就应该给予一定的报酬，这种报酬以货币形态表示就是利息。“所谓利息，乃是在一特定时期之内放弃周转灵活性之报酬。盖利率只是一个比例，其分母为一特定量货币，其分子为在一特定时期中，放弃对此货币之控制权，换取债券票，能够得的报酬”。简言之，凯恩斯认为，利息是在一特定时期内放弃货币的周转灵活性而能够得到的报酬。��2、利息的形成

��凯恩斯认为，利息的形成于人们取得货币收入后所作的两种选择之中：

��第一是时间偏好的选择。当人们得到货币收入后，首先要决定多少用于目前消费，多少用于将来消费（即储蓄）。这种时间偏好选择的结果，形成现实的消费量和储蓄量。而时间偏好的选择，主要受消费倾向的制约。若货币收入不变，决定消费多少的是一些主观的动机。由于这些动机的存在，人们有一种普遍的倾向。即当收入总量增加时，消费开支也随之增加，但增加程度要略为小些。这就是说，边际消费倾向是递减的，边际储蓄倾向是递增的。凯恩斯认为，这是一条重要的心理规律，因为这一心理规律作用的结果是消费需求不足，从而导致投资需求不足，并经过乘数的作用，使消费需求不足数倍扩大。

��第二是流动偏好的选择。人们在作了时间偏好的选择后，决定了收入中用多少作为储蓄，紧接着必须做另一选择，即他到底以何种方式持有他准备用于储蓄而暂不消费的那部分货币收入。凯恩斯把资产的储蓄形式抽象归纳为两种：一种是货币，一种是债券。凯恩斯认为，尽管持有货币会丧失利息收入，但人们常常宁愿牺牲利息收入而采用货币形式进行储蓄，目的就在于保持流动性。这种流动性偏好是客观存在的普遍倾向，原因在于对未来的不确定性，我们在第二节中曾经谈到，正是由于人们对现实世界的未来变化感到疑虑和存在不安全感，又缺乏科学根据去作可靠的预测，因而都倾向于持有货币这种价值比较稳定的资产，以此来平息人们对未来的不安和忧虑。并且当人们在货币的流动性和债券的收益之间进行选择时，由于对未来利率的变化无法确定，造成对债券价格的预测也是不确定的。为了避免蒙受损失，人们也大都愿意以货币形式进行储蓄。这样做至少可以保存自己资产的原价值，还可以伺机使其增殖，这就是货币投机需求的前提。

未完，贴不下