张达人请进

（你好，我不是张达人，但相信能帮到你一点。）

如果我们把顾曰国“礼貌原则”的五条准则与Leech关于礼貌的论述加以比较，就会发现中、西方的礼貌原则在语用含义和文化价值上是有差异的。其中的“贬己尊人的准则”是最富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。如在指代自己时。中国人常用“鄙人”、“晚生”、“在下”等；而指代他人时。则常用“您”、“贤弟”、“贵公子”等。称呼涉及礼貌是汉语文化的特点。称呼方式与礼貌有关。代表着人与人之间的一种社会关系。也折射出说话者与听话者的思想感情。如亲呢、喜爱、威胁、警告、讽刺、戏谑等。

Comparing the Five Manner Norms put forward by Scholar Gu Riguo and these exposition and discuss about manners which made by Doc. Leech, we will learn about that some differences exist between the manner principles of China and western countries on the pragmatic meaning and cultural value. The rule of regarding others while preaching self down is a politeness and manner phenomenon with typical Chinese cultural characteristics. For instance, a Chinese is usually use words such as “your humble servant”, “your student”, “your subordinate” and so forth when referring to oneself while when it comes to others, a Chinese prefer to use “sir”, “my brother”, “your son” and so on. It’s a distinctive feature of Chinese culture that all salutations are closely related to politeness. Moreover, salutations represent the social relations between people as well as reflect the sentiments of speakers and listeners such as intimate, cherishing, threaten, warning, satire, teasing and so forth.

汉语的称呼一般需要说明彼此之间的关系：亲属、同事、师生：上下级之间要体现出职务、头衔。如“二叔”、“李局长”等。在不同场合用不同的称呼，遇到不同身份的人用不同的称呼。甚至为了达到某种目的和效果。也用不同的称呼，这充分体现出汉语称呼的礼貌性。再称呼语上，中、西文化存在着巨大的差异。在中国文化中，学生对老师。晚辈对长辈。下级对上级是不能直呼其名的。

Typical Chinese salutation will explain the social relationship between each other like relatives, colleagues, teachers and students; salutations between superior and subordinate should reflect the post or the rank like “Uncle”, “Director Li” and so forth. In China, different salutations should be used at different conditions or greet people with different status and titles, and a special salutation even might be used just for realizing a certain purpose or achieving a wished effect, which fully reflects the politeness and manner principles of Chinese salutation. Huge differences about the salutation exist in Chinese culture and western culture and in Chinese culture, a junior, a younger or a subordinate must not address a senior, a elder or a superior disrespectfully by name, or it might be thought as a impolite or ungracious behavior.

因为中国文化传统是“重名分，讲人伦”，所以在称呼上也要遵循“仁”与“礼”的法则。要遵循“贵贱有等，长幼有序。男女有别”，否则会被视为“没礼貌”。而西方社会的价值观是“人为本”，“名为用”，他们崇尚个人主义，提倡自我表现，个性解放，所以在称呼上也往往以“先生”、“女士”代替，一般都可以直呼其名。即使儿子称呼老子。下级称呼上级，学生称呼教授也是如此。这就要求我们在英语写作中学习礼貌原则的同时也应对中西方文化进行比较，并以此来提高跨文化的交际意识。

“Value a person’s status and stress human relation” is the Chinese cultural tradition, consequently, the salutation for others should also abide by the principles of “Benevolence” and “Priority” as well as follow the rules of “distinctions between the senior and junior, affections between younger and elder, a prudent reserve should between the male and female”, or it could be thought as “unmannerly and rude”. By contrast, the social value of western country is “people-oriented while the salutation is just the salutation” and western people advocate individuali** and promote the self-expression and individual liberation. Subsequently, people of western countries tend to use “Mr.” and “Miss” to address others or salute others directly by the name which can happens on a son to the father, a junior to the senior, or a student to the professor. This suggests that we should not only learn these manner principles in English writing but as well compare the culture between Chinese and western countries, thus to strengthen the awareness in cross culture communication.

（欢迎交流指正）

求助——翻译

生活是困难的。这是最伟大的真理之一。一旦我们接受并不是每个人都能负担得起耐克，我们会发现生活更加容易。我在加拿大长大，这是一个丰富和发展了全国知名。不过，这并不意味着每个家庭富裕。当我的妹妹和我不能穿时髦的衣服，我们从来没有责怪我们的母亲。相反，我们是她的骄傲，因为她是很难 - 工作和诚实的。最重要的是，她爱我们。

基于上述的学生，在地球上没有什么可以比他的父亲的爱的价值。如果他意识到这一点，他不会有这样的投诉，并会很高兴。

one of 其中之一

grew up 长大

be known as 作为什么出名

be proud of 因为什么骄傲

Most of all……中最怎样的

be valuable 有价值的

中文翻译成英语，求高手，急急急~~~~

A. Contains "disposal" means "put" words "To" how "disposal" words said to people or things, as well as the results of disposal, can use English in the translation the sentence pattern "verb + object + complement" to deal with 2. Contain "cause" means "put" words After the words, "the" object "busy" "tired", "gas" and other words "urgent" and complement, the whole sentence has the meaning of "cause". This kind "the words," translation "cause" in English is often used when the meaning of the verb. - 3. Said "a when b" of the "give" sentence "The words said" "a when b" (namely as. As described. As a concept, etc), can use English "verb + object + the as/for the phrase" sentence patterns to deal with. 4. "the words" with zhan This sentence also tend to use "the" words will direct object mentioned in front of the verb, the English translation usually take two objects are placed in the back of the verb. 5. Sometimes does not consider the original structure and meaning of the word "to". 6. Sometimes use passive voice to translate "the words". - the "turn" of Chinese words, on the structure of the object with special preposition "to" lead to, before the predicate verb, constitute a kind of Chinese special sentence patterns. On the meaning and function, "the words" is active sentences, the main expression of people or things what's the meaning of "disposal", also express "due to" treat "meaning". Translation, should according to their different meaning. The function and structure, choice of different translation methods. - in Chinese, the word "put" is a special preposition, no corresponding word in English. Nor with the word "put" the corresponding sentence patterns. Translation should be in accordance with the usage of English verb when to choose the right sentence patterns.