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densityaltitude的简单介绍

更新时间:2026-07-18 12:04:17 周记网3年前 (2023-03-21)英文周记127

关于太空的资料(英文)

Outer space

densityaltitude的简单介绍

"Deep space" redirects here. For the NASA space probes, see Deep Space 1 and Deep Space 2.

Layers of Atmosphere - not to scale (NOAA)Outer space, also simply called space, refers to the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Outer space is used to distinguish it from airspace (and terrestrial locations). Contrary to popular understanding, outer space is not completely empty but contains a low density of particles, predominantly hydrogen gas as well as electromagnetic radiation.

Earth's boundary

There is no discrete boundary between the Earth's atmosphere and space as the atmosphere gradually attenuates with increasing altitude. If the atmosphere had a constant temperature, its pressure would decrease exponentially from a sea-level value of 100 kPa (1 bar) toward its final value of zero. The Federation Aeronautique Internationale has established the Kármán line at an altitude of 100 km (62 miles) as a working definition for the boundary between atmosphere and space. The United States designates people who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) as astronauts. During re-entry, 400,000 feet (75 miles or 120 km) marks the boundary where atmospheric drag becomes noticeable.

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Solar System

Outer space within the solar system is called interplanetary space, which passes over into interstellar space at the heliopause. The vacuum of outer space is not really empty; it is sparsely filled with several dozen organic molecules discovered to date by microwave spectroscopy. According to the Big bang theory,2.7 K blackbody radiation was left over from the 'big bang' and the origin of the universe, and co**ic rays, which include ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles. There is also gas, pla**a and dust, and **all meteors and material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches that are a potential hazard to spacecraft. Some of this debris re-enters the atmosphere periodically.

The absence of air makes outer space (and the surface of the Moon) ideal locations for astronomy at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, as evidenced by the spectacular pictures sent back by the Hubble Space Telescope, allowing light from about 14 billion years ago, back almost to the time of the Big Bang to be observed. Pictures and other data from unmanned space vehicles have provided invaluable information about the planets, asteroids and comets in our solar system.

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Pressure variance

Going from sea level to outer space produces a pressure difference of only about 15 lbf/sq in, equal to surfacing from an underwater depth of about 34 ft (10 m).

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Vacuum

Contrary to popular belief a person suddenly exposed to the vacuum would not explode, but it would take a matter of milliseconds for a person to freeze to death. Water vapor would start to boil off from exposed areas such as the cornea of the eye, and along with oxygen, from membranes inside the lungs. Here is NASA's explanation.

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Satellites

There are many artificial satellites orbiting the Earth, including geosynchronous communication satellites 35,786 km (22,241 miles) above mean sea level at the Equator. Their orbits never "decay" because there is almost no matter there to exert frictional drag. There is also increasing reliance, for both military and civilian uses, of satellites which enable the Global Positioning System (GPS). A common misconception is that people in orbit are outside Earth's gravity because they are obviously "floating". They are floating because they are in "free fall": the force of gravity and their linear velocity is creating an inward centripetal force which is stopping them from flying out into space. Earth's gravity reaches out far past the Van Allen belt and keeps the Moon in orbit at an average distance of 384,403 km (238,857 miles). The gravity of all celestial bodies drops off toward zero with the inverse square of the distance.

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Milestones on the way to space

Sea level - 100 kPa (1 atm; 1 bar; 760 mm Hg; 14.5 lbf/in²) of atmospheric pressure

4.6 km (15,000 ft) - FAA requires supplemental oxygen for aircraft pilots and passengers.

5.0 km (16,000 ft) - 50 kPa of atmospheric pressure

5.3 km (17,400 ft) - Half of the Earth's atmosphere is below this altitude.

8.8 km (29,035 ft) - Summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth

16 km (52,500 ft) - Pressurized cabin or pressure suit required.

18 km (59,000 ft) - Boundary between troposphere and stratosphere

20 km (65,600 ft) - Water at room temperature boils without a pressurized container. (The popular notion that bodily fluids would start to boil at this point is false because the body generates enough internal pressure to prevent it.)

24 km (78,700 ft) - Regular aircraft pressurization systems no longer function.

32 km (105,000 ft) - Turbojets no longer function.

34.7 km (113,740 ft) - Altitude record for manned balloon flight

45 km (148,000 ft) - Ramjets no longer function.

50 km (164,000 ft) - Boundary between stratosphere and mesosphere

80 km (262,000 ft) - Boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere

100 km (328,084 ft) - Kármán line, defining the limit of outer space according to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Aerodynamic surfaces no longer function from lack of significant atmospheric density.

120 km (400,000 ft) - First noticeable atmospheric drag during re-entry from orbit

200 km - Lowest possible orbit with short-term stability (stable for a few days)

350 km - Lowest possible orbit with long-term stability (stable for many years)

690 km - Boundary between thermosphere and exosphere

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Regions of outer space

Cislunar space

Interplanetary space

Interstellar medium

Intergalactic space

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Space does not equal orbit

To perform an orbital space flight, a spacecraft must go higher and faster than for a sub-orbital space flight. A spacecraft has not made orbit until it is circling the Earth at a sufficiently great speed such that the weight of the spacecraft is exactly equal to the centripetal acceleration required to keep it in a circular orbit (see circular motion). It must not only rise above the atmosphere, but must also achieve a sufficient orbital speed (angular velocity). For a low Earth orbit, this is about 7.9 km/s (18,000 mph). Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the first to realize that, given the energy available from any available chemical fuel, a several-stage rocket would be required. The escape velocity to pull free of Earth’s gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 40,000 km/h (25,000 mph or 11,000 m/s). The energy required to reach velocity for low Earth orbit (32 MJ/kg) is about twenty times the energy required simply to climb to the corresponding altitude (10 kJ/(km·kg)).

There is a major difference between sub-orbital and orbital space flights. Minimal altitude for a stable orbit around the Earth, without excessive atmospheric drag, begins at around 350 km (220 miles) above mean sea level. A common misunderstanding about the boundary to space is that orbit occurs simply by reaching this altitude. Achieving orbital speed can theoretically occur at any altitude, although atmospheric drag precludes an orbit that is too low. At sufficient speed, an airplane would need a way to keep it from flying off into space, but at present, this speed is several times greater than anything within reasonable technology.

雪豹的英语介绍

外貌

The snow leopard is a moderately large cat native to the mountain ranges of South Asia and Central Asia. The classification of this species has been subject to change and its exact taxonomic position will not be resolved until further studies are conducted.

Snow leopards live between 3,000 and 5,500 metres (9,800 and 18,000 ft) above sea level in the rocky mountain ranges of Central Asia. Their secretive nature means that their exact numbers are unknown, but it has been estimated that between 3,500 and 7,000 snow leopards exist in the wild and between 600 and 700 in zoos worldwide.

Snow leopards are **aller than the other big cats but, like them, exhibit a range of sizes, generally weighing between 27 and 54 kilograms (60 and 120 lb). Body length ranges from 75 to 130 centimetres (30 to 50 in), with the tail adding an additional 75 to 90 percent of that length.

Snow leopards have long thick fur, whose base colour varies from **oky grey to yellowish tan, with whitish underparts. They have dark grey to black open rosettes on their body with **all spots of the same color on their heads and larger spots on their legs and tail. Unusually among cats, their eyes are pale green or grey in colour.

Snow leopards show several adaptations for living in a cold mountainous environment. Their bodies are stocky, their fur is thick, and their ears are **all and rounded, all of which help to minimize heat loss. Their paws are wide, which distributes their weight better for walking on snow, and have fur on their undersides to increase their grip on steep and unstable surfaces; it also helps to minimize heat loss. Snow leopards' tails are long and flexible, helping them to maintain their balance which is very important in the rocky terrain they inhabit; the tails are also very thick due to storage of fats, and are very thickly covered with fur which allows them to be used like a blanket to protect their faces when asleep.

The snow leopard has a short muzzle and domed forehead, containing unusual large nasal cavities that help the animal breathe the thin cold air of their mountainous environment.

Snow leopards cannot roar, despite possessing some ossification of the hyoid bone. This ossification was previously thought to be essential for allowing the big cats to roar, but new studies show that the ability to roar is due to other morphological features, especially of the larynx, which are absent in the snow leopard. Snow leopard vocalizations include hisses, chuffing, mews, growls, and wailing.

Population and protected areas 现状

The total wild population of the snow leopard was estimated at only 4,080 to 6,590 individuals by McCarthy et al. 2003 (see table below). Many of these estimates are rough and outdated.

In 1972 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) placed the snow leopard on its Red List of Threatened Species as globally "Endangered"; the same threat category was applied in the asses**ent conducted in 2008.

There are also 600-700 snow leopards in zoos around the world.(现存数量参见附图)

Conservation 保护

There are numerous agencies working to conserve the snow leopard and its threatened mountain ecosystems. These include the Snow Leopard Trust, the Snow Leopard Conservancy, the Snow Leopard Network, and the Panthera Corporation. These groups and numerous national governments from the snow leopard's range, non-profits and donors from around the world recently worked together at the 10th International Snow Leopard Conference in Beijing. Their focus on research, community programs in snow leopard regions and education programs are aimed at understanding the cat's needs as well as the needs of the villagers and herder communities impacting snow leopards' lives and habitat.

自考英语二下册单词电子版

自考英语二高频词汇(打印版)(1).pdf

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英文中文对照

A

abandoned w ell 废井

absorption isotherm 等温吸附

abundance 丰度

acceptance probability 接受概率

acid mine drainage 酸性矿坑排水

acid rain 酸雨

acidity 酸度

acid 酸

active ( inactive) node 活动( 不活动) 结点

activity 活度

activity coefficient 活度系数

adhesive force 吸附力

adsorption 吸收,吸附

advection-diffusion equation 对流 - 扩散方程

advection-dispersion equation 对流 - 弥散方程

aerobic biodegradation 好氧生物降解

age dating of groundw ater 地下水定年

air pressure 气压

alkalinity 碱度

alluvial apron 冲积裙

alluvial fan 冲积扇

alluvial valley 冲积谷地

alluvium 冲积层( 物)

altitude effect 高程效应

aluminum silicate 铝硅酸盐

amplitude 幅度

anaerobic biodegradation 厌氧生物降解

****ytical method / approach 解析法

****ytical solution 解析解

angle of internal friction 内摩擦角

anhydration 脱水

anhydrite 硬石膏

anisotropy 各向异性

aqueous chemistry 水化学

aquiclude 隔水层

aquifer 含水层

aquifer system 含水层系统

aquifuge 不透水层

aquitard 弱透水层

arid region 干旱地区

arithmetic mean 算术平均

artesian aquifer 自流含水层

artesian w ell 自流井

artificial recharge 人工补给

atmospheric pressure 大气压力

autocorrelation function 自相关函数

B

backfill soil 回填土

background concentration 背景浓度

bandw idth 带宽

bar chart 条形图

barometric pressure 大气压力

base flow 基流

Bayes theorem 贝叶斯理论

bedrock 基岩

benchmark 基准

best linear unbiased estimate 最优线性无偏估计

bicarbonate 重碳酸根

biodegradation 生物降解

biological degradation 生物降解

bioremediation 生物修复

blind drainage area 内流区

blind valley 盲谷

boiling spring 沸泉

borehole geochemical probe 钻孔地球化学探头

borehole geophysics 钻孔地球物理

boring 钻孔

boundary condition 边界条件

boundary of specified head 给定水头边界

brackish w ater 微咸水

braided river / stream 辫状河

breakthrough curve 穿透曲线

brine 卤水

bromide / chloride ratio Br / Cl 比

bulk density 体积密度

buried karst 隐伏岩溶

C

Ca / Mg ratio Ca / Mg 比

calcite 方解石

calcium 钙

calcium carbonate 碳酸钙

calibrated model 校正模型

calibration 校准,校正

Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer 寒武 - 奥陶系含水层

capillarity 毛细现象

capillary w ater 毛细水

capillary zone / fringe 毛细水带

capture zone 捕获区

carbon cycle 碳循环

carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

carbon fixation 碳固定

carbon - 14 碳 - 14

carbon - 14 dating 碳 - 14 测年

carbonate rock 碳酸盐岩

case study 实例研究

casing 套管

cation exchange 阳离子交换

cation-anion balance 阴阳离子平衡

Cauchy boundary condition 柯西( 混合) 边界条件

chloride 氯化物,氯离子

chlorine - 36 氯 - 36

clastic rock 碎屑岩

clastic sedimentary rock aquifer 碎屑 沉积岩含水层

clay 粘土

clay soil 粘性土

clogging 堵塞

closed system 闭系统

closure criterion 收敛标准

coastal aquifer 滨海含水层

coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数

coefficient of leakage 越流系数

coefficient of permeability 渗透系数

coefficient of skew ness 偏斜系数

coefficient of variation 变差系数

cohesive soil 黏结性土壤

collapse 塌陷

column experiment 柱实验

compressibility 压缩性

concentration gradient 浓度梯度

conceptual model 概念模型

concrete dam 混凝土坝

condensation 浓缩

conditional ( unconditional) simulation 条件( 非条件) 模拟

conditional distribution 条件分布

cone of depression 降落漏斗

confidence interval 置信区间

confidence limit 置信限

confined aquifer 承压含水层

confining layer 隔水层

connate w ater 同生水

conservative pollutant 非降解污染物

consolidation 固结

consolidation of soil 土壤固结

constant head boundary 定水头边界

constant temperature zone 恒温带

constraint 约束( 条件)

contact spring 接触泉

contaminant plume 污染羽

contaminant transport modeling 污染 物 运移模拟

contamination source 污染源

continental drift 大陆漂移

continental effect 大陆效应

continuity equation 连续性方程

contour map 等值线图

convection 对流

coordinate system 坐标系

correlation length 相关长度

corrosion 腐蚀

covariance 协方差

critical depth 临界深度

crystalline rock 结晶岩

cumulative frequency function 累积频率函数

current meter 流量计

curve-matching procedure 配线法

D

Darcian velocity 达西流速

Darcy's law 达西定律

data assimilation 数据融合

datum level 基准面

dead carbon 死碳

dead-end pore 死端孔隙

debris flow 泥石流

decay constant 衰变常数

decay equation 衰变方程

decision variable 决策变量

declustering 去丛

deep sedimentary w ater 深层沉积水

density-dependent flow 变密度流

depletion 消耗

depositional sequence 沉积序列

depression 洼地,坳陷

depression spring 下降泉,洼地泉

deterministic model 确定性模型

deuterium 氘

deuterium excess 氘盈余( 过剩)

dew point 露点

dew ater 排水,疏干

diffusion 扩散

digital elevation model 数字高程模型

dimensionless variable 无量纲变量

direction of maximum continuity 最大连续性方向

Dirichlet condition 狄里克莱边界条件

discharge 排泄

discharge area 排泄区

discharge of w ell 井的涌水量

discretization 剖分,离散

dispersion 弥散

dispersion coefficient 弥散系数

dissolution and precipitation 溶解与沉淀

dissolved oxygen 溶解氧

distributed pollutant source 分布式( 面) 污染源

distributed sink / source 分 布 式 ( 面 ) 汇 /源

diurnal change 昼夜变化

dolomite 白云岩

dolomitization 白云石( 岩) 化

drainage 排水

draw dow n cone 降落漏斗

draw dow n curve 降深曲线

drinking w ater standard 饮用水标准

dual problem 对偶问题

dune 沙丘

Dupuit assumption / hypothesis 裘布依假设

duration curve 历时曲线

dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡

E

earthquake 地震

earth tide 固体潮

effect of barometric pressure 气压效应

effective porosity 有效孔隙度

effective stress 有效应力

effluent river 地下水补给的河流

electrical conductance 电导

electrical conductivity 电导率

electrical sounding 电测深

elevation effect 高程效应

elevation head 位置水头

enclosed ( non-enclosed) basin 闭合( 不闭合) 流域

endorheic basin 内流( 陆) 盆地

enthalpy 焓

entropy 熵

environmental isotope 环境同位素

equilibrium constant 平衡常数

equilibrium w eight 当量

equipotential line / surface 等势线 / 面,等水头线/面

equivalent 当量

ergodicity 各态历经,遍历性

erosion 侵蚀

error of estimate 估计误差

error tolerance 容许误差

Eularian approach 欧拉法

eustatic sea-level change 全球性海平面变化

evaporation 蒸发

evaporite 蒸发岩( 盐)

evapotranspiration 蒸发蒸腾

expected value 期望值

explicit method 显式法

exploitation and management of water resources水资源开发与管理

exposure 露头

extraction w ell 开采井

F

fault 断裂 / 断层

fault spring 断层泉

feasible solution 可行解

Fick's law 费克定律

field capacity 田间持水量

finite difference method 有限差分法

finite element method 有限单元法

first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律

first order irreversible reaction 一级不可逆反应

fissure 裂隙

fit 拟合

flow equation 流动方程

flow line 流线

flow net 流网

flow meter 流量计

fluvial deposit 河流堆积,冲积物

flux boundary 流量边界

forecasting problem 预报问题

forw ard problem 正演问题

fossil w ater 化石水

Fourier transform 傅里叶变换

fractionation 分馏

fracture 裂隙

fracture spring 裂隙泉

free-surface 自由面

fresh w ater-salt w ater interface 咸淡水界面

fully penetrating w ell 完整井

fundamental equation for flow 基本流动方程

G

gaining stream 潜水补给河,盈水河

Galerkin method 迦辽金法

general head boundary 通用水头边界

geologic map 地质图

geometric mean 几何平均

geophysical method 地球物理方法

geostatistical model 地质统计模型

geothermal anomaly 地温( 热) 异常

geothermal energy 地热能

geothermal field 地热田

geothermal gradient 地温梯度

geothermal reservoir 热储

geothermal w ater 地下热水

geothermal w ell 地热井

geothermics 地热学

geothermometer 地热温标

geyser 间歇喷泉

Ghyben-Herzberg relation 吉本 - 赫兹伯格公式

glacial deposit 冰川堆积,冰碛物

glacial meltw ater 冰川融水

gobis 戈壁

governing equation 控制方程

granite 花岗岩

gravitational w ater 重力水

gravity dam 重力坝

gravity drainage 重力排水

greenhouse effect 温室效应

grey system 灰色系统

grid 格点,网格

ground penetrating radar 探地雷达

ground temperature 地温

groundw ater 地下水

groundw ater monitoring 地下水监测

groundw ater basin 地下水盆地

groundw ater composition 地下水组分

groundw ater divide 地下水分水岭( 线)

groundw ater management 地下水管理

groundw ater quality 地下水水质

groundw ater quantity 地下水水量

groundw ater regime under exploitation 地下水开采动态

grout curtain 灌浆帷幕

gypsum 石膏

H

half-life 半衰期

hardness 硬度

harmonic mean 调和平均

head loss 水头损失

headw ater ( 河流) 源头

heat capacity 热容

heat conductivity 热导率

heat exchange 热交换

heat flow 热流

heat pump 热泵

heat storage 蓄热

heterogeneity 非均质

histogram 柱状图

history matching 历史匹配

homogeneity 均质

hot dry rock 干热岩

hot spring 温泉,热泉

humic acid 腐殖酸

humidity 湿度

hydraulic conductivity 水力传导系数

hydraulic connection 水力联系

hydraulic contact 水力联系

hydraulic gradient 水力梯度

hydraulic head 水头

hydraulic head field mapping 流场绘制

hydrodynamic dispersion 水动力弥散

hydrodynamics 水动力学

hydrogen 氢

hydrograph 水文过程线

hydrologic cycle 水文循环

hydrologic map 水文图

hydrostatic pressure 静水压力

hydrostratigraphic unit 水文地层单元

hysteresis 滞后现象

I

ice core 冰心

identification of aquifer parameter 含 水 层

参数识别

igneous rock 火成岩

image w ell 虚拟井( 映像井)

immiscible flow 不混溶流

impervious fault 不透水断层

impervious formation 不透水层

implicit method 隐式法

in situ 原位

induced recharge 诱发( 导) 补给,激发补给

infiltration 入渗

infiltration capability 下渗能力

influence radius 影响半径

influent river 补给地下水的河流

initial condition 初始条件

injection w ell 注水井

injection-withdrawal system 抽 - 注水系统

interface 分界面

interfacial tension 界面张力

intermediate zone 过渡带

intermittent stream 间歇性河流

International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构

interpolation 内插法

interpretation 解译,解释

inverse problem 逆问题

ion 离子

ion activity product 离子活度积

ion exchange 离子交换作用

ionic strength 离子强度

ionization constant 电离常数

irregular mesh 不规则网格

irreversible process 不可逆过程

isothermal condition 等温条件

isotope 同位素

isotope exchange 同位素交换

isotope separation factor 同位素分馏因子

isotropy 各向同性

iteration 迭代

J

joint 节理

juvenile w ater 初生水

K

karst 岩溶

karst aquifer 岩溶含水层

karst collapse 岩溶塌陷

karstification 岩溶化

Kriging method 克里格法

L

lacustrine deposit 湖积物

lag 滞后

Lagrangian approach 拉格朗日法

laminar flow 层流

land subsidence 地面沉降

landfill 垃圾填埋场

landslide 滑坡

Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程

latitude effect 纬度效应

law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律

leakage 越流

leakage confined aquifer 越流承压含水层

leakage factor 越流因子

leakage formation 越流层

leakage phreatic aquifer 越流潜水含水层

leakance 越流系数

lens 透镜体

limestone 灰岩

limited resource 有限资源

line sink / source 线汇 / 源

lineament 轮廓

linear interpolation 线性插值

linear programming 线性规划

linear regression 线性回归

local flow system 局域( 部) 流动系统

loess 黄土

lognormal distribution 对数正态分布

longitudinal dispersion 纵向弥散

losing stream 亏水河,补给潜水河

lost river 流失河,失水河

low er confining bed 隔水底板

lumped parameter model 集中参数模型

M

macrodispersion 宏观弥散

macroscopic and larger scale study 宏观大尺度研究

macroscopic level 宏观水平( 尺度)

macroscopic value 宏观值

magmatic w ater 岩浆水

magnesium 镁

management of a groundw ater system 地下水系统管理

management problem 管理问题

marginal distribution 边缘( 际) 分布

mass spectrometer 质谱仪

mass transport equation 溶质运移方程

match 拟合,匹配

mathematical model 数学模型

maximum permissible concentration 最大容许浓度

mean residence time 平均滞留时间

measurement error 测量误差

median 中位数

mesh 网格

metamorphic rock 变质岩

meteoric and original formation w ater 大气降水与原生水

meteoric origin 大气水起源

meteoric w ater line 大气降水线

method of finite element 有限单元法

method of image 映( 镜) 像法,反映法

microscopic level 微观水平( 尺度)

microscopic scale study 微观( 小) 尺度研究

mineral spring 矿泉

minimum 最小值

model identification 模型识别

model parameter 模型参数

model w ith distributed parameter 分布参数模型

moisture content 含水率( 量)

molecule 分子

monsoon 季风

Monte-Carlo method 蒙特卡罗法

montmorillonite-illite transformation 蒙 脱石 - 伊利石转化

mountainous terrain 山区

multi-aquifer system 多含水层系统

multi-objective optimization technology 多目标优化技术

multiphase flow 多相流

multiple objective decision 多目标决策

multiple w ell systems 多井系统

N

natural boundary condition 自然边界条件

natural-attenuation 自然衰减

Neuman condition 纽曼( 流量) 边界

nitrate 硝酸盐

nitrogen 氮

noble gas 惰性气体

no-flow boundary 隔水边界

no-flux boundary 零通量边界

nonaqueous phase liquid 非水相液体

nonlinear equation 非线性方程

nonrenew able resource 不可再生资源

nonsteady flow 非稳定流

nuclear w aste repository 核废物处置库

nugget effect 块金效应

numerical dispersion 数值弥散

numerical method 数值法

numerical simulation 数值模拟

numerical solution 数值解

O

objective function 目标函数

observation w ell 观测井

observation w ell placement 观测井布置

one-dimensional consolidation 一维固结

one-dimensional flow 一维流

optimal solution 最优解

optimal yield 最优开采量

optimization problem 最优化问题

ordinary Kriging 普通克里格

organic compound 有机物

outcrop 露头

over-exploitation 过量开采

overland flow 坡面漫流

oxidation-reduction reaction 氧化还原反应

oxygen - 18 氧 - 18

P

paleoclimate 古气候

palaeokarst 古岩溶

parameter estimation 参数估计

parameter identification 参数识别

partial differential equation 偏微分方程

partially penetrating w ell 非完整井

particle tracking 粒子跟踪

path line 迹线

pellicular w ater 薄膜水

perched aquifer 上层滞水含水层

percolation 渗流

perennial stream 常年河

permeability tensor 渗透率张量

permafrost 永冻层

permeability 渗透率

permeable boundary 透水边界

permissible draw dow n 允许降深

pervious strata 透水层

phreatic aquifer 潜水含水层

phreatic surface 潜水面

piedmont 山前地带

piezometric head 测压水头

piezometric surface 测压水面

Piper diagram 派珀图

point source 点源

polar coordinate 极坐标

pollution of groundw ater 地下水污染

pollution source 污染源

polygon 多边形

polynomial 多项式

ponor 落水洞

porosity 孔隙度

positive definiteness 正定

postprocessor 后处理程序

potentiometric map 测压水位图

potentiometric surface 测压水面

precipitation 降水( 量)

prediction 预测

preferential flow path 优先流路径

preprocessor 前处理程序

pressure aquifer 承压含水层

pressure head 压力水头

primary porosity 原生孔隙

prior estimate 先验估计

probabilistic model 概率模型

probability density function 概率密度函数

profile 剖面

propagation 传播

protection zone 保护带

pump and treat system 抽出处理系统

pumping scheme 开采方案

pumping test 抽水试验

pumping w ell 抽水井

pyrite 黄铁矿

Q

qualitative ****ysis 定性分析

quantitative ****ysis 定量分析

quartz 石英

R

radioactive decay 放射性衰变

radioactive isotope 放射性同位素

radioisotope 放射性同位素

radius of influence 影响半径

rainfall 降雨

random process 随机过程

random variable 随机变量

random w alk method 随机行走法

Rayleigh distillation 瑞利分馏

Rayleigh effect 瑞利效应

reaction rate 反应速率

recession curve 衰减曲线

recharge w ell 补给井

recovery curve 恢复曲线

recovery test 恢复试验

regenerated w ater 再生水

regional groundwater flow 区域地下水流动

regression 回归

relaxation 松弛

remote sensing 遥感

renew able resource 可再生资源

replenishment 补充,补给

reservoir 水库

residence time 滞( 停) 留时间

residual draw dow n 残余降深

resistivity 电阻率

retaining w all 挡土墙

retardation factor 滞后因子

return flow 回归水流

Reynold's number 雷诺数

rift 裂谷

river bed 河床

rose diagram 玫瑰花图

rotation of coordinate 坐标旋转

S

safe yield 安全开采量

saline soil 盐渍土

saline w edge 盐水楔

saline-w ater encroachment 咸水入侵

saline-w ater interface 咸水界面

salinity 含盐量,盐度

salt dome 盐丘

sandstone 砂岩

saturated flow 饱和水流

saturation index 饱和指数

scale effect 尺度效应

scatterplot 散点图

Schoeller diagram Schoeller 图

screen 滤水管,筛管

screen diameter 滤水管直径

sea w ater intrusion 海水入侵

seasonal effect 季节效应

seasonal variation 季节变化

secondary interstice / porosity 次生孔隙

sediment 沉积物

sedimentary rock 沉积岩

sedimentation 沉积作用

seepage beneath a dam 坝下渗流

seepage velocity 渗流速度

sei**icity 地震强度

semiarid region 半干旱地区

semi-confining stratum 半承压层

semipervious layer 弱透水层

sensitivity ****ysis 敏感性分析,灵敏度分析

sew age disposal system 污水处理系统

shaft 竖井

shale 页岩

shallow dug w ell 浅井

shallow geothermal energy 浅层地温( 热) 能

sharp interface 突变界面

silicate 硅酸盐

sill 基台( 值)

simplex method 单纯形法

sink ( point) 汇( 点)

sinkhole 落水洞

sinter 泉华

sodium 钠

sodium bicarbonate w ater 重碳酸钠型水

sodium-adsorption ratio 钠吸附比

soil moisture 土壤湿度

soil moisture potential 水土势,土水势

solid solubility 固体溶解度

solid w aste 固体废物

solubility product 溶度积

soluble salt 可溶盐

solute 溶质

solution cavern 溶蚀洞穴

solution channel 溶蚀通道

solvent 溶剂

sorption isotherm 等温吸附线

source ( point) 源( 点)

source of pollution 污染源

source of w ater 水源

source / sink term 源汇项

specific discharge 单位流量

specific draw dow n 单位降深

specific heat 比热

specific retention 持水度

specific storage 比弹性给水度

specific surface area 比表面

specific w ell discharge 井的单位涌水量

specific yield 给水度

spring 泉

spring discharge 泉流量

stable isotope 稳定同位素

stagnation zone 停滞区

stalactite 石钟乳

stalagmite 石笋

standard deviation 标准差

state variable 状态变量

stationarity 平稳

steady flow 稳定流

step-draw dow n test 阶梯( 分级) 降深试验

Stiff diagram Stiff 图

stone forest 石林

storage coefficient 储水系数

storativity 储水系数

stream function 流函数

stream runoff 河川径流

streamline 流线

stress period 应力期

subcrop 地下露头,隐伏露头

subduction 俯冲作用

submarine spring 海底泉

subsurface w ater 地下水

sulfate 硫酸盐,硫酸根

sulfur - 34 硫 - 34

superposition 叠加

supersaturation 过饱和

surface runoff 地表径流

surface tension 表面张力

surface w ater 地表水

sustainability 可持续性

sustained yield 持续开采量

T

temperature effect 温度效应

tension 张力

tensor 张量

terminal lake 终端湖

terminology 术语

Theis equation 泰斯公式

thermal conductivity 热导率

thermal contamination 热污染

thermal reservoir 热储( 层)

thermal spring 温泉

Thiem equation 蒂姆公式

three-dimensional flow 三维流动

threshold pressure 临界压力

thrust fault 逆冲断层

tidal effect 潮汐效应

tidal efficiency 潮汐系数( 效率)

tide 潮汐

time lag 时间滞后

time step 时间步长

topography 地形( 学)

total dissolved solids 可溶性总固体,总溶解固体

total hardness 总硬度

tow er karst 塔状岩溶

trace element 痕量元素

trace metal 痕量金属

tracer 示踪剂

tracer test 示踪试验

transient flow 非稳定流

transition zone 过渡带

tran**issivity 导水系数

transverse dispersion 横向弥散

travertine 钙华

trial and error procedure 试算法,逐次逼近法

trilinear diagram 三线图

tritium 氚

tritium unit 氚单位

truncation error 截断误差

tufa 钙华

turbulent flow 紊流

tw o-dimensional flow 二维流

U

uncertainty 不确定性

unconfined aquifer 潜水含水层

unconfined flow 非承压水流

underground river 地下河,暗河

underlying surface 下垫面

United States Environmental Protection

Agency 美国环境保护局

unsaturated flow 非饱和流

unsaturated zone 非饱和带

unsteady flow 非稳定流

upconing 升锥

uplift 隆升( 起)

upper confining bed 隔水顶板

V

vadose w ater 渗流水

vadose zone 渗流带

variance 方差

variogram 变异图

vertical cross section 垂向剖面

void ratio 孔( 空) 隙比

volcanic rock 火山岩

W

w ater balance / budget 水均衡

w ater capacity 容水率

w ater content 含水量

w ater divide 分水岭( 线)

w ater level 水位

w ater pollution 水污染

w ater quality model 水质模型

w ater resources 水资源

w ater sampling method 采( 水) 样方法

w ater supply 供水

w ater table 潜水面

w ater table aquifer 潜水含水层

w ater-bearing zone 含水带

w ater-level fluctuation 水位波动

w ater-rock interaction 水 - 岩作用

w atershed 流域

w eathering 风化

w eighted function 权函数

w eir 堰

w ell function 井函数

w ell hydraulics 井水力学

w ell location 井位

w ell log 钻孔岩性记录

w ell loss 井损

w etland 湿地

w ettability 可湿性

w etting 湿润

Z

zone of aeration 包气带

zone of saturation 饱水带

python数据分析综合项目--空气质量指数分析

近年来,我国的环境问题比较严重,很多城市出现了雾霾天气,当然也有很多城市空气依旧清新,为了研究具体的空气环境城市分布,我们采用了假设检验以及线性回归的思想对AQI(空气质量指数)进行分析和预测,其中AQI的值越大,表示空气质量越差,AQI值越小,表明空气质量越好。

1.列出空气质量优秀/较差的五个城市

2.全国空气质量分布情况

3.临海城市和内陆城市的空气质量对比

4.影响空气指数的因素

5.空气质量均值验证

City 城市名

AQI 空气质量指数

Precipitation 降雨量

GDP 城市生产总值

Temperature 温度

Longitude 经度

Latitude 纬度

Altitude 海拔高度

PopulationDensity 人口密度

Coastal 是否沿海

GreenCoverageRate 绿化覆盖率

Incineration(10,000ton) 焚烧量(10000吨)

在进行数据分析之前,我们对数据集进行观察并对其中的缺失值、重复值、异常值进行处理

我们发现降雨量数据中包含了4个缺失值,为了保证数据的精确,我们查一下降雨量的数据分布

很明显的呈现右偏分布,因此采用平均数来替代缺失值并不妥,我们这里用中位数来代替

GDP属性中检测出8条异常值,我们这里采取用极端值替换的方式,将异常值替换成最大值

数据集处理完毕之后,我们开始进行数据分析

按照AQI降序排列,选出排名前五以及后五的城市,进行可视化,结果如下

结论:空气质量较好的城市为韶关市、南平市、梅州市、基隆市、三明市,空气质量堪忧的城市分别为焦作市、锦州市、保定市、朝阳市、北京市

这里我们将AQI指数分为六个等级,并根据等级统计全国空气质量的等级情况

我们再用散点图绘制下全国的空气质量分布

结论:我国城市的空气质量集中在一级、二级和三级,高污染城市比例较低;从地理位置来看,西部城市空气质量优于东部城市,南部城市优于北部城市。

根据上面的结论我们发现,仿佛临海城市的空气质量普遍高于内陆地区,那么这个结论是否是真的呢?还需要进一步验证。

首先,我们来统计下不同地理环境的城市数量

第二步,绘制临海和内陆城市的AQI分布图

我们发现内陆城市AQI集中分布在50-100区间内,而沿海城市AQI集中分布在0-50区间,在此样本中,沿海的AQI分布低于内陆城市,但是这毕竟是样本,无法推测出总体分布情况,还需进一步探测。

第三步,统计AQI均值并绘制分布密度图

第四步,差异检验,查看内陆沿海AQI均值分布是否显著

我们先假设内陆城市和沿海城市的平均值相同

结果得出支持的概率为0.006,远低于0.05,因此我们否定原假设,选择备择假设,即内陆城市和沿海城市的平均值不相同

结论:经过分析,我们发现有超过99%的概率可以证明临海城市空气质量优于内陆城市的空气质量。

为了探究影响空气质量的具体因素,我们需要计算出两个变量之间的相关系数,以此进行判断,这里采用热力图进行可视化操作。

结论:从显示结果看出,AQI主要受降雨量和纬度的影响,其中降雨量越多,空气质量越好(0.4);纬度越低,空气质量越好(-0.55)

当然,从整个图片来看,也能发现很多变量之间的关系,比如GDP与焚烧量的正相关系数达到了0.9,温度与纬度的负相关系数达到了-0.81等。

传闻空气质量均值在71左右,这个消息是否是准确的呢?我们进行一次验证。

首先计算样本的均值

结果显示为75.334

那么总体的均值是否为71呢?这里先假设总体的均值为71,进行t检验

结论:可以看出,偏离均值1.81倍的标准差,而且p值大于0.05,我们接受原假设(即空气质量均值在71左右)另外,我们还可以计算出在置信度为95%时,空气质量均值的置信区间为70-80。

HAD是什么意思

had的意思:v. 有;吃;得到(动词have的过去式和过去分词);aux. 已经(用于过去完成时和过去完成进行时)。

读音:英 [həd; əd; hæd];美 [həd,əd,hæd]

短语

had problems 有问题

had told 去完成时

had doing 过去完成进行时

had finished 去完成时 ; 已完成 ; 完成了

反义词

lack 

英 [læk]   美 [læk]    

n. 缺乏;无

v. 缺乏;不足

例句:Her decision seems to show a lack of political judgement.

翻译:她的决定似乎显示出缺乏政治判断力。

短语:lack absolutely 绝对缺乏

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