文艺复兴、宗教改革、启蒙运动的英语解释

1.文艺复兴

Renaissance：the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries

2.宗教改革

Protestant Reformation：The Protestant Reformation, also called the Protestant Revolt or simply The Reformation, was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestanti** as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity.

3.启蒙运动

The Enlightenment：a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individuali** rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

英文名词解释 Protestanti**

Protestanti** is one of the four major divisions within Christianity, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, Catholic Church, and the Anglican Church traditions. The term 'Protestant' is most closely tied to those groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century's Protestant Reformation when in 1517 Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the door of the All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Germany.

The doctrines of the various Protestant denominations vary, but nearly unanimous doctrines include justification by grace through faith and not through works, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the ultimate authority in matters of faith and order. In the early 21st century there were nearly 350 million Protestants in the world.[1]

The followers of Luther established the evangelical churches of Germany and Scandinavia. Reformed churches in Switzerland were established by John Calvin and more radical reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli, while John Knox established an influential Pre**yterian communion as the national church in Scotland.

三个世界近代史名词解释~~高手请进！

1.新教理论

Protestanti** 与天主教、东正教并列的**教三大派别之一。为 16世纪宗教改革运动中脱离天主教而形成的各个新宗派，以及从这些宗派中不断分化出来的众多宗派的统称。亦译抗罗宗或更正宗。词源起于德文 Protestanten。原指 1529年神圣罗马帝国在德国境内斯拜尔召开的帝国会议上的少数派，因该派诸侯对会议通过支持天主教压制参加宗教改革运动各派的决定，提出了一项正式**，后即泛指接受宗教改革运动的各宗派。中国的新教各教会则自称**教或耶稣教。而不称新教。20世纪80年代初，全世界新**人数约3.6亿,三分之二集中在欧洲和北美。

2.英国福音运动

宗教改革带起几个民众运动，有：敬虔运动，清**运动，循道运动，和福音派运动。你或许会问圣公会又如何呢？我们就从历史的角度谈谈圣公会灵修运动的兴起及没落。不俏圣公会的人认为她持妥协的信仰，因为从十六世纪起英国教会直接受英国皇室的控制，就是今天圣公会的主教亦直接由英国首相代表皇室委任。

但圣公会的灵修有一特质是我们不能忽略的，即公祷书(Book of Common Prayer)的敬虔。英国国会在一五四九年很快通过此书，而此公祷书从筹划到印刷仅仅用了六个月的时间。在很短的时间内英国大主教克蓝麦(Thomas Cranmer)要求每间教会在崇拜时使用此书。英国圣公会的灵修即在于这本公祷书，其对教会的影响力至今还能看到。公祷书非常重视认罪和在神面前痛悔，亦强调神的护理和神对人生活的细节及责任的指示。公祷书出版后，多次修订，增加了人在神面前时代性的责任。公祷书维护了圣公会的灵修生活，它为教会的崇拜提供了灵修最低要求的保证。各地住堂牧师可能道德败坏，但教会不会因此崩溃，因有公祷书的支持，为教会提供崇拜的架构。虽然圣公会的历史多次不振，然而公祷书却一枝独秀。

3.“大恐慌”

美国自一战获胜后 对经济产生了极大的信心 工业的大规模生产化等一系列发展促成了20年代的繁荣发展 历经十年股票牛市 从而导致股票泡沫化 在瞬间**

这次危机对美国经济影响甚重 此后美国开始了连续10年的经济衰退 当时失业率高居不下 上百万人无家可归 治安严重恶化 比较有名的就是1932年老兵挺进白宫 在白宫前面搭了棚子要冲到白宫里。只到二战后美国才靠战争财东山再起 回复29年以前的股票水平 换言之 美国花了卅多年才挽回倒退的损失

欧洲的宗教改革的英文解释

The Protestant Reformation(宗教改革) was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches. The Reformation was precipitated by earlier events within Europe, such as the Black Death and the Western Schi**, which eroded people's faith in the Roman Catholic Church. This, as well as many other factors, such as the mid 15th-century invention of the printing press, the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, the end of the Middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern era, contributed to the creation of Protestanti**.

The Roman Catholics responded with a Counter-Reformation, led by the Jesuit order, which established influence over large parts of Europe such as Poland. In general, northern Europe, with the exception of Ireland and pockets of Britain, turned Protestant. Southern Europe remained Roman Catholic, while fierce battles which turned into warfare took place in central Europe.

The largest of the new churches were the Lutherans (mostly in Germany and Scandinavia) and the Reformed churches (mostly in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Scotland). There were many **aller bodies as well. The most common dating begins in 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars.

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