雅思写作：如何分清正式与非正式英语

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雅思写作：如何分清正式与非正式英语

一、正式英语

正式英语主要应用于写作中。这种文体格式通常带有学术性的写作口吻，通常见于学术课本，大学论文，商业信函和合同中。

在口语表达方面，正式英语通常只用于官方或正式场合，例如，在大学 毕业 典礼上正式欢迎来宾。

正式英语比日常用语使用更多的复杂词汇。例如，正式用语常常比日常对话使用“更庞大”的词汇。如以下几个多音节词compensate， ascend 和 interrogate。 正式用语还常常使用单个动词(如establish)来代替简单的 短语 动词(如set up)。此外，在正式用语中还要尽量避免 俚语 和口语的出现。

当正式用语应用于写作中时， 句子 通常较长，较为复杂，也应严格遵循语法规则。正式写作中，通常较为客观，经常使用it这样的非人称代词和动词的被动形式。应该尽量避免缩略语和缩写单词的出现。

二、非正式英语和流行英语

非正式英语是大多数人们日常所说的英语。非正式英语广泛应用于电子邮件和朋友书信中。

使用非正式英语的人们对词汇的选择不太在意，如：非正式英语使用很多较短的单词(如fire， climb和 ask)，使用许多口语词汇(如stuff， a lot of， thing和 sort of)，还很使用一些短语动词(如使用set up ，而不用establish)。非正式英语在语法上没有正式英语要求严格，常使用简单的语法结构和比较松散的句子或短语。

在写作中，非正式英语比正式英语常常使用更加个人化的文体，常用第一，第二人称(例如I ，you， we)。缩写单词(如常常使用it's，而不是 it is)也常常见于非正式英语之中。而且，非正式英语比正式的写作句式通常更短。在正式 英语写作 中，常常使用较为正式的标点符号---而避免分号(;)和冒 号(：)的出现，非正式英语则可以出现。流行英语很少应用于写作中，大多是用于口语之中。非正式英语中包括大量的俚语。俚语就是一些非正式的，在礼节性的演讲和正式场合常常被看作不合适的单词或短语表达。俚语常常由固定的社会团体或职业人群使用。

三、关于短语动词

人们使用非正式英语谈话或写作时，经常使用短语动词(也叫做多个单词或多部分动词)。以下是几组例子。括号中是其对应的正式用语。短语动词和其对应的单个动词

要求ask for (request)订约go down with (contract)

建立set up (establish)处理deal with (handle)发现find out (discover)欺骗take in (deceive)

短语动词在口语中较为常见。然而，比起其对应的单个动词不太正式。

在正式写作中，作者常常更倾向于使用单个动词，例如 examine和devise，而不使用短语动词，如look at 和come up with。请对比下页表格中的每对动词。虽然在正式英语中，倾向于使用较短的短语动词，但是如果真的使用了这些短于动词句子也不为错误。然而，如果有比短语动词更为简短的单个动词，最好使用单个动词。

不要认为在雅思写作考试中使用多个短语动词会使 文章 不太正式。实际上，在许多情景之中---甚至是在非常正式的文体中---短语动词依然是确切表达文章主旨的方式。例如，put on 比起其更加正式的用语don来说，更加自然贴切。

四、非正式用语较正式用语

他调查了(checked up on)他的会计。他调查了(investigated)他的会计。

他们容忍了( put up with)邻居们。他们容忍了( tolerated)邻居们。

她很快就理解了(caught on)。她很快就理解了(understood )。

为了弥补(made up for)它，她早早的睡了。为了弥补(compensated)它，她早早的睡了。

他发烧了( went down with)。他发烧了 (contracted )。

生活费上升了(went up)。生活费上升了(contracted)。

五、辨别不同

通常很容易的决定一个词是正式用语还是非正式用语。非正式用语就是人们每天使用的那些共同的，普通和熟悉的词，而正式用语则是更加“严肃”和较少常用的单词。 通常，正式词比非正式用语较长。单个动词比它们所对应的短语动词也较为正式。

例如，称某件东西是极大的enormous是正式的，但是要说whopping是不非正式的。象一方面on the one hand 或如上所示 as indicated above，这样的词组是正式的，但是，如顺便说一句by the way 或那提醒我that reminds me就是非正式的。

请注意：一些非正式单词比其他一些非正式的单词更为正式。例如，非正式用语understand，比非正式用语get更为正式。然而，二者均不如正式用语comprehend更加正式。

六、雅思考试使用半正式文体格式

学术文章可以使用“中间的或稍正式的文体格式”。这就意味您雅思学术文章写作中可以使用稍加正式的词汇 (例如 ，可以使用spark off 而不用 cause 这样的短语动词)，还可以使用更加正式的用语。可以使用正式英语中常常使用的复杂语法，也可以使用更加简单的语法结构。

但是，越使用正式词汇和更复杂的语法结构，雅思的考试得分就会越高。，例如，在词汇方面，评分标准之一就是---当使用“不太普通”或“不普通”的 词汇，也就是使用较正式的词汇时，考生就会得到较高的分数。考生可以登录一下网址 来查看详细的评分标准。

这是我对参加雅思学术写作考试的考生在使用词汇方面的几点建议：

如果使用一个更加正式的单个动词，比其相对应的短语动词听起来更加贴切自然，最好使用正式的单个单词。

避免使用个人化的或会话样式的文体格式(听起来好像正同考官聊天)。因此，尽量不要使用词，如I， me， my， you， we， us 和 our这样的单词。虽然这些单词广泛应用于非正式用语和口语中，通常认为在正式的学术性写作中，这些单词太过个人化，太过随意。

如果考生愿意，考生可以使用代词I来发表自己的看法。但是，在开篇和文章结尾使，尽量避免I的出现。这样，考生就可以避免使自己的文章太过个人化，具有太多的会话风格。

雅思写作真题：charity organization

Some people believe that charity organizations should give the aid to those who are in great needs, some people think that charity organizations should concentrate on helping people who live in their own country. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (抽象类)

Introduction

Background – theme – view

Charity organization

什么是慈善组织，它的目的是什么，它的作用是什么，什么时候会出现对于慈善组织的讨论?

When people suffer some natural disasters and are confronted with difficulties, they may expect the aid from others, especially charity organizations. However, there is an opinion that charity organizations should help people of their own country instead of giving aid to whoever in need. From my perspective, the aid should be given to those in need regardless of their nationality.

Natural disasters, war or social turmoil, all these factors may render people fall into poverty and diseases. The rise of charity organizations is associated with the emergence of these disasters. They relieve people from great sufferings and give people in need hope of survival. However, there is an opinion that aid from charities should only be given to people living in their countries while others think that charity should benefit all people. I tend to believe the latter is of more justification.

Body 1: why we should give help to those in great needs? What is the responsibility of charity organizations?

To help those in great needs is a reflection of moral obligation/duty for human beings.(意义) And this practice of helping others will have numerous/many positive effects involving/including promoting economic development and enhancing social harmony. (影响和作用)Meanwhile, the aid from charity organizations may cover a wide range of people and may be more transparent. However, there are some disadvantages of charity organizations. The money donated by charity organizations may be taken away by local officials and cannot reach those who are really in need. What’s more, charity organizations tend to give aid to those areas which are frequently reported by the media. This will cause regional imbalance or even regional conflict.

Body 2: whether aid from charities should only be given to local people?

As for those who advocate that aid for charity organization should be given to people living in their own country, I hold conservative attitude. There is no denying that it is more effective for charity organizations to give aid to local people. However, how to

ensure fairness/equality among different peoples is the priority for charities. Fair distribution of resources and aid is an objective reflection of human virtues. (反证)If every individual or every organization just focus on their own interest, the world will become indifferent and unfriendly.

In conclusion, charity organization should give aid to people who are in great need without considering their social background, their nationality and something irrelevant. However, the aid should be supervised and monitored by some independent organizations for fear of corruption or embezzlement. / However, the aid should be controlled or supervised by some dependent organizations so that it can reach the targeted people.

雅思写作：Environmental Protection

Environmental hazards are often too great for particular countries or individuals to tackle. We have arrived at a point in time where the only way to lessen environmental problems is at an international level.

Environmental problems have reached such proportions that people feel international organizations must be set up to intervene in world affairs to resolve these problems. Whether this will resolve the problem is very unlikely as international organizations are just an extension of human behavior. That is, if human conflicts cannot be resolved at home, then they are unlikely to be resolved at the international level. Nevertheless, international organizations do attract attention to the growing problem of aims of the international community to resolve the issue of environmental pollution and support their cause, I do not believe it is the best or only way to protect the environment; in fact, it is only a **all part of what is needed in a global initiative.

All world problems, whether it is environmental pollution, war, energy insufficiency, or famine, arise from the abusive behavior of all individuals. Therefore, the solution to all these problems is the need for a collective consciousness. What is meant by this is that each individual must be aware of the impact he or she has on the world and their unique part to play in this world. After all, if one is happy with his life, he will surely not endeavor to harm the environment or anyone else. His behavior will be that of a responsible individual.

What is needed, therefore, is education. Education is the key to all problems and it starts from pregnancy all the way to *****hood and beyond. Furthermore, education means that children all over the world should be allowed to go to schools with good teachers and where teaching materials and methods can be adapted to each individual. Education means raising children to be responsible individuals.

This may sound like utopia, but it is not: if a country had important problems in its educational system, then it should realize that it is contributing to the world’s problems. These are perhaps long term solutions, but they are more realistic solutions than setting up yet another international organization.

雅思写作 范文 Touri**

Pros and Cons of Touri**

Pros:

1. It is regarded as a pillar of key local economic development.

2. The booming tourist industry has created more job openings. Many people have said good-bye to poverty through involvement in tourist businesses.

3. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public, carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable development of resources.

4. Touri** helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase the brilliant history and culture to the outside world.

5. Touri** helps to improve the investment environment so as to attract more foreign investors.

6. Tourists can take pleasure in the magnificent natural landscape, appreciate the superior workmanship of ancient artists and enjoy a variety of local delicacies (specialties). Many tourist attractions offer a wealth of historical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting local culture.

7. Touri** helps to promote the catering trade, transportation service and commerce.

8. Touri** is the world’s largest and faster growing industry. According to recent statistics, touri** provides 10 percent of the world’s income and employs almost one-tenth of world’s workforce. By the year 2010, these numbers will double. All considered, touri**’s actual and potential economic impact is astounding.

9. Touri** encourages the preservation of identify, pride and value in our living conditions and the cultural legacy of generations in danger of extinction.

10. Touri** contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.

11. Touri** brings new money into an area and generates jobs, income and tax revenues.

Cons:

1. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of one’s own culture and make the world less colorful than before.

2. Undermine local traditions and ways of life.

3. Touri** may cause serious environmental pollution.

英读廊——为什么说密码中加入特殊字符会更安全？

Why adding @, , *, #,%,etc makes your password stronger?

【译】为什么添加@，，*，%等特殊字符会使你的密码更安全？

【单词】adding 原型：add 动词现在进行式或动名词 [ad][æd] v. 加；增加；补充

【单词】etc 外来词 ['etk] abbr. 及其他；等等(=Et cetera)

【单词】password 名词 ['pas-wurd, 'pahs-]['pɑːswɜːd] n. 口令；密码

【解析】stronger本身是“更强壮”的意思，指的是密码的（加密）强度更大，简单地说就是更安全

【编者按】我们通常所说的“密码”，其实意义并不准确，安全领域的密码（secure code）一般是指加密时所使用的密文，而“口令”（password）才是我们一般所说的“登录密码”、“取款密码”这一类通常由字母、数字组成的字符组合，偶尔还可能有少量特殊字符。但由于大家说的习惯了，因此称作“密码”也无伤大雅。一般来说，密码相对于口令更复杂、更长、加密强度更高。

It makes for more different possibilities of what each character could be, and it makes it so your password won't be found in a dictionary.

【译】它使得每一个字符都有更多不同的可能性，这样你的密码就不会在字典中找到了。

【单词】possibilities 原型：possibility  pos-uh-'bil-i-tee][ˌpɒsə'bɪləti] n. 可能；可能性；可能的事情；潜在的价值

【单词】character 名词 ['kar-ik-ter]['kærəktə] n. 字符

【单词】dictionary 名词 ['dik-shuh-ner-ee]['dɪkʃənri] n. 字典；辞典；词典

【解析】黑客们破解密码往往使用“字典破解”的方法，即准备一个常用单词的列表，从里面逐个挑选单词来对密码进行破解尝试。这是基于人们设置密码往往会选择有意义的单词这个前提来进行破解的方法，实际应用中也会将单词加以组合、大小写变化并加入数字和常见特殊字符等。

So eg: if your password was only numbers (0-9) and lowercase letters (a-z) then each character has 36 possibilities, right? so a 5 character password would have 36*36*36*36*36 possibilities.

【译】所以举例来说，如果你的密码只有数字（0-9）和小写字母（a-z），那么每个字符都有36种可能，对吧？所以5个字符的密码有36*36*36*36*36的可能性。

【单词】eg 名词 abbr. 拉例如（=exempli gratia)

【单词】lowercase 名词 ['loh-er-'keys]['ləʊəˌkeɪs] adj. 小写体的 vt. 用小写字母书写；用小写字母打字 n. 小写体；小写字母 lower-

Now say you add uppercase letters and 15 different special characters.

【译】现在假设您添加大写字母和15个不同的特殊字符。

【单词】add 动词一般现在时（除第三人称单数） [ad][æd] v. 加；增加；补充

【单词】uppercase 名词 ['uhp-er-'keys]['ʌpəˌkeɪs] n. 大写字母 adj. 大写的 vt. 用大写字母排版或印刷

Now there are 77 possibilities per character, so 77*77*77*77*77 possibilities for what your password could be.

【译】现在每个字符有77种可能，所以您的密码可能是77*77*77*77*77。

This is exactly why length is more important than special characters though.

【译】这就是为什么长度比特殊字符更重要的原因。

【单词】exactly 副词 [ig-'zakt-lee][ɪɡ'zæktli] adv. 精确地；确切地；完全地；严密地；正是

【单词】length 名词 [lengkth, length, lenth][leŋθ] n. 长度；时间长短；距离；一段；距离的测量单位

In your example, 36* 36* 36* 36* 36 for a 5 character password = 60,466,176 possibilities.

【译】在你的示例中，对于5个字符的密码，36*36*36*36=60466176种可能性。

77* 77* 77* 77* 77= 2,706,784,157 possibilities.

【译】77*77*77*77*77=2706784157种可能性。

So adding the special characters gives you 44x as many possibilities for the same length password.

【译】因此，添加特殊字符可以为相同长度的密码提供44倍的可能性。

However, simply by making it a 6 digit password instead of 5, you end up with:

【译】但是，只需将其设置为6位密码而不是5位密码，您将得到：

【短语】instead of 代替（……的是）；而不是…；例句：Instead of pressing forward, they drew back. 他们不仅没有前进，反而后退了。Oops! I put in sugar instead of salt. 啊！我错把糖当盐放了。

【单词】digit 名词 ['dij-it]['dɪdʒɪt] n. 数字；位数；手指；脚趾

36* 36* 36* 36* 36* 36=2,176,782,336 - nearly equivalent to the 5 digit password with 77 possible characters being used.

【译】36*36*36*36*36*36=2176782336——几乎相当于使用了77个可能字符的5位密码。

【单词】equivalent 形容词 [ih-'kwiv-uh-luh nt or for 5, ee-kwuh-'vey-luh nt][ɪ'kwɪvələnt] adj. 等价的 相等的 n. 相等物

At 7 digits long, you have now drastically exceeded the combinations possible with a 5 digit password using special characters, and that's without using any special characters in your 7 digit code (78,365,164,096 / 2,706,784,157 = 29x greater possibilities than just adding special characters, and a whopping 1,296x as many possibilities as the 5 digit - again, without special characters).

【译】在7位数的长度下，你已经大大超过了使用特殊字符的5位密码的可能组合，而且在你的7位密码中不使用任何特殊字符（78365164096/2706784157=29x比仅仅添加特殊字符的可能性大29倍，而且1，296倍于5位数的可能性-同样，没有特殊字符）。

【单词】digits 原型：digit 名词复数形式 ['dij-it]['dɪdʒɪt] n. 数字；位数；手指；脚趾

【单词】drastically 副词 ['dras-tik]['drɑːstɪkli] adv. 大幅度地；彻底地

【单词】exceeded 原型：exceed 动词过去分词 [ik-'seed][ɪk'siːd] vt. 超过；超出 vi. 领先

【单词】combinations 原型：combination 名词复数形式 [kom-buh-'ney-shuhn][ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn] n. 结合；结合到一起的事物或人；密码

【单词】code 名词 [kohd][kəʊd] n. 密码；法规；准则 v. 制成法典；把 ... 编码

【单词】whopping 形容词 ['hwop-ing, 'wop-]['wɒpɪŋ] adj. 巨大的；非常大的；异常的 adv. 非常地 动词whop的现在分词.

Now, given the same length passwords, obviously having the option for special characters greatly increases your possibilities.

【译】现在，给定相同长度的密码，很明显，选择特殊字符会大大增加您的可能性。

【单词】obviously 副词 ['ɒbviəsli] adv. 显然地

【单词】option 名词 ['op-shuhn]['ɒpʃn] n. 选择权；可选物 v. 得到或获准进行选择

【单词】greatly 副词 ['greyt-lee]['ɡreɪtli] adv. 很；非常；大大地

But overall, length of password affects things far more.

【译】但总的来说，密码长度的影响要大得多。

【短语】far more 多得多的，更...的多的；例句：A bicycle's often far more convenient than a car in busy cities. 在热闹的都市里骑自行车往往比坐汽车方便得多。

【短语】take over 表示“接管；接收”。如：I intend you to take over. 我打算让你来接管。

【单词】overall 形容词 [adverb 'oh-ver-'awl; adjective, noun 'oh-ver-awl][ˌəʊvər'ɔːl] adj. 全部的；总体的；全面考虑的 adv. 总的来说；总共 n. 罩衫；工作服

【单词】affects 原型：affect 名词复数形式 [verb uh-'fekt; noun 'af-ekt][ə'fekt] vt. 影响；感动；作用

Also, in a larger sense... having people generally remember their passwords is a vital part of security.

【译】而且，从更大的意义上说，让人们记住他们的密码是安全的一个重要部分。

【短语】part of ... （某事物的）一部分；例句：He received part of his education in England. 他有一部分教育是在英国接受的。

【单词】vital 形容词 ['vahyt-l]['vaɪtl] adj. 至关重要的；有活力的；生死攸关的

If people frequently forget their passwords and have to do unusual stuff to reset them to the point where unusual password resets become normalized, that becomes another potential security vulnerability (one that completely bypasses the password's strength.)

【译】如果人们经常忘记自己的密码，不得不做一些不寻常的事情来重置密码，直到异常密码重置变得正常化，这就成为另一个潜在的安全漏洞（完全绕过密码的强度）

【用法】have to do sth. 表示“必须”、“不得不”、“只好”、“（被迫）很勉强”去做某事，后面跟动词原形，与情态动词 must 近义但区别在于：have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。例句：My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事) He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）

【单词】frequently 副词 ['free-kwuhnt-lee]['friːkwəntli] adv. 频繁地；经常地

【单词】forget 动词一般现在时（除第三人称单数） [fer-'get][fə'ɡet] v. 忘记；忽略

【单词】unusual 形容词 [uhn-'yoo-zhoo-uhl, -'yoozh-wuhl][ʌn'juːʒuəl] adj. 异常的；独特的；与众不同的

【单词】stuff 名词 [stuhf][stʌf] n. 东西；原料；材料 n. 素质；本质；废物；无用的想法；废话，蠢话 vt. 塞满；填满

【单词】reset 名词 [verb ree-'set; noun 'ree-set][ˌriː'set] n. 重新设定；重新组合 v. 重新设定；重新放置；重新组合

【单词】resets 名词复数形式 [verb ree-'set; noun 'ree-set][ˌriː'set] n. 重新设定；重新组合 v. 重新设定；重新放置；重新组合

【单词】normalized 原型：normalize 动词过去分词 ['nawr-muh-lahyz]['nɔːməlaɪz] v. 使正常；使标准化；使合规格

【单词】vulnerability 名词 ['vuhl-ner-uh-buhl][ˌvʌlnərə'bɪləti] n. 易受攻击；弱点，脆弱；[计]漏洞

【单词】completely 副词 [kuhm-'pleet][kəm'pliːtli] adv. 完全地；十分地；全然

【单词】bypasses 名词复数形式 ['bahy-pas, -pahs]['baɪpɑːs] vt. 绕开；忽视 n. 支路；旁道

【单词】strength 名词 [strengkth, strength, strenth][streŋθ] n. 力气；强度；力量；长处

This is one of the reasons why the requirements for frequent password changes and unusual characters are misguided.

【译】这就是为什么频繁更改密码和不寻常字符的要求其实有时候是一种误导的原因之一。

【单词】requirements 原型：requirement 名词复数形式 [ri-kwahyuhr-muhnt][rɪ'kwaɪəmənt] n. 必要条件；要求

【单词】frequent 形容词 [adjective 'free-kwuhnt; verb fri-'kwent, 'free-kwuhnt]['friːkwənt] adj. 频繁的；经常的 vt. 常到；常去

【单词】misguided 动词过去分词 [mis-'gahy-did][ˌmɪs'ɡaɪdɪd] adj. 搞错的；被误导的；举措失当的 动词misguide的过去式和过去分词.

Requiring frequent password changes in particular adds almost no security and create considerable vulnerabilities because they encourage people to use simple, easily-remembered passwords.

【译】尤其是需要频繁更改密码几乎不会增加安全性，并且会造成相当大的漏洞，因为这会鼓励人们使用简单易记的密码。

【单词】create 动词原形 [kree-'eyt][kri'eɪt] v. 创造；造成 adj. 古创造的

【单词】vulnerabilities 原型：vulnerability 名词复数形式 ['vuhl-ner-uh-buhl][ˌvʌlnərə'bɪləti] n. 易受攻击；弱点，脆弱；[计]漏洞

【单词】encourage 动词一般现在时（除第三人称单数） [en-'kur-ij, -'kuhr-][ɪn'kʌrɪdʒ] vt. 鼓励；促进；支持

Yes, it can help you if your password was compromised, but the goal of a password policy should be to prevent that in the first place.

【译】是的，如果您的密码被泄露，它可以帮助您，但是密码策略的目标应该是首先防止这种情况发生。

【单词】compromised 原型：compromise 动词过去分词 ['kom-pruh-mahyz]['kɒmprəmaɪz] n. 妥协；折衷；折衷案；和解 vt. 妥协处理；危害 vi. 妥协，和解；让步

【单词】goal 名词 [gohl][ɡəʊl] n. 球门；目标；得分

【单词】prevent 动词原形 [pri-'vent][prɪ'vent] v. 预防；防止，阻止；挡住

And more generally, any security / password scheme should be seen as a trade-off between convenience for users and security.

【译】更一般地说，任何安全/密码方案都应被视为在方便用户和安全性之间进行权衡。

【单词】trade-off 名词 n. (对不能同时兼顾的因素)权衡；物物交换，交易；取舍

【单词】convenience 名词 [kuhn-'veen-yuhns][kən'viːnjəns] n. 便利；舒适；适宜；便利设施；方便的时间

【单词】users 原型：user 名词复数形式 ['yoo-zer]['juːzə] n. 用户；使用者

Requiring constant password changes is a pain in the ass for users while providing only minimal security benefit, so it's a bad trade-off - you would be better off "spending" that annoyance elsewhere, like longer password requirements, encouraging / requiring a secure password manager, or using a 2FA app.

【译】对用户来说，要求不断地更改密码是一件很麻烦的事，同时只提供最小的安全好处，所以这是一个很糟糕的权衡-你最好还是“花”在其他地方，比如更长的密码要求，鼓励/要求一个安全的密码管理器，或者使用两步验证法。

【单词】constant 形容词 ['kon-stuhnt]['kɒnstənt] adj. 不变的；经常的 n. 常数；恒量

【单词】pain 名词 [peyn][peɪn] n. 痛苦；疼痛；辛苦；烦人之人或事 v.使... 痛苦；痛苦；疼

【单词】ass 名词复数形式 [as][æs] n. 驴；愚蠢的人；臀部，** adv. (常用作后置)用于贬损或骂人

【单词】minimal 形容词 ['min-uh-muhl]['mɪnɪməl] adj. 最小的；最低限度的

【单词】spending 原型：spend 动词现在进行式或动名词 [spend][spend] n. 预算；花销 v. 花费；浪费；度过；用尽（气力等）

【单词】annoyance 名词 [uh-'noi-uhns][ə'nɔɪəns] n. 烦恼；生气；令人讨厌的人或事情

【单词】elsewhere 副词 ['els-hwair, -wair][ˌels'weə] adv. 别处

【单词】encouraging 原型：encourage 现在分词做形容词 [en-'kur-ij, -'kuhr-][ɪn'kʌrɪdʒ] vt. 鼓励；促进；支持

【单词】app 名词 [ap][æp] abbr. 应用程序（=application）

【专有名词】2FA 2 Fa ctor Authentication，双因子验证，是一种安全密码验证方式。通过增加一种不同的验证方法来提高安全性，例如：在输入密码登录的基础上，额外要求进行手机短信验证码验证。

【编者按】现在更清楚了吗？总的来说，我们最好适当增加密码的长度，可以混入少量特殊字符来提升安全性，这两者都可以加大密码的强度，但不要忘了，密码要能自己记住！

足球运动员英语怎么写？

soccer。

在英语中，Football和Soccer都是足球的意思，American，football的意思是美式橄榄球。因此在美国，人们用Soccer特指足球。

足球被誉为“世界第一运动”，两队在长方形场地上进行比赛的一种体育项目，每队11人，只能用脚踢或身体其他部分运球，但不许用手和臂。进球多的一方获胜。