请帮忙翻译

2.31缺乏总体设计的盲目投资

这种局面的形成，同我国高校信息化建设的特点有很大关系。发达 国家的信息化是实现工业化以后的自然过渡，在高校中推行信息化是顺势而为。而我国工业化的历史使命尚未完成，社会信息基础薄弱，高校信息化建设与其说是基于实际需要不如说是基于上级指示或自身愿望。我国的高校信息化实际上是一种“运动型”的信息化。

客观的说，这种“运动型”的信息化对于短时间内缩小我国与发达国 家高校的信息化差距，在社会信息化基础薄弱的基础上发展大学信息化是有好处的。我国高校信息化近十年来发展如此迅猛，“运动型”的性质功不可没。但“运动型”最大的副作用便是导致高校不切实际地盲目投资，一哄而上。以校园网的建设为例，随着“科教兴国”国策的贯彻落实和 “211 工程”的展开，许多高校斥巨资兴建校园网络，由于缺乏总体设计，建成后的校园网随即面临系统升级和设备更新改造。

2.31Lack the blind investment of overall design

The forming of this kind of situation, there are relations greatly with characteristics of university's information construction of our country. The informationization of the developed country realizes the natural transition after industrialization, pursue informationization to it takes advantage of a situation to be and among university. Our country's industrialized historical mission has not been finished yet, the social information foundation is weak , university instead of information construction based on actual need based on instructions from the higher level or one's own hope saying. The informationization of university of our country is the informationization of a kind of " sports type " in fact.

The objective one says, the informationization of " sports type " dwindle our country and developed country information-based disparity of university to short time, the informationization of development university is beneficial on the basis that society's information-based foundation is weak . Of our country university informationization develop so swift and violent in the past ten years, property of " sports type " perform meritorious deeds never to be obliterated. But " sports type " loud side effect to lead to the fact the university makes the investment blindly impractically most, jump on the bandwagon. Take construction of campus network as an example, the implementation of state basic policy and expansion of " 211 projects " with " revitalizing the nation through science and education ", a lot of universities furnish a huge amount of money for building campus network, because of lacking the overall design, campus network after building up faced the system to upgrade and renovate with the apparatus immediately . 2.32 internal construction which lack systematic planning

2.32缺乏系统规划的内部建设

几乎所有的学校都存在这个问题，这一现象也可以俗称为“军阀割据”，是指全校的信息化建设得不到统一的规划，各院、系、职能机构在信息化建设方面各自为战。不但导致了校内大量的低水平重复建设、资金浪费严重，还造成各部门所采用的软件系统不一致、数据标准不统一，在全校范围内人为地形成了一个个的信息孤岛。在这一点上，北京师范大学正是深受校园网建设缺乏统一规划之苦：北师大的校内科研网接入的是教育网，但学生宿舍和家属楼却分别有两家不同的公司作的系统集成上的是电信网。三网互不相通，给教学、科研带来了极大的麻烦。 2.33耗资巨大资金利用效率不高

高等院校信息化建设是一项耗资巨大的工程。光是对校园网建设的投资，北京大学就已达 5000 多万元人民币，北京邮电大学早期同邮电部合作开办 远程教育时，投资也达 4000 万元之巨。巨额的建设投资以外，高校信息 系统的维护也是一笔不小的费用。中国人民大学在每年花在设备的维护更新、人才的培养等方面的费用大约为 500 万左右。这与信息化巨大投资相并列的是教育信息化的非赢利性。与企业信息化不同，教育信息化追求的是社会效益和长远利益——如对学生综合素质的提高、对学校科研实力的促进等等。因此，对各高校来说，信息化建设已成为了一个吞噬资金的巨大“黑洞”，如何维持高校信息化的持续投入成了一个大难题。

2.32Lack the internal construction of systematic planning

Nearly all schools all have this problem, this phenomenon also may be named as "division of the country among warlords", is refers to the entire school the information construction not to be able to obtain the unification the plan, various courtyards, the department, the function organization in information construction aspect each one are a war. Not only has caused in the school the massive low levels building redundant project, the fund waste serious, but also creates the software system which various departments uses not to be inconsistent, the data standard is not unified, artificial has formed a each one information isolated island in the entire school scope. In this point, the Beijing normal university is precisely is deeply lacked the campus net construction pain of the unified plan: In the school the scientific research network turns on educates the net, but the student's dormitory and the family member building actually respectively have in the system integration which two different companies does is a telecommunication network. Three nets mutually are not interlinked, for the teaching, the scientific research brought the enormous trouble 2.33 to spend the huge fund use efficiency not to be high

The information construction of institution of higher learning is a costly project. Only investment in construction of campus network, Peking University has already been up to 5000 more than ten thousand yuan , when Beijing University of Post Telecommunication cooperates with Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications and runs the teleeducation in early days, the ones that made the investment and reached 4000 ten thousand yuan too are huge . Beyond huge construction investment, the maintenance of university's information system is a sum of big expenses too. The People's University of China spend maintenance newer , cultivation of talent ,etc. in apparatus expenses of respect 500 ten thousand about probably in every year. It is nonprofitable that these one that invested standing side by side with informationization enormously is education informatization. Different from enterprise's informationization, what the education informatization is pursued is social benefit and long-term interest - -For instance to improvement of student's overall qualities , promotion of the scientific research capability of the school ,etc.. So, for every university, information construction has already become an enormous " black hole " which engulfs the fund, how keep university absorbed a loud difficult problem continuously of informationization.

三 导致我国高校信息化困境的深层次原因

当前高校信息化建设中普遍存在的上述主要问题，其实只是问题的表面，真正决定这些现象的原因在于高校信息化建设的指导思想和我国高校管理体制等层面。

三 Profound reason which causes university's information-based predicament of our country

Ubiquitous subject problem described above in present university's information construction, it is in fact only a surface of the question, the reason to really determine these phenomena lies in aspects such as guidelines of university's information construction and university's management system of our country ,etc..

3.1方案问题

高校的信息化建设应遵循总体规划设计的原则，在综合考虑学校信息化建设的现状与需求的基础上，从全局和整体的高度规划学校信息化 建设的方针、策略、发展规划与实施计划，全面考虑硬件环境建设、应用系统建设、管理规范建设和支持机制建设。做好总体规划是搞好高校信息化的关键，可以说前面提到的种种问题，大多与缺乏科学、全面的总体规划有关系。总体规划的制定不是一件简单的事情，它需要在充分了解学校的信息化现状、需求，特别是 学校发展对于信息化的需求的基础上，结合 IT 技术的发展形势做出科学全面的规划。事实上目前很多高校不成功的规划就是没有综合考虑这些问题。

3.1Scheme question

The information construction of the university should follow the principle of overall planning and design , on the basis of considering current situation and demand of information construction of the school synthetically, information construction policy , tactics , developing the plan of plan and implementation of planning school from the standing of the overall situation and the whole , consider that builds and supports mechani**'s construction in environmental construction of the hardware , application system construction , standardard management in an all-round way. It is the key to doing university's informationization well to do a good job of master plan, all sorts of above-mentioned questions that we can say, mostly have relations with lacking science , overall master plan. The formulation of master plan is not anything simple, it needs to fully find out about the information-based current situation , demand of the school, especially the school develops to on the foundation of the informationalized demand, make the planning with overall science in development situation of combining IT technology. In fact the unsuccessful planning of a lot of universities is not to consider these questions synthetically at present.

在描述物性时formulation应该怎么翻译

这个是名词，不能用来描述物性吧。如果一定要说的话，应该是简洁的意思。。

"纯中性配方" 怎么翻译?

neutral formulation

这就是纯中性配方，不用写pure的，而且prescription是处方，formulation才是配方。

递归算法的英语翻译 递归算法用英语怎么说

recursive algorithm读音：/rɪˈkɝsɪv ˈælgəˈrɪðəm/

例句：

It ****yses the running course of working stack in recursive algorithm.

对递归算法中的工作栈的执行过程做了分析。

一、recursive的用法

1、释义

adj. [数] 递归的；循环的

2、例句

If you use a subroutine, it cannot be recursive.

如果使用子程序的话，它不能是递归的。

二、algorithm的用法

1、释义

n. [计][数] 算法，运算法则

2、例句

So what is the genetic algorithm?

那么什么是遗传算法呢？

扩展资料

另一种说法：Recursive Formulation：/rɪˈkɝsɪv ˌfɔːmjuˈleɪʃn/

例句

In this paper, the substructure method and forward recursive formulation are used to studythe impact with multiple contact points of flexible multibody system with closed loops.

用子结构方法和单向递推组集方法研究闭环的柔性多体系统的多点撞击问题。

formulation的用法

1、释义

n. 制订，规划；（想法或理论的）系统阐述；表达方式；制剂，配方

2、例句

Formulation and execution of laws related with tax affect tax payment behavior.

与税收相关的法律的制定和执行影响着纳税行为。

英文翻译

With the strength measured in millions pounds per square inch, explosion welding can accomplish with no other welding method can. Join nearly every kind of metal combination, no matter the type or composition.

拥有每平方英寸数百万磅的强度，爆炸焊接可以完成其他焊接方法无法完成的任务。爆炸焊接几乎可以将所有金属，无论其类型或成份，焊接在一起。

To create an explosion weld, two large pieces of metal are stacked on top one of the other, then covered with explosive. When detonated, the downward force explosion weld two piece together through combination of intense force and remarkable physics.

为了建立爆炸焊接，先将两块大金属板叠在一起，然后盖上炸药。引爆后，向下的爆炸力通过巨大的作用力和奇妙的物理将两块板焊接在一起。

The exploration welding process begins as soon as the two metal plates arrive the DMC’s production facilities. To maximize welding force of the explosion, the surfaces of each plate are grinded as uniformly and flat as possible.

当两块金属板到达DMC的生产基地时，爆炸焊接过程就开始了。为了获得最大的爆炸力，金属板的表面被磨得尽可能均匀平坦。

The process also removes rusts, oxides, and other surface wounds. They are then ready to be assembled into the pack, which locks the plates into position for the explosion. To build a pack, the stronger and thicker of two plates is laid face up, from now on this plate will be identified as the backer.

这磨光的过程也清除锈迹，氧化物和其他金属板表面的伤口。然后，金属板可以用于组装复合板，即锁定金属板在爆炸焊接时的位置。组装金属复合板时，将两块板中，较强和较厚的那块面朝上。从现在起，这块板称为基板。

Small metal spacers of equal height then are tacked on the surface of the backer and a uniform grid. These spacers will maintain a set gap between the backer and the second plate, which is placed on top. The second plate is thinner than the backer, and is called cladder.

然后，将同样高度的金属定位卡加在基板的上面，并沿网格均匀分布。这些金属定位卡将基板和放在基板之上的第二块板隔开一层缝隙。第二块比基板薄，称为复板。

The standard of gap between backer and cladder is less than an inch height, yet without it the explosion weld would be impossible.

基板和基板之间的标准间隙不足一英寸。但没有它，爆炸焊接是不可能的进行的。

DMC uses the explosive powder that is proprietary blend of common and unique explosive chemicals, the amount and exact formulation is always matched to the types of metals involved. Once the pack is set, the explosion is initiated at one end of the cladder, and moves across the upper level of the pack at a uniform speed. This explosive front progressively drives cladder plate downward toward the backer, at slight collision angle caused by the standoff gap.

DMC使用的火药是普通和独特的易爆化学品的独特混合。所用化学品的数量和确切配方都与焊接中涉及的金属类型相匹配。一旦复合板设定好，从腹板的一端开始引爆，爆炸沿复合板的上层匀速前进，穿越整个复合板。爆炸前沿以极小的碰撞角逐步将复板向下推向基板。这个极小的碰撞角是由间隔缝隙造成的。

Forward the collision point, air is forced out of gap at high velocity. All oxides and impurities are expelled. Rendering the plate surface is metallurgically pure and ideal for weld.

在碰撞点之前，空气以极高的速度从缝隙中排出。所有的氧化物和杂质被清除干净。

As the backend collide, the weld is created nearly instantaneously across the entire surface of the plate.

随着两板尾端碰撞，整个表面的焊接几乎瞬间完成。

Not surprisingly, the power of explosion can cause significant deformation to the newly formed cladder. Therefore, upon its return to the processing facilities, the cladder undergoes a final series of corrections.

毫不奇怪，巨大的爆炸力量可以引起刚建成的复板严重的变形。因此，复板返回加工基地时，要经历一系列最后修正。

These include heating the cladder in an oven that causes the metals to soften instantly. This relieves stress from the blend force of explosion’s impact；any bowing or misshape curves are flattened out by either 3 million pound press, or it’s in the cladder, by a series of rollers, known as levelers.

这些修正包括在烘箱加热让金属软化瞬间，以消除爆炸融合引起的应力；用三百万磅的压力压平任何弯曲或曲变；或者用校平辊校正复板内的变形。

Finally before the plates are shipped, string testing is conducted to ensure solid weld between the two plates. Once the plates have been tested to meet the exact specs, it is ready to be shipped to customer.

最后，在发送复合板之前，我们进行严格的测试，以确保两块板牢固的焊接在一起。一旦复合板满足具体的规格，复合板已经准备就绪等着发给客户。

wastes from the manufacture, formulation, supply and use (MFSU) of acids 这句话要怎么翻译

在生产、配置、供给和使用酸性物质的过程中所产生的废料/浪费。

至于是废料还是浪费，就要根据上下文来进行判断和取舍了。

希望对您有所帮助~