中文翻译成英文

Visual sensor in the application of computer vision gradually, popularization and application of digital camera calibration is quite important. According to the characteristics of digital cameras, puts forward a new method of calibrating. According to the state of a digital camera, make sure that the internal parameter matrix, then the image through acquisition of the external parameter matrices. Firstly established the geometry model, camera imaging and this model is decomposed into inside and outside parameter matrix are described in detail within the matrix digital camera parameters of each yuan confused is corresponding to solve their physical parameter and the principle and method, so as to establish internal parameter matrix. The external parameters is derived, and the formula of matrix and the corresponding solving methods are introduced, the solution of the corresponding parameter matrices external physical parameters through real face shows that this method is of high precision, and quite convenient program.

选我拉

请问CSocket 类中的 OnReceive()的参数

CAsyncSocket::OnReceive

Called by the framework to notify this socket that there is data in the buffer that can be retrieved by calling the Receive member function.

virtual void OnReceive(

int nErrorCode

);

Parameters

nErrorCode

The most recent error on a socket. The following error codes apply to the OnReceive member function:

0 The function executed successfully.

WSAENETDOWN The Windows Sockets implementation detected that the network subsystem failed.

Remarks

For more information, see Windows Sockets: Socket Notifications.

Example

void CMyAsyncSocket::OnReceive(int nErrorCode) // CMyAsyncSocket is

// derived from CAsyncSocket

{

static int i=0;

i++;

TCHAR buff[4096];

int nRead;

nRead = Receive(buff, 4096);

switch (nRead)

{

case 0:

Close();

break;

case SOCKET_ERROR:

if (GetLastError() != WSAEWOULDBLOCK)

{

AfxMessageBox ("Error occurred");

Close();

}

break;

default:

buff[nRead] = 0; //terminate the string

CString szTemp(buff);

m_strRecv += szTemp; // m_strRecv is a CString declared

// in CMyAsyncSocket

if (szTemp.CompareNoCase("bye") == 0 ) ShutDown();

}

CAsyncSocket::OnReceive(nErrorCode);

}

急求翻译

翻译完了我发给你

In recent years, Micro Air Vehicle has become a research hotspot, whose interests cover dynamics, biology, mechanics, material science, control theory, energy technology and advanced manufacturing and other disciplines. Among them, one of the key issues is aerodynamics problems of MAV under low Reynolds number conditions.

Based on application of numerical solution of incompressible N-S equations, we studied two-dimensional flapping airfoil plate vibration parameters’ effects on the aerodynamic characteristics. Summary of previous study on flapping airfoil plate vibration was done first and we ****yzed the main features of vibration-wing issues. Then, the movement function and numerical calculating methods of two-dimensional vibrating wing was ****yzed and derived, and verification was also carried out to determine the correctness of these methods. Later in this paper, we chosen a set of parameters, namely amplitude y0, frequency n, flip the wing vibration limit position αu, vibration wing turn limit position αd, the time difference Δt, rotational axis of Mx0 and the value of velocity V∞, as a typical example and its aerodynamic characteristics were ****yzed, which verified some of the unsteady mechani** to obtain large lift and thrust forces.

Finally, a single variable method was applied to study the impact of various flapping parameters of the vibrating wing on the aerodynamic characteristics and possible causes of aerodynamic characteristics on the parameters variation was ****yzed, also tips for the optimization of flapping parameters were given as follows: within a certain range, if the amplitude y0 increased, larger lift and thrust forces can be obtained. However, if the amplitude is too large, , it is not good to produce high lift force; we should choose the vibrating frequency as large as possible for the purpose of increasing the lift and thrust forces on the condition that driving machine and mechanical strength of vibrating wing are allowed; we can also increase the value of αd and decrease the value of αu to obtain larger lift and thrust forces, but αu should be greater than 14 °, which will weak the unsteady mechani**s, since increasing of the value of αd or decreasing of the value of αu can increase the values of the lift and thrust forces; when Δt = 0.1T, the absolute value of the lift force coefficients and drag force coefficients would reach their the maximum, therefore, Δt = 0.1T should be taken as soon as possible to get a larger lift and thrust forces; with the increasing of V∞ the lift force increases ,also the resistance to forward flight increases, thus we should make a reasonable choice based on actual flow rate value; turning axle should be deployed within the range of 1/6c to 1/3c to obtain larger lift and thrust forces.

用英文解释正弦波谐振电路的电路组成和原理

我原来就想直接把网址弄下来，但是BD不让我发。说我的内容里有广告~~

这是我自己找的，里面有很多的公式，没办法粘过来，你自己琢磨琢磨，看看是什么公式

RLC circuit

An RLC circuit (also known as a resonant circuit, tuned circuit, or LCR circuit) is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C), connected in series or in parallel. This configuration forms a harmonic oscillator.

Tuned circuits have many applications particularly for oscillating circuits and in radio and communication engineering. They can be used to select a certain narrow range of frequencies from the total spectrum of ambient radio waves. For example, AM/FM radios with ****og tuners typically use an RLC circuit to tune a radio frequency. Most commonly a variable capacitor is attached to the tuning knob, which allows you to change the value of C in the circuit and tune to stations on different frequencies.

An RLC circuit is called a second-order circuit as any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second-order differential equation for circuit ****ysis.

Configurations

Every RLC circuit consists of two components: a power source and resonator. There are two types of power sources – Thévenin and Norton. Likewise, there are two types of resonators – series LC and parallel LC. As a result, there are four configurations of RLC circuits:

Series LC with Thévenin power source

Series LC with Norton power source

Parallel LC with Thévenin power source

Parallel LC with Norton power source.

It is relatively easy to show that each of the two series configurations can be transformed into the other using elementary network transformations – specifically, by transforming the Thévenin power source to the equivalent Norton power source, or vice versa. Likewise, each of the two parallel configurations can be transformed into the other using the same network transformations. Finally, the Series/Thévenin and the Parallel/Norton configurations are dual circuits of one another. Likewise, the Series/Norton and the Parallel/Thévenin configurations are also dual circuits.

[edit] Similarities and differences between series and parallel circuits

The expressions for the bandwidth in the series and parallel configuration are inverses of each other. This is particularly useful for determining whether a series or parallel configuration is to be used for a particular circuit design. However, in circuit ****ysis, usually the reciprocal of the latter two variables is used to characterize the system instead. They are known as the resonant frequency and the Q factor respectively.

[edit] Fundamental parameters

There are two fundamental parameters that describe the behavior of RLC circuits: the resonant frequency and the attenuation (or, alternatively, the damping factor). In addition, other parameters derived from these first two are discussed below.

[edit] Resonant frequency

The undamped resonant frequency of an RLC circuit (in radians per second) is given by

In the more familiar unit hertz (or cycles per second), the resonant frequency becomes

Resonance occurs when the complex impedance ZLC of the LC resonator becomes zero:

Both of these impedances are functions of angular frequency ω:

Setting the magnitude of the impedance to be zero at ω = ω0 and using j2 = − 1:

[edit] Attenuation

The attenuation α is defined as

for the series RLC circuit, and

for the parallel RLC circuit.

[edit] Damping factor

The damping factor ζ is the ratio of the attenuation α to the resonant frequency ω0 :

for a series RLC circuit, and:

for a parallel RLC circuit.

It is sometimes more convenient to use the damping factor, which is dimensionless, instead of the attenuation factor, which has dimensions of radians per second, to ****yze the properties of a resonant circuit.

[edit] Minimizing the attenuation for oscillator circuits

For applications in oscillator circuits, it is generally desirable to make the attenuation (or equivalently, the damping factor) as **all as possible. In practice, this objective requires making the circuit's resistance R as **all as physically possible for a series circuit, or alternatively increasing R to as much as as possible for a parallel circuit. In either case, the RLC circuit becomes a good approximation to an ideal LC circuit.

Alternatively, for applications in bandpass filters, the value of the damping factor is chosen based on the desired bandwidth of the filter. For a wider bandwidth, a larger value of the damping factor is required (and vice versa). In practice, this requires adjusting the relative values of the resistor R and the inductor L in the circuit.

[edit] Derived parameters

The derived parameters include bandwidth, Q factor, and damped resonance frequency.

[edit] Bandwidth

The RLC circuit may be used as a bandpass or band-stop filter by replacing R with a receiving device with the same input resistance. In the Series case the bandwidth (in radians per second) is

Alternatively, the bandwidth in hertz is

The bandwidth is a measure of the width of the frequency response at the two half-power frequencies. As a result, this measure of bandwidth is sometimes called the full-width at half-power. Since electrical power is proportional to the square of the circuit voltage (or current), the frequency response will drop to at the half-power frequencies.

[edit] Damped resonance

The damped resonance frequency can be expressed in terms of the undamped resonance frequency and the damping factor. If the circuit is underdamped, meaning

or equivalently

then we can define the damped resonance as

In an oscillator circuit

.

or equivalently

.

As a result

.

See discussion of underdamping, overdamping, and critical damping, below.

[edit] Circuit ****ysis

[edit] Series RLC with Thévenin power source

In this circuit, the three components are all in series with the voltage source.

Series RLC Circuit notations:

v - the voltage of the power source (measured in volts V)

i - the current in the circuit (measured in amperes A)

R - the resistance of the resistor (measured in ohms = V/A);

L - the inductance of the inductor (measured in henrys = H = V·s/A)

C - the capacitance of the capacitor (measured in farads = F = C/V = A·s/V)

q - the charge across the capacitor (measured in coulombs C)

Given the parameters v, R, L, and C, the solution for the charge, q, can be found using Kirchhoff's voltage law. (KVL) gives

For a time-changing voltage v(t), this becomes

Using the relationship between charge and current:

The above expression can be expressed in terms of charge across the capacitor:

Dividing by L gives the following second order differential equation:

We now define two key parameters:

and

Substituting these parameters into the differential equation, we obtain:

or

[edit] Frequency domain

The series RLC can be ****yzed in the frequency domain using complex impedance relations. If the voltage source above produces a complex exponential wave form with complex amplitude V(s) and angular frequency s = σ + iω , KVL can be applied:

where I(s) is the complex current through all components. Solving for I(s):

And rearranging, we have at

[edit] Complex admittance

Next, we solve for the complex admittance Y(s):

Finally, we simplify using parameters α and ωo

Notice that this expression for Y(s) is the same as the one we found for the Zero State Response.

[edit] Poles and zeros

The zeros of Y(s) are those values of s such that Y(s) = 0:

and

The poles of Y(s) are those values of s such that . By the quadratic formula, we find

Notice that the poles of Y(s) are identical to the roots λ1 and λ2 of the characteristic polynomial.

[edit] Sinusoidal steady state

If we now let s = iω....

Taking the magnitude of the above equation:

Next, we find the magnitude of current as a function of ω

If we choose values where R = 1 ohm, C = 1 farad, L = 1 henry, and V = 1.0 volt, then the graph of magnitude of the current i (in amperes) as a function of ω (in radians per second) is:

Sinusoidal steady-state ****ysis

Note that there is a peak at imag(ω) = 1. This is known as the resonant frequency. Solving for this value, we find:

[edit] Parallel RLC circuit

Parallel RLC Circuit notations:

V - the voltage of the power source (measured in volts V)

I - the current in the circuit (measured in amperes A)

R - the resistance of the resistor (measured in ohms = V/A);

L - the inductance of the inductor (measured in henrys = H = V·s/A)

C - the capacitance of the capacitor (measured in farads = F = C/V = A·s/V)

The complex admittance of this circuit is given by adding up the admittances of the components:

The change from a series arrangement to a parallel arrangement has some very real consequences for the behaviour. This can be seen by plotting the magnitude of the current . For comparison with the earlier graph we choose values where R = 1 ohm, C = 1 farad, L = 1 henry, and V = 1.0 volt and ω in radians per second:

Sinusoidal steady-state ****ysis

There is a minimum in the frequency response at the resonant frequency .

A parallel RLC circuit is a example of a band-stop circuit response that can be used as a filter to block frequencies at the resonance frequency but allow others to pass.

英语句子求翻译

一个Texture（可能是结构的意思，具体要联系上下文）是一个二维的或者多维立体投影的图片和一系列的参数，它可以决定怎样从图片中抽取样品。

求助机械文献翻译第二篇

The estimated cutting force and the feedrate are the controlled output and the control input, respectively. Three control strategies are employed for the turning force control. 估计的切削力和进刀速度分别是受控的输出和控制输入。对于车削力的控制采用了三种控制策略。The first strategy is based on the PI controller which is designed from a nominal dynamic model.第一种策略基于比例积分（PI）控制器，它是由标称动态模型设计的。 The second strategy for the turning force control adopts a variable gain adaptive control using the estimated cutting force. 第二种用于车削力控制的策略采用一种可变增益自适应控制，它是利用估计的切削力。In this case the estimated force signal is considered as the true value and used for identifying the model parameters. 在这种情况下，估计的切削力信号被看作是真实的值，并被用于鉴别模型的参数。The adaptive control with constraint approach is used to improve the stability and the performance. 有限制的自适应控制（ACC）法可用于改善稳定性和性能。

A fuzzy logic controller (FZC) is designed for the last control strategy because the dynamic relation between the cutting force and the feedrate is too complex to be described in a nominal model. （我们）设计了一台模糊逻辑控制器（FZC）用于第三种控制策略，因为切削力和进刀速度之间的动态关系太复杂了，以致无法用通常的模型加以描述。The fuzzy logic rule is designed based on a series of the cutting tests and is formed into the standard PI fuzzy control.模糊逻辑的规则根据一系列切削实验设计，并被形成为标准的PI模糊控制。 All three control strategies as well as the synthesized cutting force monitor are constructed into a computer integrated CNC lathe. 所有这三种控制策略以及合成的切削力监控器都被构建到一台集成计算机的CNC车床上。For each control strategy, the control performance is compared between using the measured cutting force and using the estimated cutting force signals.对于每一种控制策略来说，都在两种情况下进行了对比，一种是采用了实测的切削力，另一种是采用的估计切削力信号。3.CUTTING FORCE MONITORING

3. 切削力监控

On-line and real-time information of the cutting force signal is the key factor for the turning force control. 切削力信号的在线信息和实时信息是车削力控制的关键因素。A cutting force monitoring system based on the AC spindle drive was presented before by the authors [4]. 作者以前已介绍过一种基于AC（交流）主轴传动的切削力监控系统【4】。They derived a dynamic model of the AC spindle drive and estimated the cutting force on-line using the measured power signal. 它们能在线利用实测的功率信号，导出AC主轴传动的动态模型和估计的切削力。Even if their estimation results at the steady state coincide with the measured signals within 3% error, the estimated force at the transient state showed a time lag of about 0.3 second. 即使它们在稳态下的估计结果与实测信号的一致性在3％的误差以内，但在瞬态时的估计切削力呈现约0.3秒的时间滞后。The time lag in sensing the controlled variable is the serious limitation for the control performance. 在传感受控变量中的时滞对控制性能是严重的限制。It turns out that the time lag is mainly due to the time delay of the measured output power signal, which, in turn, results in the time delay in the output torque of the AC motor because the motor torque is calculated simply by dividing the output power by the motor speed. 其结果是，时滞主要是由于实测输出功率信号的时间延迟引起的，它反过来导致AC电机输出转矩的时间延迟，因为电机转矩是将输出功率除以电机速度来计算的。

In this section, a new synthesized cutting force monitoring method is proposed to improve the transient estimation performance. 在本小节中，提出了一种新的合成的切削力监控方法，以改善瞬态估计性能。Because the main reason for the time lag is the insufficient sensing of the motor output power, another method to quickly obtain the motor torque is pursued using the AC motor characteristics. 因为时滞的主要原因是对电机输出功率传感的不充分，所以（我们）寻求另一种利用AC电机特性迅速获得电机转矩的方法。

Calculation Of The Motor Output Torque

电机输出转矩的计算

The output torque of the AC induction motor is activated due to the interaction between the stators's rotating magnetic field and the rotor's inducted currents and can be expressed in terms of the rotor input power and the synchronous speed. AC感应电机的输出转矩是由于定子的旋转磁场和转子的感生电流之间相互作用而引起的，而且可以用转子输入功率和同步转速来表达。where w, is the synchronous speed of the AC motor. The rotor input power is the difference between the electrical input power and the power losses in the stator windings.式中，W为AC电机的同步转速。转子输入功率是输入电功率和定子绕组中功率损耗之差值。

问题补充：For the delta-connected balanced load, the phase voltage is equal to the line voltage but the line current should be divided by ,13 to obtain the phase current.对于三角形连接的平衡负荷来说，相位电压等于线路电压，但线路电流应除以13才能得到相位电流。 In general, the input power of the AC motor can be obtained in terms of the root-mean-square values of the phase voltage and the phase current.一般来说，AC电机的输入功率可以用相位电压和相位电流的均方根值得到。It is assumed that the spindle motor rotates at the constant speed in turning process and the slip ratio is close to zero except at the moment when the cutting starts. 我们假设，主轴电机在车削过程中以恒定的转速旋转，除了在切削开始的瞬间，滑移率接近于零。Thus the output torque of Eq (l) can be approximated as().where wM is the motor speed. When the cutting starts or when the calculated electric power in Eq (2) increases abruptly, the slip ratio should be taken care of in Eq (1) instead of Eq.因此，式（1）的输出转矩可以近似为（……）.式中，mW是电机转速。当切削开始时，或者式（2）中计算的电功率突然增加时，式（1）中而不是式（×）

中的滑移率应予以注意。