英语翻译

Yu from the water to Noah's Ark to see differences between Eastern and Western cultures

From the ancient civilization of mankind's struggle with the floods began. Whether China's water Yu legend story of Noah's Ark or the West, are described in the ancient primitive era and the beginning of the flood fight. However, in the face of the flood disaster, not only to sum up the father of Yu gun embankment waterproof learn from the failure of river dredging, excavating channels, and "they are Lei Cha to the public for the first, or floods for 13 years, three homes have been without "Finally appeared in" Nine is very careful, not only spending nine Ze, Zhu Xia Yian "(" Historical Records c****s "), the situation has become popular of the Chinese nation through the ages, knows the mouth with approbation. In the West, known as "the Bible" recorded in the story of Noah's Ark: Noah by God's revelation of God in the world to punish the evil, we should flood the world and the human destruction before the construction of a ship, and all the family The male and female animals, all taken on board a pair, survived the flood disaster. Two stories in the East and West, down through the ages, lasting, the accumulation of their civilization, full of the differences between Eastern and Western cultures, the interpretation of the colorful culture of the world.

Dayu water and Noah's Ark reflects the different Chinese and Western cultures of the world. Noah by God's revelation, by God's Ark to escape the drop to the people of the disaster, while Yu and floods as a natural phenomenon, and lead the people along the way with ease to defeat the floods; Noah also left a seed of human reproduction, But also to human beings to repent their sin God has provided a precedent, and Yu is left of humanity and nature in harmony with the struggle of thinking. This is fundamentally both embodied in the world is, the difference of world view. In China, the origin of the universe in general and development of health as a natural course of action is always flooded, and the people of the universe is an integral part of people to adapt to the flow of the universe, that is, "Heaven and Man . " It is this world view, so that the flood waters Dayu, the best use of the situation, not to "block" and "Shu", so that our ancient Xian Di desert east to west along the river to the sea basin of water in people's struggle to form a pool together A great nation, casting a great era of water, creating a kind of ancient oriental civilization. In the West, but an attempt to find a universe there is absolutely no change, and there is no such departure from the provisions of the basic nature of all things. Western civilization as the source of one of the Jewish - Christian theology, God took the time and as the creator of all things, God saved Noah, so as to the interpretation of Western civilization.

Dayu water and Noah's Ark embodies the core of Chinese and Western cultures - and the sound radical, Yuedong and demure, ****ysis and synthesis of differences. In the face of humanity "evil", to take God's way is to destroy humanity. This breakthrough in the balance of the original made the leap and a new mutation, is a prominent feature of Western culture. Thus reflected in the philosophical and full of restless Xiasi in the literature on praise for the spirit of the knight, in the spirit of artistic publicity campaigns and masculine beauty. In the way of thinking is reflected in the one-sided driving, a philosopher of language is split into two, in the same difference. Therefore, God as a whole, without the need to think only they can end to human reproduction, philosophers, thinkers, only around a focus, to be able to get to the bottom of casting his own theory building to form their own school, and, as well as Feng Qi ideas, theories One after another, represents the typical characteristics of Western culture - Analysis. The contrast, in the face of floods, China's ancient Xiandi have fought, Yu finally "block" and "Shu" thinking about the contradictions found in the approach to water management and use at the time of the original range of knowledge and skills The success of water. This combination of Oriental culture typical features of an integrated thinking, the accumulation of the oriental culture to the core of a stable and demure, a philosopher of language is combined with the differences in order. Thus the whole concept of Chinese philosophy Nianshenrijiu, indifferent to the Ming Chinese culture, the truth became quiet Zhi Yuan, China's gentle aesthetic beauty to become advocates. It is like the depths of the sea, beautiful coral, sea grass of Piaoye as well as the leisure marine fish, with the choppy sea, a demure pose a colorful picture. This is the realm of the oriental culture.

Dayu water and Noah's Ark in the West reflects the view of the ethical and moral differences. Two stories on the surface to form the evacuation of the West, the East to divert flood water ideological differences, and then look through the surface reflects the culture of the West about natural rights, stressed the individual-based, the main publicity, and more emphasis on Oriental Culture Zhi-li, speaking and human relations based collective responsibility for the difference. In the story of Noah's Ark in although no Noah's struggle for human traces, they can see the building of the ark carefully planned, he felt seize the opportunity and perseverance of the main building of the ship, he learned that the use of external conditions To cope with the crisis in order to gain advantages strain of thinking. Western culture in the long-term development of the democratic culture of ancient Greece thought, to the development of the Renaissance to the extreme, and strong color to describe the pursuit of personality independence, the liberation of personality, the emphasis on individuali** screen. Regard to the rise of Western culture, the talent, track record; on the other hand, the result of ideological confusion, the unlimited expansion of individuali**, forming self-expression values of individuali**. Dayu water and the spirit of carrying forward from generation to generation, China has been cultivating self-examination, self-discipline, from the collective selfishness of the starting ceremony of governance and re-thinking of the meaning of light profit culture, Chinese people formed a modest, courteous, and heavy social responsibility of the fine traditional culture. This long-term culture of accumulation and the formation of Chen Yi-chung, Fucizaixiao, Fuchangfusui Confuciani** outside the law within the social structure and human relations responsibilities, on the one hand, guarantee the harmonious relations among people, promote national unity and social Stability, so that the large extension of the Millennium nation, but on the other hand, the imprisonment of human individuality and creativity of the play is not conducive to democratic ideals and democratic system. In addition, the Western emphasis on the relationship between hu**and and wife horizontal, vertical re-orient each other by blood. Xie Qi Noah to avoid water, and Yu is the succession of his father, then married to a four-day water, but also reflected the closure of the East and West with the opening of the ideological and cultural characteristics.

The formation of the East-West cultural differences are many reasons for the difference is the colorful. Noah's Ark Water and Yu showed us the beautiful landscape of Eastern and Western cultures, the differences between Eastern and Western cultures lead us to the source, we are inspired by Chinese and Western thinking about the nature and essence, we have to learn from each other, each other, "abandoned." "Demure" China's traditional culture and "Yue Dong," the Western culture matched so that the responsibility of the East and the West thought the right to go in order to generate the colorful picture of human civilization.

口语话题：how to improve our memory 100个单词左右

General guidelines to improve memory

In addition to exercising your brain, there are some basic things you can do to improve your ability to retain and retrieve memories:

Pay attention. You can’t remember something if you never learned it, and you can’t learn something — that is, encode it into your brain — if you don’t pay enough attention to it. It takes about eight seconds of intent focus to process a piece of information through your hippocampus and into the appropriate memory center. So, no multitasking when you need to concentrate! If you distract easily, try to receive information in a quiet place where you won’t be interrupted.

Tailor information acquisition to your learning style. Most people are visual learners; they learn best by reading or otherwise seeing what it is they have to know. But some are auditory learners who learn better by listening. They might benefit by recording information they need and listening to it until they remember it.

Involve as many senses as possible. Even if you’re a visual learner, read out loud what you want to remember. If you can recite it rhythmically, even better. Try to relate information to colors, textures, **ells and tastes. The physical act of rewriting information can help imprint it onto your brain.

Relate information to what you already know. Connect new data to information you already remember, whether it’s new material that builds on previous knowledge, or something as simple as an address of someone who lives on a street where you already know someone.

Organize information. Write things down in address books and datebooks and on calendars; take notes on more complex material and reorganize the notes into categories later. Use both words and pictures in learning information.

Understand and be able to interpret complex material. For more complex material, focus on understanding basic ideas rather than memorizing isolated details. Be able to explain it to someone else in your own words.

Rehearse information frequently and “over-learn”. Review what you’ve learned the same day you learn it, and at intervals thereafter. What researchers call “spaced rehearsal” is more effective than “cramming.” If you’re able to “over-learn” information so that recalling it becomes second nature, so much the better.

Be motivated and keep a positive attitude. Tell yourself that you want to learn what you need to remember, and that you can learn and remember it. Telling yourself you have a bad memory actually hampers the ability of your brain to remember, while positive mental feedback sets up an expectation of success.

Convince yourself that you do have a good memory that will improve. Too many people get stuck here and convince themselves that their memory is bad, that they are just not good with names, that numbers just slip out of their minds for some reason. Erase those thoughts and vow to improve your memory. Commit yourself to the task and bask in your achievements -- it's hard to keep motivated if you beat yourself down every time you make a little bit of progress.

Keep your brain active. Regularly “exercising" the brain keeps it growing and spurs the development of new nerve connections that can help improve memory. By developing new mental skills—especially complex ones such as learning a new language or learning to play a new musical instrument—and challenging your brain with puzzles and games you can keep your brain active and improve its physiological functioning. Try some puzzle exercises everyday such as word cross, sudoku and some other games as easy to put into your mobile phone and practise it maybe once for 30 minutes per day.

Exercise daily. Regular aerobic exercise improves circulation and efficiency throughout the body, including in the brain, and can help ward off the memory loss that comes with aging. Exercise also makes you more alert and relaxed, and can thereby improve your memory uptake, allowing you to take better mental “pictures."

Reduce stress. Chronic stress, although it does not physically damage the brain, can make remembering much more difficult. After prolonged stress the brain will be damaged. Stressful situations are recognized by the hypothalamus, which in turn signals the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secreted adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)which influences the adrenal glands to secrete ********** and later cortisol(corticosteroids). The corticosteroids can weaken the blood-brain barrier and damage the hippocampus(the memory center). Ironically, the hippocampus controls the secretion of the hormone released by the hypothalamus through a process of negative feedback. After chronic stress it will be damaged and it will not be as efficient in regulating the degenerative corticosteroids and memory will be harmed. Neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) indeed exists in the hippocampus but stress inhibits it. To recapitulate and synthesis, chronic stress will affect your health and your memory, it will damage the brain so the best option is to learn to control stress. Stress will never be eliminated, but it definitely can be controlled. [;id=19510]Even temporary stresses can make it more difficult to effectively focus on concepts and observe things. Try to relax, regularly practice yoga or other stretching exercises, and see a doctor if you have severe chronic stress as soon as possible.

Eat well and eat right. There are a lot of herbal supplements on the market that claim to improve memory, but none have yet been shown to be effective in clinical tests (although **all studies have shown some promising results for ginkgo biloba and phosphatidylserine). A healthy diet, however, contributes to a healthy brain, and foods containing antioxidants—broccoli, blueberries, spinach, and berries, for example—and Omega-3 fatty acids appear to promote healthy brain functioning. Feed your brain with such supplements as Thiamine, Vitamin E, Niacin and Vitamin B-6. Grazing, eating 5 or 6 **all meals throughout the day instead of 3 large meals, also seems to improve mental functioning (including memory) by limiting dips in blood sugar, which may negatively affect the brain.

Take better pictures. Often we forget things not because our memory is bad, but rather because our observational skills need work. One common situation where this occurs (and which almost everyone can relate to) is meeting new people. Often we don’t really learn people’s names at first because we aren’t really concentrating on remembering them. You’ll find that if you make a conscious effort to remember such things, you’ll do much better. One way to train yourself to be more observant is to look at an unfamiliar photograph for a few seconds and then turn the photograph over and describe or write down as many details as you can about the photograph. Try closing your eyes and picturing the photo in your mind. Use a new photograph each time you try this exercise, and with regular practice you will find you’re able to remember more details with even shorter glimpses of the photos.

Give yourself time to form a memory. Memories are very fragile in the short-term, and distractions can make you quickly forget something as simple as a phone number. The key to avoid losing memories before you can even form them is to be able to focus on the thing to be remembered for a while without thinking about other things, so when you’re trying to remember something, avoid distractions and complicated tasks for a few minutes.

Create vivid, memorable images. You remember information more easily if you can visualize it. If you want to associate a child with a book, try not to visualize the child reading the book – that's too simple and forgettable. Instead, come up with something more jarring, something that sticks, like the book chasing the child, or the child eating the book. It's your mind – make the images as shocking and emotional as possible to keep the associations strong.

Repeat things you need to learn. The more times you hear, see, or think about something, the more surely you’ll remember it, right? It’s a no-brainer. When you want to remember something, be it your new coworker’s name or your best friend's birthday, repeat it, either out loud or silently. Try writing it down; think about it.

Group things you need to remember. Random lists of things (a shopping list, for example) can be especially difficult to remember. To make it easier, try categorizing the individual things from the list. If you can remember that, among other things, you wanted to buy four different kinds of vegetables, you’ll find it easier to remember all four.

Organize your life. Keep items that you frequently need, such as keys and eyeglasses, in the same place every time. Use an electronic organizer or daily planner to keep track of appointments, due dates for bills, and other tasks. Keep phone numbers and addresses in an address book or enter them into your computer or cell phone. Improved organization can help free up your powers of concentration so that you can remember less routine things. Even if being organized doesn’t improve your memory, you’ll receive a lot of the same benefits (i.e. you won’t have to search for your keys anymore).

Try meditation. Research now suggests that people who regularly practice "mindfulness" meditation are able to focus better and may have better memories. Mindfulness (also known as awareness or insight meditation) is the type commonly practiced in Western countries and is easy to learn. Studies at Massachusetts General Hospital show that regular meditation thickens the cerebral cortex in the brain by increasing the blood flow to that region. Some researchers believe this can enhance attention span, focus, and memory.

Sleep well. The amount of sleep we get affects the brain's ability to recall recently learned information. Getting a good night's sleep – a minimum of seven hours a night – may improve your short-term memory and long-term relational memory, according to recent studies conducted at the Harvard Medical School.

Build your memorization arsenal. Learn pegs, memory palaces, and the Dominic System. These techniques form the foundation for mnemonic techniques, and will visibly improve your memory.

Venture out and learn from your mistakes. Go ahead and take a stab at memorizing the first one hundred digits of pi, or, if you've done that already, the first one thousand. Memorize the monarchs of England through your memory palaces, or your grocery list through visualization. Through diligent effort you will eventually master the art of memorization.

What is memory? Simply put, memory is the mental activity of recalling information that you have learned or experienced. That simple definition, though, covers a complex process that involves many different parts of the brain and serves us in disparate ways.

Memory can be short-term or long-term. In short-term memory, your mind stores information for a few seconds or a few minutes: the time it takes you to dial a phone number you just looked up or to compare the prices of several items in a store. Such memory is fragile, and it’s meant to be; your brain would soon read “disk full” if you retained every phone number you called, every dish you ordered in a restaurant, and the subject of every ad you watched on TV. Your brain is also meant to hold an average of seven items, which is why you can usually remember a new phone number for a few minutes but need your credit card in front of you when you’re buying something online.

Long-term memory involves the information you make an effort (conscious or unconscious) to retain, because it’s personally meaningful to you (for example, data about family and friends); you need it (such as job procedures or material you’re studying for a test); or it made an emotional impression (a movie that had you riveted, the first time you ever caught a fish, the day your uncle died). Some information that you store in long-term memory requires a conscious effort to recall: episodic memories, which are personal memories about experiences you’ve had at specific times; and semantic memories (factual data not bound to time or place), which can be everything from the names of the planets to the color of your child’s hair. Another type of long-term memory is procedural memory, which involves skills and routines you perform so often that they don’t require conscious recall.

Certain areas of the brain are especially important in the formation and retention of memory:

The hippocampus, a primitive structure deep in the brain, plays the single largest role in processing information as memory.

The amygdala, an almond-shaped area near the hippocampus, processes emotion and helps imprint memories that involve emotion.

The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain, stores most long-term memory in different zones, depending on what kind of processing the information involves: language, sensory input, problem-solving, and so forth.

In addition, memory involves communication among the brain’s network of neurons, millions of cells activated by brain chemicals called neurotran**itters.

自己再组织组织，希望有所帮助

帮忙翻译一篇关于阿凡达的英文简介

Plot

In A.D. 2154,[8] the story’s protagonist, Jake Sully (Sam Worthington), is a former U.S. Marine who was wounded and paralyzed from the waist down in combat on Earth. Jake is selected to participate in the Avatar program, which will enable him to walk. Jake travels to Pandora. This world is a lush and sentient-inhabited jungle-covered satellite of Polyphemus, one of three gas giants that orbit Alpha Centauri A,[8] 4.3 light years from Earth.

Pandora's biosphere is filled with incredible life forms, some beautiful, many terrifying. This world is also home to the Na’vi, a sentient humanoid race, who are considered primitive, yet are more physically capable than humans. Standing three meters tall (approximately 10 feet), with tails and sparkling blue skin, the Na’vi live in harmony with their unspoiled world. As humans encroach deeper into Pandora's forests in search of valuable minerals, the Na’vi unleash their formidable warrior abilities to defend their threatened existence.

Jake has unwittingly been recruited to become part of this encroachment. Since humans are unable to breathe the air on Pandora, they have created genetically-bred human-Na’vi hybrids known as Avatars. On Pandora, through his Avatar body, Jake will be able to walk again. Sent deep into Pandora's jungles as a scout for the soldiers that will follow, Jake encounters many of Pandora's beauties and dangers. There he meets a young Na’vi female, Neytiri (Zoe Saldaña).

Over time, Jake integrates himself into the Na'vi clan, and begins to fall in love with Neytiri. As a result, Jake finds himself caught between the military-industrial forces of Earth and the Na’vi, forcing him to choose sides in an epic battle that will decide the fate of Pandora.

在未来世界，人类为取得潘朵拉星球的矿产资源，开启了阿凡达计画。用人类与纳美人的DNA混血培养出以人类意志思维控制的阿凡达，以利在星球生存活动，并采寻位於纳美人村落千万美金的矿产输送回地球。受伤后以轮椅代步的前海军陆战队员杰克（Jake，山姆·沃辛顿饰），自愿接受实验并以他的阿凡达来到潘朵拉星球。然而，杰克在与纳美人接触且结识了奈蒂莉（Neytiri，柔伊·莎达娜饰）后，却面临人类与纳美人之间的抉择，开展一段英雄探索与救赎的旅程……。[4]

[编辑] 演员

六年级的 100~200词的英语小故事

The Old Grandfather and His Grandson 祖父和孙子

从前有个很老很老的老人,眼睛花,耳朵也背,双膝还不住地发抖.每当他坐在餐桌前吃饭时,汤匙也握不稳,常常把菜汤撒在桌布上,汤还会从嘴边流出来.儿子和媳妇都嫌弃他,老人只好躲到灶后的角落里吃饭.他们给他一只瓦盆,把饭菜盛到里面给他吃,而且每顿饭都不给老人吃饱.老人很伤心,常常眼泪汪汪地看着桌子.

Once upon a time there was a very, very old man. His eyes had grown dim, his ears deaf, and his knees shook. When he sat at the table, he could scarcely hold a spoon. He spilled soup on the tablecloth, and, beside that, some of his soup would run back out of his mouth.

了,瓦盆掉到地上打碎了.儿媳妇没完没了地训斥他,老人一声不吭,只是不住地叹气.他们於是花了几分钱买来一只木碗给老人吃饭用

His son and his son’s wife were disgusted with this, so finally they made the old grandfather sit in the corner behind the stove, where they gave him his food in an earthenware bowl, and not enough at that. He sat there looking sadly at the table, and his eyes grew moist. One day his shaking hands could not hold the bowl, and it fell to the ground and broke. The young woman scolded, but he said not a word. He only sobbed. Then for a few hellers they bought him a wooden bowl and made him eat from it.

后来有一天,老人的儿子和媳妇正坐在那儿吃饭,四岁的小孙子在把地上的碎木片拾掇到一起.

Once when they were all sitting there, the little grandson of four years pushed some pieces of wood together on the floor.

"你这是干甚么呢?"父亲问.

"What are you making?" asked his father.

"我要做一只木碗,等我长大了,让爸爸妈妈用它吃饭."

"Oh, I’m making a little trough for you and mother to eat from when I’m big."

听到这话,儿子和媳妇对视了一会儿,最后哭了起来.他们立刻将老人请到桌边,让他从此和他们一起吃饭,即使老人泼了点甚么,他们也不再说什么了.

The man and the woman looked at one another and then began to cry. They immediately brought the old grandfather to the table, and always let him eat there from then on. And if he spilled a little, they did not say a thing.

The early years has a rightness of young men the matrimony in Alaska place in the United States, growing after getting married, his wife dies because I am difficult to produce, leaving one kid.

His favour life, and then be occupied in watching the house, because no one helps to look after child, train a dog, that dog cleverness obedient, can look after a kid, bite 著 milk bottle to nurse with milk to drink for kid, bring up a kid.

One day, the host go out go to, call it look after a kid.

He arrived another country, can't come back on that day because of meeting heavy snow.The second genius rush through to go home, the dog hears noise to greet host immediately.He opens an of doors to see, is a blood everywhere, raise head on hoping, is also a blood on the bed, the kid is missing, the dog is nearby and readily ising also a blood, the host discover this kind of situation, think the dog goes into action, eating up a kid, having a fit under, picked up knife come to once the 著 dog's head split, killing a dog.

Hear the kid's voice after and suddenly, and then see him descend to climb to come out from the bed, the 於 is to start to embrace a kid;Although the body contain blood, do not get hurt.

He is very strange, don't know to is what happened actually, seeing again a dog body, the meat of the leg had no, having a wolf side, the inside of still bites the meat of dog;The dog saved little host, but was killed one by mistake by the host, this was really the most astonishing misconstruction of world.

Note:Misunderstand of matter is a person usually Be doing not understand, have no rational, impatience, be in need of a thinking and can not make allowance for the other party in many ways, self-reflection oneself, the affection extremely excites of circumstance under take place.

Misunderstand in the beginning, namely always thoughted of the other party of thousand wrong ten thousand wrong;Therefore will make to misunderstand to sink more more deep, make not

人生哲理故事之二《钉子》

有一个男孩有著很坏的脾气，于是他的父亲就给了他一袋钉子；并且告诉他，每当他发脾气的时候就钉一根钉子在后院的围篱上。

第一天，这个男孩钉下了37根钉子。慢慢地每天钉下的数量减少了。

他发现控制自己的脾气要比钉下那些钉子来得容易些。

终于有一天这个男孩再也不会失去耐性乱发脾气，他告诉他的父亲这件事，父亲告诉他，现在开始每当他能控制自己的脾气的时候，就拔出一根钉子。

一天天地过去了，最后男孩告诉他的父亲，他终于把所有钉子都***了。

父亲握着他的手来到后院说：你做得很好，我的好孩子。但是看看那些围篱上的洞，这些围篱将永远不能回复成从前。你生气的时候说的话将像这些钉子一样留下疤痕。如果你拿刀子捅别人一刀，不管你说了多少次对不起，那个伤口将永远存在。话语的伤痛就像真实的伤痛一样令人无法承受。

注：人与人之间常常因为一些彼此无法释怀的坚持，而造成永远的伤害。如果我们都能从自己做起，开始宽容地看待他人，相信你一定能收到许多意想不到的结果....帮别人开启一扇窗，也就是让自己看到更完整的天空....

French Enlightenment thinkers cloth closure once said: "Genius is the long-term persistence." Our country has a well-known mathematician Hua said: "The governance of knowledge, to do research work, we must persevere ... ..." Indeed, no matter what we do, it is necessary to the success of perseverance and the spirit of perseverance are essential.

Darwin, such as day two studies biology, irrespective of the waves in the wind urgent investigation of ocean-going ship, or the primitive conditions at the laboratory, he has always been persistent, finally found the laws of biological evolution. Mendeleev have in all aspects of the research object to him, the study still insist, and finally developed a complete periodic table. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction have put forward, the discovery of the laws of Mendelian inheritance, which is not the same as the result of long-term persistence? It can be seen, where in science are making up with the spirit of perseverance.

Scientific research in the case, The same is true of other aspects. Goethe-sixties perseverance and finally to create a giant macro chapter for "Faust"; Beethoven after hearing persistent, and ultimately create a great "Symphony of destiny"; it can be seen, whether in the scientific, literary, artistic or any other aspect, it is necessary to the success of perseverance are essential.

Such a person, a nation, a country even more so. Eight-year war, the Chinese people always persevere, even in the most difficult times did not give up, eventually defeated the invaders, and achieved victory.

To sum up, no matter who, no matter what, to be successful we must persevere, we are also students. The primary school stage, our main task is to study the knowledge, to acquire new skills. As Marx said, "In science there is no flat on the road to go", and so in the course of our study, the spirit of perseverance is essential. It can be said that a student, in order to score in the study made, it is necessary to persevere in the pursuit of knowledge; a student, only the pursuit of knowledge with a spirit of perseverance in order to succeed in learning.

Students, when you difficult to live a successful mix of pace, when the failure of progressive ambition hurt you, when the burden of weight when you breathless, not to retreat, not to give up, do not hesitate, we must persevere, because only insist can lead to unremitting success.

法国启蒙思想家布封曾说过：“天才就是长期的坚持不懈。”我国著名数学家华罗庚也曾说：“治学问，做研究工作，必须持之以恒……”的确，无论我们干什么事，要取得成功，坚持不懈的毅力和持之以恒的精神都是必不可少的。

达尔文二十年如一日研究生物学，无论在风急浪高的远洋考察船上，还是在条件简陋的实验室里，他始终坚持不懈，最终发现了生物进化的规律。门捷列夫在各方面人士都反对他的研究的情况下，仍坚持研究，终于制定了完备的元素周期表。还有法拉第电磁感应定律的提出，孟德尔遗传规律的发现，哪一样不是长期坚持不懈的结果?由此可见，凡在科学上有所建树者都是具有持之以恒的精神的。

科学研究如此，其它方面也是如此。歌德六十年坚持不懈，最终创作出了宏篇巨作《浮士德》;贝多芬失聪后依然坚持不懈，最终创作出了伟大的《命运交响曲》;由此可见，无论是在科学、文学、艺术或是其它任何方面，要取得成功，坚持不懈的毅力都是必不可少的。

一个人如此，一个民族、一个国家更是如此。八年抗战，中国人民始终坚持不懈，即使在最困难的时刻也未放弃，最终打败了侵略者，取得了胜利。

综上所述，无论什么人，无论干什么，要取得成功就必须坚持不懈，我们学生也是如此。小学阶段，我们的主要任务是学习知识，掌握技能。正如马克思所说，“在科学上没有平坦的大路可走”，因此，在我们学习的过程中，坚持不懈的精神就是必不可少的。可以这么说，一个学生，要想在学习上取得成绩，就必须对知识坚持不懈的追求;一个学生，只有具备了坚持不懈追求知识的精神，才能在学习上取得成功。

同学们，当困难拌住你成功脚步的时候，当失败挫伤你进取雄心的时候，当负担压得你喘不过气的时候，不要退缩，不要放弃，不要裹足不前，一定要坚持下去，因为只有坚持不懈才能通向成功。

希望对你有帮助

急求关羽英文简介！！！！！！

The historical Guan Yu

Early life

Guan Yu was born in the county of Xie (解, a subdistrict of present day Yuncheng, Shanxi). The year of his birth is not found in historical records, but according to a 1680 stele in a temple worshipping Guan Yu in his hometown, as well as a biography of Guan Yu written in 1756, Guan Yu's birth year is estimated to be 160.

Guan Yu fled his hometown at the age of twenty-three after slaying a local bully named Lü Xiong (吕熊). Five years later, he arrived in Zhuo Commandery (涿郡, present day Zhuozhou, Hebei), where Liu Bei was recruiting a force to heed the government's call to resist the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Together with Zhang Fei, Guan Yu joined Liu Bei and fought against the rebel forces in northern China. For his efforts Liu Bei was appointed governor of Pingyuan County (平原). Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were also made commanders and given their own divisions of troops. According to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, the three men slept on the same bed and treated one another like brothers. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei also followed Liu Bei wherever he went, and protected him from danger however perilous the situation

In 199 Liu Bei assassinated the governor of Xuzhou (徐州) appointed by the rising warlord Cao Cao and placed Guan Yu in control of the regional capital Xiapi, while he returned to Xiaopei (小沛). Cao Cao soon retaliated, personally leading a campaign east to reclaim Xuzhou. Liu Bei fled to seek refuge under Yuan Shao, a powerful warlord further north, but Xiapi was captured and Guan Yu surrendered to Cao Cao. Cao Cao treated Guan Yu with respect and even made him a deputy general.

Short service under Cao Cao

In 200, Yuan Shao mustered an army boasting 100,000 in strength and marched on Xuchang, the new capital and base city of Cao Cao. To ensure a safe crossing of the Yellow River, Yuan Shao sent his trusted general Yan Liang to attack Baima (白马, northeast of present day Huaxian, Henan) as a diversionary tactic. In a counter-tactic, Cao Cao moved his main force westwards along the Yellow River, diverting Yuan Shao's army in the same direction, but sent Guan Yu and Zhang Liao east to relieve the attack on Baima. Upon reaching Baima, Guan Yu saw from afar the standard on Yan Liang's chariot and urged his mount towards the latter. He speared Yan Liang amid the enemy troops, and brought back his severed head. Thus Yuan Shao lost an important lieutenant and the siege of Baima was unravelled. Guan Yu was then enfeoffed as Marquis1 of Hanshou (汉夀亭侯).

After doing Cao Cao this favor, Guan Yu declined further gifts from the former. Leaving behind a letter, he left for his former lord, who was still in the camp of Yuan Shao. When some of his subordinates wanted to pursue Guan Yu, Cao Cao stopped them, saying, "To each his own."

Capture of Jingzhou

After Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao at the decisive Battle of Guandu, Liu Bei went south to seek shelter under Jingzhou (荆州) governor Liu Biao, who soon died of sickness. Cao Cao took the opportunity to expand his control south and seized a great part of Jingzhou north of the Yangtze River, but Liu Bei escaped south and formed a coalition with Sun Quan, a powerful warlord controlling most of southeastern China. The coalition defeated Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs and Jingzhou was reclaimed. Guan Yu was promoted to General Who Purges Rebels (荡寇将军) and made governor of Xiangyang (but he was stationed in Jiangling), in charge of the defense of northern Jingzhou.

In 213, Liu Bei left for Yizhou (present day Sichuan) and took over the region two years later, staying there ever since. In 219, Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong (汉中王) and promoted Guan Yu to General of the Front (前将军), ranked first among the top five generals under his service (popularly known as the Five Tiger Generals, among whom were Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Ma Chao and Huang Zhong).

Downfall

In the same year Guan Yu attacked Fancheng (樊城, present day Xiangfan, Hubei), a city near Xiangyang which was defended by Cao Ren, a trusted general and cousin of Cao Cao. A long spell of rainfall as autumn came around flooded the Han River next to the city, which greatly aided Guan Yu. The flood drowned the majority of the relief troops Cao Cao sent, while their commanders, Yu Jin and Pang De, were both captured by Guan Yu. However, a further relief force under Xu Huang successfully repelled the invaders. When Guan Yu returned to Jiangling, he found that traitors Mi Fang (麋芳) and Shi Ren (士仁) had surrendered the city to Sun Quan, with whom Liu Bei's relations had soured.

With many of his troops deserted, Guan Yu attempted to retreat west to reunite with Liu Bei. However, he was encircled by Sun Quan's forces west of Maicheng (麦城, southeast of present day Dangyang, Hubei) and captured along with his son Guan Ping. Both were executed. Sun Quan sent Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao (in an attempt to lay blame on Cao Cao), who buried the body with the honors befitting a marquis. Guan Yu was given the posthumous title of Marquis Zhuangmou (壮缪侯).

In 223, Liu Bei attempted a campaign to recapture Jingzhou and avenge Guan Yu, which culminated in his decisive defeat at the Battle of Yiling. Guan Yu's son Guan Xing and grandson Guan Tong both served as military commanders in the Kingdom of Shu. According to the Record of Shu (蜀记) by Wang Yin (王隐), after the Kingdom of Wei conquered Shu in 263, Guan Yu's entire household was massacred by Pang Hui, son of Pang De who was executed by Guan Yu at the Battle of Fancheng.

Note

1 The title of marquis was divided into three grades during the late Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period. These are, in ascending order of prestige, tinghou (亭侯), xianghou (乡侯) and xianhou (县侯). Guan Yu's was the first.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a historical novel based on the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms period. Written by Luo Guanzhong more than a millenium after the Three Kingdoms period, the novel incorporates many popular folklore and opera scripts into the character of Guan Yu, making him one of the most altered and aggrandized in the book. Significant incidents that deviate from true history include:

Brotherhood sworn in the garden of peach blossoms

One of the most well-known story from the novel, found in the first chapter, it speaks of Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei who, having met by chance in the county of Zhuo in 188, found that all three shared the same desire to serve the country in the tumultuous times. They swore to be brothers the next day in Zhang Fei's backyard, which was a garden full of peach blossoms. Liu Bei was ranked the eldest, Guan Yu the second, and Zhang Fei the youngest. Having done this, they recruited more than 300 local men and joined the resistance against Yellow Turban rebels.

In true history, the three did not swear brotherhood. The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms says the three often shared a bed, and treated one another as brothers. Guan Yu was also a year older than Liu Bei, not younger.

The peach blossom oath inspired the present day secret societies in Chinese communities, such as the Triad, to use a similar ritual when swearing in new members. "Though not born on the same day of the same month in the same year, we hope to die so" 钬?the phrase the three borthers made during the oath 钬?had also become popular among the present day secret society members.

Slaying Hua Xiong

In Chapter 5, warlords around the country formed a coalition against Dong Zhuo, the tyrannical warlord and minister who held the puppet Emperor Xian hostage in the capital Luoyang. Guan Yu and his sworn brothers were then serving in the camp of Gongsun Zan, a warlord from northern China who was also in the coalition.

Dong Zhuo placed Hua Xiong at the Sishui Pass to ward off the attack. Having singlehandedly slain four generals of the coalition – Bao Zhong (鲍忠), Zu Mao (祖茂), Yu She (俞涉) and Pan Feng (潘凤) – Hua Xiong seemed indomitable. Despite mistrust from many leaders of the coalition, Guan Yu, who was a mere horsed archer then, volunteered to duel Hua Xiong. Cao Cao, one of the eighteen coalition leaders, poured Guan Yu a cup of hot wine but the latter declined, claiming he would soon return. Within moments Guan Yu truly reappeared with Hua Xiong's head in hand, while the wine was still warm!

In true history Hua Xiong was executed after his force was defeated by Sun Jian at Yangren (阳人).

Surrender to Cao Cao

In Chapter 25, Cao Cao attacked Liu Bei's position in Xuzhou (徐州). The defeated Liu Bei escaped to seek refuge in the camp of Yuan Shao, a powerful warlord in the north. Guan Yu, along with two wives of Liu Bei, was besieged in the city of Xiapi. Taunting outside the city walls, Cao Cao's general Xiahou Dun managed to draw Guan Yu out. As he pursued his enemy far from the city gate, Guan Yu found his retreat cut off by the invading troops. He then made a stand on top of a nearby knoll, but the city was already taken

Zhang Liao, another general under Cao Cao who was an old friend of Guan Yu, then came unarmed up the knoll. He tried to persuade Guan Yu to surrender using reason. Guan Yu agreed, but with three conditions: that the surrender was to the Han emperor and not Cao Cao; that the two wives of Liu Bei were to be suitably provided for and protected; and that all three would leave to seek Liu Bei once they found out his whereabouts. These conditions were agreed to and Guan Yu finally surrendered without breaking the code of loyalty. Cao Cao was very pleased and showered Guan Yu with many gifts, including Red Hare, a top-grade steed previously owned by the warrior Lü Bu.

According to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, both Guan Yu and family members of Liu Bei were captured after Xiapi was fallen, though it was not stated in any known historical records that Guan Yu made the three conditions of surrender. The gift of Red Hare was probably also fabricated later.

Slaying Yan Liang

Also in Chapter 25, Cao Cao confronted Yuan Shao on the shores of the Yellow River. To ensure a safe crossing south, Yuan Shao sent a diversionary force east under his trusted general Yan Liang to attack Baima (白马, northeast of present day Huaxian, Henan). Cao Cao drew a 50,000-strong army and came personally to defend Baima. As the two armies made their stands across the plain, Cao Cao sent out Song Xian and Wei Xu to duel with Yan Liang, but both were slew within bouts. As suggested by advisor Cheng Yu (程昱), Cao Cao then sent for Guan Yu.

The next day, as Yan Liang's army lined up on the battlefield, Guan Yu sat with Cao Cao on a hillock and looked down. From afar he saw Yan Liang sitting on a chariot under the army standard. Leaping onto the Red Hare, Guan Yu galloped straight into the enemy ranks, which broke before him like waves before a swift vessel. Before Yan Liang could react, he was struck down by his nemesis. Guan Yu severed Yan Liang's head, tied it to the neck of his steed and rode back unhindered.

In true history Cao Cao did not participate personally in the Battle of Baima but rather led his main force westwards along the Yellow River to draw Yuan Shao in the same direction. Guan Yu and Zhang Liao were then sent to defend Baima against Yan Liang's division.

Slaying Wen Chou

In Chapter 26, following the death of Yan Liang in Guan Yu's hands, Wen Chou, another trusted general of Yuan Shao, volunteered to avenge his close friend. Leading 100,000 troops, Wen Chou crossed the Yellow River and came for Cao Cao's camp. In an unusual move, Cao Cao turned his entire formation around, placing the supplies in front. While Wen Chou's soldiers made an easy task robbing the supplies, Cao Cao directed his men south onto a knoll, from where they allowed their horses to graze. Wen Chou's soldiers pounced upon the horses as they approached the knoll and became disorganized. Cao Cao then gave the order for a counterattack, forcing the enemies to retreat.

Zhang Liao and Xu Huang immediately gave chase. Wen Chou fired two arrows from atop his horse, one of which cut off the feather on Zhang Liao's helmet and the other hit Zhang Liao's horse in the face. With his poleaxe, Xu Huang came for Wen Chou but had to retreat when a band of enemy soldiers came to their commander's rescue. Leading a dozen riders, Guan Yu cut off Wen Chou's escape and engaged in a duel with the enemy. Within three bouts, Wen Chou withdrew and attempted to evade. However, Guan Yu's Red Hare was of a superior breed and soon caught up. Guan Yu then slew Wen Chou from behind.

It was not stated in historical records whether Wen Chou was killed by Guan Yu in battle, only that Wen Chou's force was defeated and himself was killed.

Crossing five passes and slaying six warriors

Another of the most popular stories surrounding Guan Yu, this tale speaks of the loyal man's hazardous journey to reunite with his lord and sworn brother Liu Bei, who was residing in Yuan Shao's camp. The five passes mentioned in fact only consist of two bona fide passes 钬?Dongling and Sishui 钬?while the rest were two cities and a guarded ferry point.

The story began late in Chapter 26 where, having found out the whereabouts of Liu Bei some time after the slaying of Wen Chou, Guan Yu prepared to leave Xuchang along with Liu Bei's two wives. Unable to keep the determined general, Cao Cao forbade his subjects from pursuing Guan Yu.

Riding beside the horse carriage carrying his sisters-in-law, Guan Yu set off for Luoyang. However, he was stopped at Dongling Pass (东岭关, south of present day Dengfeng, Henan) by the pass defender Kong Xiu (孔秀), who refused passage for the former without a document from Cao Cao. Guan Yu had no choice but to slay Kong Xiu in a duel and force through the pass.

Having crossed the first pass, Guan Yu arrived outside Luoyang. The city governor Han Fu (韩福) drew a thousand troops and blocked the city gate. Han Fu's aide Meng Tan (孟坦) came forward to duel Guan Yu. Within bouts, Meng Tan retreated in an attempt to draw Guan Yu into a trap, but Guan Yu's horse was fast and Meng Tan was slashed into halves before he could escape. However, Han Fu had already taken aim and fired an arrow at Guan Yu, who was struck in the left arm. Plucking the arrow out from the bleeding wound, Guan Yu then came for Han Fu and cleaved him clean below the shoulders.

Having dressed his wound, Guan Yu was anxious to move on. The company moved through the night to arrive at Sishui Pass (汜水关, north of present day Xingyang, Henan). The pass defender, Bian Xi, laid 200 men in ambush in a temple outside the pass, while he went out to meet Guan Yu. Having won the trust of the latter, Bian Xi then invited Guan Yu to a feast in the temple hall. One of the monks, who was also from the county of Xie, hinted the danger to his fellow townsfolk. The ambush then failed and Guan Yu slew the scheming Bian Xi and left for Xingyang (荥阳).

Wang Zhi (王植), the governor of Xingyang, attempted a similar scheme. Feigning kindness towards Guan Yu, Wang Zhi led the company to a relay station to settle for the night. He then ordered his deputy Hu Ban (胡班) to draw a thousand troops to surround the station and burn it. Curious about how the famed Guan Yu looked like, Hu Ban decided to go into the station to take a peek. Guan Yu heard him and asked who he was, whereupon he learnt that Hu Ban was the son of Hu Hua (胡华), an old villager who had given Guan Yu's company lodging early in the journey. Guan Yu then passed Hu Ban a letter from his father, which told of the loyal and upright man Guan Yu was, whereupon Hu Ban divulged Wang Zhi's plot, and opened the city gate for Guan Yu to escape. However, Wang Zhi soon caught up and came for Guan Yu with his spear poised. Guan Yu spun around and cleaved him in half.

Trudging along, the company finally arrived at the ferry point on the southern shore of the Yellow River. Qin Qi (秦琪), the defender of the crossing, met a similar fate as his colleagues who dared challenge Guan Yu. Within a bout, Guan Yu severed Qin Qi's head with a sweep of his sabre. Thus the company finally crossed the Yellow River and came to Yuan Shao's territory, though, unknown to them, Liu Bei had by then already moved to Runan (汝南).

Throughout Guan Yu's escape, he also encountered Zhang Liao and Xiahou Dun, who eventually did not resist him much as Cao Cao kept wavering between his orders to stop Guan Yu or to let him go. At the end of his departure, Guan was to meet Zhang Fei, who, against the advice of others, was infuriated with Guan for having defected and picked up his spear to fight him. Guan was unprepared for this but after several bouts, Guan managed to convince Zhang that he was still true to their brotherhood.

Releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail

In Chapter 50, after the fire started burning his ships at the Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao gathered all the men he could and escaped towards the city of Jiangling. Under instruction from advisor Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu led 500 foot soldiers and lay in wait along the Huarong Trail, a narrow shortcut in the woods leading to Jiangling. Prior to leaving, Guan Yu had duly sworn an oath not to allow Cao Cao passage over past favours from the warlord.

On the other hand, Cao Cao had come to a fork in the road during his perilous escape. Columns of **oke were seen rising from the narrower path. Cao Cao judged that the **oke was a trick of the enemy to divert him to the main road, where an ambush must have been laid. He then led his men towards the narrow path - the Huarong Trail.

The **oke was indeed a trick by Zhuge Liang. Grasping Cao Cao's psychology exactly, however, Zhuge Liang had meant to direct him to the Huarong Trail, where Guan Yu with his men were waiting. Upon being cut off, Cao Cao rode forward and appealed to Guan Yu to remember his kindness in former days. Seeing the plight of the defeated men and recalling the former favors he received from Cao Cao, Guan Yu eventually allowed the enemy to pass through without challenge, despite his previous oath. Upon returning, Guan Yu pleaded guilty and would have been executed at the order of Zhuge Liang if not for Liu Bei's intercession

One day, the famed physician Hua Tuo came by a boat from the east and went to see Guan Yu, who was playing a game of go with advisor Ma Liang. After examining the wound, Hua Tuo told Guan Yu he had to cut open the flesh and scrape off the residual poison on the surface of the bones. He also suggested that the patient place the injured arm through a ring fixed to a pillar to prevent movement in the absence of anaesthesia, and that blindfold be applied. However, Guan Yu requested that the primitive surgery be performed on the spot, while he continued the game. Those around him cringed at the sound of the knife scraping the bone, but Guan Yu ate and drank, talked and laughed as if he did not feel any pain, presumably not to affect the morale of his army.

Within moments, the treatment was completed. Hua Tuo applied some medications to the wound and sewed it up. Guan Yu laughed and praised the skills of the physician, for the arm felt no more pain. Hua Tuo then left without accepting any reward.

The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms did record a similar incident, though the physician was not named. Also, the injury was sustained on the left arm instead of the right at an unspecified time.

Enlightenment on Yuqian Hill

In Chapter 77, after Guan Yu was beheaded by Sun Quan, lord of the Kingdom of Wu, his spirit roamed the land, crying, "Give me back my head!" Thus he came to Yuquan Hill (玉泉山) outside Dangyang County (present day city of Dangyang, Hubei), where he met the same monk who saved his life at the temple outside Sishui Pass many years ago during his journey t