Asses**ent of Groundwater Vulnerability

Matthias Hinderer

Darmstadt University of Technology,Institute of Applied Geosciences,Schnittspahnstr.9,64287 Darmstadt,Germany

1　General aspects

The protection of water resources,under quantitative and qualitative aspects,is one of the most urgent problems in the world-wide.Groundwater is sensitive against pollution by various chemicals from human activities via seepage through the soil and unsaturated zone.However,not all groundwater is endangered to the same degree,e.g.the rocks of an aquifer may directly reach the earth surface or they may be covered by more or less impermeable layers.The concept of groundwater vulnerability tries to classify these differences.

To protect groundwater and water supply systems against pollution a survey of the nature and status of the groundwater system as well as recommendations to decision-makers for environmental and infrastructure planning,agricultural and industrial management practices,potential danger of water resources to be contaminated,remediation measures,and scenarios for the future must be undertaken.The survey of a groundwater system with respect to its pollution involve:（i）Asses**ent of susceptibility against pollution,（ii）Behaviour of pollutants in the subsurface,（iii）Screening and long-term monitoring of groundwater quality,and（iv）Identification of sources of potential pollution.Decisions have to be made with respect to（i）Land use planning,（ii）Agricultural management practice,（iii）Remediation techniques,and（iv）Future scenarios.

The principle of sustainability aims to primarily protect groundwater against pollution be-fore it may reach wells and drinking water extraction areas.Therefore,asses**ent of the susceptibility of groundwater against pollution,i.e.the danger to be contaminated is the major task of this concept.This principle is not completely new in the sense that drinking water wells in industrialised countries have been protected by various concepts of protection zones since several decades.Protection zones are defined by estimated travel times of contaminants and restrictions to land use increase with decreasing distance to the extraction zone（see contribution Prof.Balke“Water protection zones”）.The concept of groundwater vulnerability is more universal and not connected to groundwater exploitation.Instead,a large number of environmental information is used to assess groundwater vulnerability for large areas（more and more entire river basins and states）and on a long-term perspective.Recently,this comprehensive principle of water protection also has become part of the EU framework directive of water and is increasingly applied in developing countries.

2　Definition and application

Individual environmental parameters and processes can enhance or reduce the negative impact of pollutants on groundwater.Just as man-made filtering device can be overloaded,so can the natural filtering capacity of soil and groundwater.The concept to define the susceptibility and filtering capacity of the groundwater system is called vulnerability.Physical,chemical,and biological processes in the soil,unsaturated zone,and saturated zone control the mobility or decay of dissolved pollutants（details see e.g.“Mobility of heavy metals in soils,groundwater,and surface water”）.

One can distinguish between：

（1）Intrinsic vulnerability,which only considers geogenic and natural process-es.Parameters under consideration are geological-lithological（infiltration and percolation zones）,morphological（surface forms）,geochemical（binding conditions of soil,composition of pollutants）,physical（adhesive and cohesive forces in soils）,and hydrogeological（surface and subterranean flow,flow direction and speed）.

（2）Specific vulnerability,which also consider the potential impact of human activities by adding temporal and/or economic aspects.Hereby,thresholds of an acceptable level of contamination（e.g.limiting values for drinking water quality,critical loads）may be defined.

The concept of specific vulnerability remains ambiguous because it mix up intrinsic characteristics with pollution risk.It is more useful to distinct between both aspects of groundwater pollution.In this sense the term vulnerability is better used in its restricted sense of intrinsic vulnerability.On the International Conference on“Vulnerability of soil and groundwater to pollutants”held in 1987 the following definition has been given in this sense（Duijvenbooden and Waegeningh,1987）:Groundwater vulnerability is the sensitivity of groundwater quality to an imposed contaminant load,which is determined by the intrinsic characteristics of the aquifer.

Thus defined,vulnerability is distinct from pollution risk.Pollution risk depends not only on vulnerability but also on the existence of significant pollutant loading entering the subsurface environment.It is possible to have high aquifer vulnerability but no risk of pollution,if there is no significant pollutant loading;and to have high pollution risk in spite of low vulnerability,if the pollutant loading is exceptional.Considerations on whether a groundwater pollution episode will result in serious threat to groundwater quality and thus to its water supply are not included in the proposed definition of vulnerability（Fig.1）.

Applications of the concept of vulnerability are:

（1）Water protection zones for drinking water wells，

（2）Regulation of agricultural soil treatment（e.g.fertilizers,pesticides,herbicides），

（3）Optimisation of groundwater monitoring，

（4）Risk asses**ent in city planning and new industrial developing areas，

（5）Risk asses**ent of contaminated sites，

Fig.1　Pollution path and asses**ent of pollution risk,intrinsic vulnerability,and specific vulnerability for groundwater

（5）Set-up of scenarios of groundwater pollution.

3 Methods

3.1　Hydrogeological system ****ysis

Until the late seventies,classified ****ogue maps have been evaluated to qualitatively assess groundwater vulnerability on a large scale.Several European countries published overview maps of groundwater vulnerability based on this concept.Geological maps and soil maps are reinterpreted in terms of permeability,thickness of unsaturated zone,and groundwater recharge rates.Nowadays,GIS techniques allow for a much more complex and resolved ****ysis of environmental data.

The qualitative ****ysis of the hydrogeological system is still useful to identify most relevant parameters and processes for further ****ysis.Especially for karst aquifers specific concepts have been developed,e.g.the COST action No.65“Hydrogeological aspects of groundwater protection in karst areas”of the European Union（COST-Action 65,1995）.Recently,a specific definition of protection zones in karst areas is used in Germany by the national surveys（Fig.2）.

Fig.2　Important components of the hydrogeological system ****ysis（after Magiera,2000）

3.2　Index methods and ****ogue relations

In the 1980ies,index methods and ****ogue relations have been developed to determine the decay behaviour of pesticides in soils.Based on a simplified transport equation using physical,chemical and pesticide-specific data the Attenuation Factor（AF）have been introduced by Rao et al.（1985）.In contrast to other indices it has widely used in case studies.A more general index,which is not related to a specific pollutant is the Aquifer Vulnerability Index（AVI）（van Stempvoort et al.1993）.It is based on the thickness and permeability of each sediment layer above the groundwater surface（“hydraulic resistance”）.Index methods are still in use for screening of agricultural areas but have been rarely verified（Fig.3）.

Fig.3　Important components of index methods and ****ogue relations（after Magiera,2000）

3.3 Point rating and matrix systems

Point rating and matrix systems have been developed for medium to large-scale areas.They are completely empirical and use a“general”pollutant.The parameters are selected according to their relevance for groundwater protection.A classification and ranking of these parameters lead to a final asses**ent of vulnerability.

Most parameters are related to the properties of the cover and groundwater.Because these methods only need a limited number of data they are often used for less surveyed areas.Among others the DRASTIC concept of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States is widely applied（Aller et al.1985）.Several official vulnerability maps of US states and also in the European Union（e.g.Portugal）use this concept.It is based on seven parameters:Depth to water,Recharge,Aquifer media,Soil media,Topography（slope）,Impact of vadose zone（hydraulic）,Conductivity of the aquifer.All these parameters are evaluated and ranked and four classes of vulnerability are formed.

In Germany the national surveys use point rating systems to evaluate the protection capacity of the cover（Holting et al.,1995）.Parameters under consideration are restricted to soil and rock proper-ties:thickness of covering layers（M）,rock type（G）,field capacity of the soil（B）,groundwater recharge（W）and presence of artesian（D）or perched（Q）groundwater.The parameters are evaluated by point rating and summed up.Groundwater recharge acts as a weighting factor.Five vulnerability classes from very low to very high are distinguished（Fig.4）.

Fig.4　Important components of point rating and matrix systems（after Magiera,2000）

3.4　Mathematical models

Nowadays,numerous mathematical models are available to simulate groundwater flow and contaminant transport.They have become a standard tool for **all-scale as well as large-scale groundwater management.Deterministic modelling of contaminant transport,however,needs a large data base,a careful field survey,and often also lab experiments（e.g.leaching experiments）.Thus,applications of sophisticated mathematical modelling of contaminant transport is usually restricted to intensively studied sites and dangerous point sources of contamination,e.g.contaminated industrial sites,waste deposits,oil spills.Some authors also consider diffuse groundwater pollution by combining groundwater models with models of contaminant leaching,unsaturated flow（e.g.nitrate,pesticides）or by coupling with point rating and matrix systems（e.g.DRASTIC）（Fig.5）.

Fig.5　Important components of mathematical models（after Magiera,2000）

3.5　Statistical methods

Statistical methods are increasingly used.They overcome the problem of selecting key parameters and allow for a much better documentation of uncertainties of data and methods.In order to do this,a complete digital data base is necessary,e.g.soil parameters,thickness of cover,permeabilities,hydrochemistry,environmental isotopes.Instead of defining arbitrarily artificial classes of groundwater vulnerability,probabilities and spatial correlations are calculated.Correlation of regionalized groundwater pollution data or environmental isotope data with data on soils,cover thickness and aquifer allow to verify the asses**ent and to extract control-ling parameters and temporal evolution.Several authors estimate groundwater vulnerability only from groundwater data,e.g.presence of tritium,nitrate concentrations,and specific groups of pollutants.Prerequisite is a dense monitoring network.Usually,data on soil and the geology of surface strata are easier to evaluate especially in developing countries（Fig.6）.

4　Examples of vulnerability maps

Nowadays,vulnerability maps are developed from a digital data base,which is managed in a GIS.The data necessary to create maps of intrinsic vulnerability include:

（1）Point information:wells and springs（lithology,permeability,hydrochemistry,isotopes etc.）

（2）Linear information:rivers,irrigation and drainage channels,etc.

Fig.6　Important components of statistical methods（after Magiera,2000）

（3）Areal information:geology,groundwater level,groundwater recharge,topography,soil,land use.

Point information might be regionalized and become areal data,e.g.permeability maps.（Fig.7）

Fig.7　Groundwater vulnerability map for the center of Berlin

5 Conclusions

The asses**ent of groundwater vulnerability is fundamental to any environmental planning and sustainable water management.Methods differ with respect to scale,selected parameters and processes,verification,pollutants,and data availability.Most definitions and methods follow the instrinsic properties of a groundwater system,which is mostly beyond human control,and do not specify the pollutant.In spite of the usefulness to evaluate vulnerability to pollution in relation to a particular class of pollutants,such as nutrients,organics,heavy metals,pathogens,etc.,generally there will be insufficient data available to perform specific vulnerability mapping.

In industrial countries numerous overview maps on various scales exist.They are particular useful for infrastructural,water resources and land use management and provide an important decision-making tool.In particular,recommendations or regulations for the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture,for the selection of sites for waste deposits,for the handling of dangerous substances,and for mining activities can be given by such maps.The vulnerability concept is part of the EU water directive,which is based on the principle of a comprehensive protection of all groundwater against any kind and intensity of contamination.For this purpose index methods,****ogue relations,point rating,and matrix systems are preferentially used which focus on the soil and unsaturated zone.

For point sources of contamination a pollutant and time-specific asses**ent of groundwater vulnerability is more appropriate.Here,mathematical and statistical models are preferentially applied which focus on the saturated zone.They are mostly verified and scenarios on pollution transport can be calculated by considering the residence time of contaminants,and natural attenuation processes.

References

[1]Aller L,Bennet T.,Lehr J.H.,and Petty,R.J.DRASTIC:a standardized system for evaluating groundwater pollution potential using hydrogeological settings,U.S.EPA Report 600/2-85/018.（1987）.

[2]COST-Action 65.Karstgroundwater protection.Final report-European Commission,Report EUR 16547 EN,（1995）,Brussels,Luxembourg.246 p.

[3]Duijvenbooden W.van and Waegeningh H.G.van.Vulnerability of soil and groundwater to pollutants.Proceedings and Information No.38 of the International Conference held in the Netherlands,in 1987,TNO Committee on Hydrological Research,Delft,The Netherlands.1987.

[4]Hölting B.,Haertle T.,Hohberger K.H.,Nachtigall K.H.,Villinger E.,Weinzierl W.,and Wrobel J.P.Konzept zur Ermittlung der Schutzfunktion der Grundwasserüberdeckung.Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe C,Heft（1995）,63:5～24.

[5]Magiera P.Methoden zur Abschätzng der Verschmutzungsempfindlichkeit des Grundwassers.-Grundwasser,2000,5:103～114.

[6]Rao P.,Hom**y A.and Jessur R.Inices for ranking the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater.Proc.Soil Crop Sci.Soc.Florida,1985,44:1～8.

[7]Stempvoort D.van,Ewert L.,Wassenaar L.Aquifer vulnerability index:A GIS-compatible method for groundwater vulnerability mapping.Canad.Water Res.J.,1993,18:25～37.

我证明了一道数学家都没证出来的奥数题，我该怎么安放这个论文？

一、下面这些国际数学杂志，您可以从网上找一下投稿信箱，把您的论文投过去。

Journal of the American Mathematical Society 美国数学会杂志

Annals of Mathematics 数学年报

Advances in Applied Mathematics 应用数学进展

Advances in Applied Probability 应用概率论进展

Advances in Computational Mathematics 计算数学进展

Advances in Mathematics 数学进展

Algebra Colloquium 代数学讨论会

Algebras and Representation Theory 代数和表示理论

American Mathematical Monthly 美国数学月刊

American Statistician 美国统计员

Annals of Applied Probability 应用概率论年报

Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 整体分析与几何学年报

Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 人工智能论题年报

Annals of Operations Research 运筹学研究年报

Annals of Probability 概率论年报

Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 抽象和应用逻辑年报

Annals of Statistics 统计学年报

Annals of The Institute of Statistical Mathematics 统计数学学会年报

Applicable Algebra in Engineering Communication and Computing 代数在工程通信与计算中的应用

Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 调和分析应用和计算

Applied Categorical Structures 应用范畴结构

Applied Mathematics and Computation 应用数学与计算

Applied Mathematics and Optimization 应用数学与最优化

Applied Mathematics Letters 应用数学快报

Archive for History of Exact Sciences 科学史档案

Archive for Mathematical Logic 数理逻辑档案

Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 理性力学和分析档案

Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 工程计算方法档案

Asymptotic Analysis 渐近线分析

Autonomous Robots 机器人

British Journal of Mathematical Statistical Psychology 英国数学与统计心理学杂志

Bulletin of The American Mathematical Society 美国数学会快报

Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 伦敦数学会快报

Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 变分法与偏微分方程

Combinatorics Probability Computing 组合概率与计算

Combustion Theory and Modeling 燃烧理论建模

Communications in Algebra 代数通讯

Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 当代数学通讯

Communications in Mathematical Physics 数学物理学通讯

Communications in Partial Differential Equations 偏微分方程通讯

Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation 统计通讯 – 模拟与计算

Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 纯数学与应用数学通讯

Computational Geometry-Theory and Applications 计算几何 - 理论与应用

Computational Optimization and Applications 优化计算与应用

Computational Statistics Data Analysis 统计计算与数据分析

Computer Aided Geometric Design 计算机辅助几何设计

Computer Physics Communications 计算机物理通讯

Computers Mathematics with Applications 计算机与数学应用

Computers Operations Research 计算机与运筹学研究

Concurrent Engineering-Research and Applications 共点工程 - 研究与应用

Conformal Geometry and Dynamics 投影几何与力学

Decision Support Systems 决策支持系统

Designs Codes and Cryptography 编码设计与密码系统

Differential Geometry and Its Applications 微分几何及其应用

Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 离散与连续动力系统

Discrete Applied Mathematics 应用离散数学

Discrete Computational Geometry 离散计算几何学

Discrete Event Dynamic Systems-Theory and Applications 离散事件动态系统 - 理论和应用

Discrete Mathematics 离散数学

Educational and Psychological Measurement 教育与心理测量方法

Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 工程边界元素分析

Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 遍历理论和动力系统

European Journal of Applied Mathematics 欧洲应用数学杂志

European Journal of Combinatorics 欧洲组合数学杂志

European Journal of Operational Research 欧洲运筹学杂志

Experimental Mathematics 实验数学

Expert Systems with Applications 专家系统应用

Finite Fields and Their Applications 有限域及其应用

Foundations of Computational Mathematics 计算数学基础

Fuzzy Sets and Systems 模糊集与模糊系统

Glasgow Mathematical Journal 英国格拉斯哥数学杂志

Graphs and Combinatorics 图论与组合数学

IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine IEEE机器人与自动化杂志

IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation IEEE机器人与自动化学报

IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics IMA应用数学学报

IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied in Medicine and Biology IMA数学在医药与生物中的应用杂志

IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis IMA数值分析学报

Information and Computation 信息与计算

Insurance Mathematics Economics 保险数学和经济学

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 国际工程数值方法杂志

International Journal of Algebra and Computation 国际代数和计算杂志

International Journal of Computational Geometry Applications 国际计算几何应用杂志

International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 国际计算机集成制造业国际杂志

International Journal of Game Theory 国际对策论国际杂志

International Journal of Mathematics 国际数学杂志

International Journal of Production Research 国际研究成果杂志

International Journal of Robotics Research 国际机器人研究杂志

International Journal of Systems Science 国际系统科学杂志

International Statistical Review 国际统计评论

Inverse Problems 反比问题

Journal of Algebra 代数学报

Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 代数组合数学学报

Journal of Algebraic Geometry 代数几何学报

Journal of Algorithms 算法学报

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 数学应用与力学学报

Journal of Applied Probability 应用概率杂志

Journal of Approximation Theory 近似值理论杂志

Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 组合最优化学报

Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B 组合理论学报B辑

Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series A 组合理论学报A辑

Journal of Computational Acoustics 声学计算杂志

Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications 计算分析与应用学报

Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 计算与应用数学杂志

Journal of Computational Biology 生物计算杂志

Journal of Computational Mathematics 计算数学学报

Journal of Computational Neuroscience 神经系统计算杂志

Journal of Computational Neuroscience 神经系统计算杂志

Journal of Differential Equations 微分方程组学报

Journal of Econometrics 计量经济学会会刊

Journal of Engineering Mathematics 工程数学学报

Journal of Functional Analysis 泛函分析学报

Journal of Geometry and Physics 几何学和物理学学报

Journal of Global Optimization 整体优化学报

Journal of Graph Theory 图论理论学报

Journal of Group Theory 群论理论学报

Journal of Lie Theory 展开理论杂志

Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 数学分析和应用学报

Journal of Mathematical Biology 数学生物学杂志

Journal of Mathematical Economics 数学经济学学报

Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 成像和视觉数学学报

Journal of Mathematical Physics 数学物理学的杂志

Journal of Mathematical Psychology 数学心理学杂志

Journal of Multivariate Analysis 多变量分析杂志

Journal of Nonlinear Science 非线性数学学报

Journal of Number Theory 数论学报

Journal of Operations Management 操作管理杂志

Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 纯代数与应用代数学学报

Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 统计规划和推论杂志

Journal of Symbolic Computation 符号计算学报

Journal of the London Mathematical Society-Second Series 伦敦数学会杂志 - 第二辑

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Statistical Methodology 皇家学会系列杂志B 辑-统计方法学

Journal of The Royal Statistical Society Series C-Applied Statistics 皇家学会系列杂志C - 应用统计

Journal of Theoretical Probability 概率理论杂志

K-Theory K-理论

Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 经济学和数学体系讲座

Lecture Notes on Mathematics 数学讲座

Letters in Mathematical Physics 数学物理学通讯

Linear Algebra and Its Applications 线性代数及其应用

Mathematical Biosciences 数理生物学

Mathematical Finance 数理财金学

Mathematical Geology 数理地质学

Mathematical Intelligencer 数学情报

Mathematical Logic Quarterly 数理逻辑学报

Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 数学应用学科

Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 运筹学研究

Mathematical Models Methods in Applied Sciences 数学模拟与应用方法

Mathematical Physics Electronic J 数学物理电子杂志

Mathematical Proceedings of the Society 数学学会学报

Mathematical Programming 数学规划

Mathematical Social Sciences 数学社会科学

Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 数学与电脑模拟

Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 数学与固体力学

Mathematics Archives 数学档案库

Mathematics Magazine 数学杂志

Mathematics of Computation 计算数学

Mathematics of Control Signals and Systems 控制信号系统数学

Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 美国数学会备忘录

Modem Logic 现代逻辑学

Nonlinear Analysis-Theory Methods Applications 非线性分析 - 理论与应用

Nonlinearity 非线性特性

Notices 短评

Numerical Algorithms 数字算法

Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 偏微分方程式数值方法

Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 牛津大学经济与统计快报

Potential Analysis 位势分析

Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 美国数学会会议录

Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 伦敦数学会会议录

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section A-Mathematics 英国爱丁堡皇家学会会议录A分册数学

Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 数学季刊

Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 数学与应用数学季刊

Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 应用数学季刊

Queueing Systems 排列系统

Random Structures and Algorithms 随机结构与算法

Reports on Mathematical Physics 数学物理学报告

Representation Theory 表示法理论

Robotics and Autonomous Systems 机器人技术和自动系统

Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 数学难题学报

Set-Valued Analysis 精点分析

Statistical Papers 统计学论文

Statistics Probability Letters 统计和概率通讯

Statistics and Computing 统计和计算

Stochastic Analysis and Applications 随机分析和应用

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Asses**ent 随机环境论研究和风险评估

Stochastic Processes and Their Applications 随机过程及其应用

Studies in Applied Mathematics 应用数学研究

The College Mathematics Journal 大学数学杂志

The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 组合数学电子期刊

Theory of Computing Systems 计算方法理论

Theory of Probability and Its Applications 概率理论及其应用程序理论

Topology 拓扑学

Topology and Its Applications 拓扑学及其应用

Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 美国数学会学报

Applied Numerical Mathematics《应用数值数学》荷兰，Elsevier Science

Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure《高等师范学校科学纪事》法国，Elsevier Science

Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis《应用和计算谐波分析》美国，Elsevier Science

Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry《商业与工业应用随机模型》英国，John Wiley

Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 《应用数学学报》荷兰，Kluwer Acdemic

Advances in Computational Mathematics《计算数学进展》荷兰，Kluwer Acdemic

Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence《数学与人工智能纪事》荷兰，Kluwer Acdemic

Annals of Operations Research《运筹学纪事》荷兰，Kluwer Acdemic出版社出版

Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics《统计数理研究所纪事》日本，Kluwer Acdemic

二、如果不能写英文，数学类中文核心期刊也可以投：

1 中国科学* 北京 中国科学杂志社

2 科学通报* 北京 中国科学杂志社

3 数学学报* 北京 北京科学院数学研究所

4 数学研究与评论* 大连 大连理工大学数学科学研究所

5 数学年刊* 上海 复旦大学数学研究所

6 应用数学学报* 北京 中国数学会

7 计算数学* 北京 中国科学院计算中心

8 数学进展* 北京 中国数学会

9 数学杂志 武汉 湖北省数学学会等

10 系统科学与数学* 北京 中国科学院系统科学研究所

11 应用数学 武汉 华中理工大学

12 应用概率统计* 上海 中国数学会概率统计学会

13 高等学校计算数学学报* 南京 南京大学数学系

14 高校应用数学学报* 杭州 浙江大学

15 系统工程理论与实践 北京 中国系统工程学会

16 数学的实践与认识 北京 北京大学数学科学学院

17 数学物理学报* 武汉 中国科学院武汉数学物理研究所

18 华东师范大学学报(自然科学 版) 上海 华东师范大学

19 运筹学学报 上海 中国运筹学会

20 工程数学学报 西安 西安交通大学

21 系统工程 长沙 湖南省系统工程学会

proceedings of the combustion institute是期刊还是会议

这个期刊是国际燃烧领域公认的顶级的期刊，国际燃烧大会的会议论文非常难中。

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute。这个杂志是国际燃烧学会的会刊，2年出一卷，文章也是从国际燃烧会议投稿中选出来的，平时都不接受投稿的。

期刊名 proceedings of the combustion institute 出版周期: 半年刊

中科院杂志分区 热力学分类下的 2 区期刊

近四年影响因子:

2013年度 2012年度 2011年度 2010年度

3.828 2.374 3.633 1.794

出版社或管理机构 杂志由 ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC 出版或管理。 ISSN号：1540-7489

杂志简介/稿件收录要求 Published by Elsevier Science. ISSN: 1540-7489.

The thirtieth Proceedings of the Combustion Institute represents a celebration of the advances (past, present and future) in key areas of combustion science. For 50 years, the Combustion Institute symposia have become firmly established as the premier forum to disseminate scientific and technical research in the combustion field. The Proceedings of the Combustion Institute commences with the 50th Anniversary Invited Lectures on the subjects of Combustion Theory and Modeling, Paradigms in Turbulent Combustion, Laser Diagnostics and Control, Chemical Kinetics, and Computational Combustion. The Anniversary Lectures are followed by fundamental combustion topics, applied technologies, and novel combustion concepts. Cumulative author, title, and subject indexes spanning the last two decades are appended to the end of the volumes to assist the reader in locating a particular author, paper, or subject of interest. This will prove an invaluable resource for the search and citation of combustion literature. Also included in this volume of the Proceedings of the Combustion Institute are extracts from the 50th Anniversary commemorative booklet on the founding and history of the Combustion Institute.