英文参考文献

;▲ the psychological constitute a crime

Haoyielao, seeking ease and comfort to enjoy "Pirates Liangqiang a" crime of subjective reasons. Loss of the moral, cultural dross is induced by the impact of "Pirates Liangqiang a" crime of objective reasons. Haoyielao, inertia, the desire for them to enjoy the pleasure-seeking in the minds of the rapid formation of a serious distortion of the concept of money, the consumption of deformity, decadent enjoy the optimi**, sense of shame, guilt decline, thus to meet the desires and a transgression Choi criminal activities. These are generally low education level, have a weak legal concept, the hot-headed, self-binding poor, the lack of a rational way, do not do things in mind the consequences.

Liangqiang stolen in a robbery and snatch the difference

Robbery refers to the illegal possession for the purpose of the use of violence, coercion or other means, forced Jiequ public and private property act. Snatch the crime refers to the illegal possession for the purpose of openly seize large amount of public and private property act. The main difference between the two is:

1, not an objective of the same

Robbery performance of the spot for the use of violence, coercion or other coercive methods, forced Jiequ public and private property, and snatch the performance of crimes by people not prepared to openly seize large amount of property, so that others could not resist;

2, the object is not exactly the same

Robbery not only violated the property rights of others, but also violated the personal rights of others, and snatch the crimes are generally only a violation of property rights;

3, the consequences of crime require different

Robbery on the amount of property not required, and snatch a snatch of property crimes require larger amounts. According to judicial interpretation, snatch the public and private property value of 500 to 2,000 yuan and above, in order to "greater amount."

4, the contents of different subjective deliberately

Robbery is to prepare or use of force or of a similar nature to the power to force the victims lost their property in the hope that the victims can not resist or unable to resist the case of obtaining property and snatch the crime of obtaining property by the sudden implementation of deliberately in the hope that by taking advantage of Victims do not prepare and obtaining property, rather than hope that through the use of force threatened to force the victims lost their property.

How to guard against bootlegging a Liangqiang

To guard against burglary and robbery cases, the public should be strengthened to prevent the following areas:

First, do a good job in the neighbourhood relations between each other Reference, there are lingering near their home in strangers, must be more careful, if necessary, to ask the police or call 110.

Second on-site maintenance, inspection, fees, shipping, gifts, to identify their exact identity. We must educate the children do not easily open the door to a stranger.

Third, it is not kept at home a lot of cash, jewellery and other valuables, even if the family is also not entirely safe insurance. Books on the account number, password must bear in mind the other secret, not the same identity cards, accounts and other documents in this together.

Fourth, do a good job in anti-theft technology. Reinforced doors and windows to prevent theft is very important, to install anti-theft door must select good quality and high safety factor, the credibility of a good product.

Five key is to never are. Do not the keys to the child or not sensible allocation of others, once lost for the keys to immediately lock.

6 Institute is facing "scam or." When they go out at night the whole family a short period of time, preferably at home on a bright lamp, or open TV. Long period of time the whole family when they go out, in some clothes drying on the balcony so that the lawless elements difficult to judge whether someone in the monk and therefore dare not rashly start.

7 is to protect the scene. Found in the home were stolen, the head of the household are best not to panic and not to worry entered the house, an inventory of stolen goods, and shall protect the scene and quickly playing 110 report, when police officers arrived, the situation promptly to the police, together with police Investigation at the scene.

Speed snatch, which is emerging in recent years a new type of crime, illegal criminals generally two to ride a motorcycle gang crime, in the streets against the women or the elderly, and snatch their handbags, cell phones or gold and silver jewelry, then quickly run away Away from the scene, it is very difficult to prevent. However, according to coaster snatch criminals characteristics and laws of the modus operandi, the police to the public to the masses a few suggestions:

First, unless very necessary, go as far as possible not to carry valuables and important documents;

The second is walking as far as possible take the sidewalk, do not leave cars mixed Road, stickers and more street walking;

Third, it is best not to single handbag, or single-Kua in the shoulders, and the bag should be placed in the position deviated from the side of the road;

The fourth is to not a single bank teller, after the withdrawal from the vicinity of attention should be paid to observe whether there are suspicious circumstances, try to avoid carrying cash walk;

Fifth, if found in a motorcycle next to circulate on the streets, we must be cautious, probably start looking for culprits in the favorable opportunity;

Once the bag is six or cell phone stolen, to maintain calm and see the culprits by riding a motorcycle licence and the model number and direction of escape, and quickly dial 110 telephone warning.

Robbery of motor vehicle crime prevention measures: private car owners should raise the awareness of prevention, not Luantingluanfang vehicles, as far as possible to stop professional car parking lot. Left the car, each fan must lock the doors, windows Guan Yan. Drivers are not on board, the ignition switch must not leave keys in the car to prevent theft of Pochuang the door, away car. Furthermore, the car park to the licensing, certification, the card should carry, not on the car, so as to avoid theft elements then, the car will be out openly and car parks. There are two more than the best anti-theft measures, for example, install a security system, install safety locks, conditional, it can take in the firing line added only know the hidden switches, etc.

`自己慢慢`理解下``里面是``事件的背景`和发生的原因``和事件的对策`

急求中美三个联合公报英译文

SINO-US JOINT COMMUNIQUE

(The Shanghai Communique)

27 February 1972

President Richard Nixon of the United States of America visited the People's Republic of China at the invitation of Premier Chou En-lai of the People's Republic of China from February 21 to February 28, 1972. Accompanying the President were Mrs. Nixon, U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers, Assistant to the President Dr. Henry Kissinger, and other American officials.

President Nixon met with Chairman Mao Tse-tung of the Communist Party of China on February 21. The two leaders had a serious and frank exchange of views on Sino-U.S. relations and world affairs.

During the visit, extensive, earnest and frank discussions were held between President Nixon and Premier Chou En-lai on the normalization of relations between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, as well as on other matters of interest to both sides. In addition, Secretary of State William Rogers and Foreign Minister Chi Peng-fei held talks in the same spirit.

President Nixon and his party visited Peking and viewed cultural, industrial and agricultural sites, and they also toured Hangchow and Shanghai where, continuing discussions with Chinese leaders, they viewed similar places of interest.

The leaders of the People's Republic of China and the United States of America found it beneficial to have this opportunity, after so many years without contact, to present candidly to one another their views on a variety of issues. They reviewed the international situation in which important changes and great upheavals are taking place and expounded their respective positions and attitudes.

The U.S. side stated: Peace in Asia and peace in the world requires efforts both to reduce immediate tensions and to eliminate the basic causes of conflict. The United States will work for a just and secure peace: just, because it fulfills the aspirations of peoples and nations for freedom and progress; secure, because it removes the danger of foreign aggression. The United States supports individual freedom and social progress for all the peoples of the world, free of outside pressure or intervention. The United States believes that the effort to reduce tensions is served by improving communication between countries that through accident, miscalculation or misunderstanding. Countries should treat each other with mutual respect and be willing to compete peacefully, letting performance be the ultimate judge. No country should claim infallibility and each country should be prepared to re-examine its own attitudes for the common good. The United States stressed that. the peoples of Indochina should be allowed to determine their destiny without outside intervention; its constant primary objective has been a negotiated solution; the eight-point proposal put forward by the Republic of Vietnam and the United States on January 27, 1972 represents a basis for the attainment of that objective; in the absence of a negotiated settlement the United States envisages the ultimate withdrawal of all U.S. forces from the region consistent with the aim of selfdetermination for each country of Indochina. The United States will maintain its close ties with and support for the Republic of Korea; the United States will support efforts of the Republic of Korea to seek a relaxation of tension and increased communication in the Korean peninsula. The United States places the highest value on its friendly relations with Japan; it will continue to develop the existing close bonds. Consistent with the United Nations Security Council Resolution of December 21, 1971, the United States favors the continuation of the ceasefire between India and Pakistan and the withdrawal of all military forces to within their own territories and to their own sides of the ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir; the United States supports the right of the peoples of South Asia to shape their own future in peace, free of military threat, and without having the area become the subject of great power rivalry.

The Chinese side stated: Wherever there is oppression, there is resistance. Countries want independence, nations want liberation and the people want revolution--this has become the irresistible trend of history. All nations, big or **all, should be equal; big nations should not bully the **all and strong nations should not bully the weak. China will never be a superpower and it opposes hegemony and power politics of any kind. The Chinese side stated that it firmly supports the struggles of all the oppressed people and nations for freedom and liberation and that the people of all countries have the right to choose their social systems according to their own wishes and the right to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of their own countries and oppose foreign aggression, interference, control and subversion. All foreign troops should be withdrawn to their own countries.

The Chinese side expressed its firm support to the peoples of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia in their efforts for the attainment of their goal and its firm support to the seven-point proposal of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam and the elaboration of February this year on the two key problems in the proposal, and to the Joint Declaration of the Summit Conference of the Indochinese Peoples. It firmly supports the eight-point program for the peaceful unification of Korea put forward by the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on April 12, 1971, and the stand for the abolition of the "U.N. Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea." It firmly opposes the revival and outward expansion of Japanese militari** and firmly supports the Japanese people's desire to build an independent, democratic, peaceful and neutral Japan. It firmly maintains that India and Pakistan should, in accordance with the United Nations resolutions on the India-Pakistan question, immediately withdraw all their forces to their respective territories and to their own sides of the ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir and firmly supports the Pakistan Government and people in their struggle to preserve their independence and sovereignty and the people of Jammu and Kashmir in their struggle for the right of selfdetermination.

There are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. However, the two sides agreed that countries, regardless of their social systems, should conduct their relations on the principles of respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, non-aggression against other states, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. International disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use or threat of force. The United States and the People's Republic of China are prepared to apply these principles to their mutual relations.

With these principles of international relations in mind the two sides stated that:

--progress toward the normalization of relations between China and the United States is in the interests of all countries:

--both wish to reduce the danger of international military conflict;

--neither should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region and each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony; and

--neither is prepared to negotiate on behalf of any third party or to enter into agreements or understandings with the other directed at other states.

Both sides are of the view that it would be against the interests of the peoples of the world for any major country to collude with another against other countries, or for major countries to divide up the world into spheres of interest.

The two sides reviewed the long-standing serious disputes between China and the United States. The Chinese reaffirmed its position: The Taiwan question is the crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations between China and the United States; the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China which has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere; and all U.S. forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan. The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of "one China, one Taiwan," "one China, two governments," "two Chinas," and "independent Taiwan" or advocate that "the status of Taiwan remains to be determined."

The U.S. side declared: The United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China. The United States Government does not challenge that position. It reaffirms its interest in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question by the Chinese them-selves. With this prospect in mind, it affirms the ultimate objective of the withdrawal of all U.S. forces and military installations from Taiwan. In the meantime, it will progressively reduce its forces and military installations on Taiwan as the tension in the area diminishes.

The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples. To this end, they discussed specific areas in such fields as science, technology, culture, sports and journali**, in which people-to-people contacts and exchanges would be mutually beneficial. Each side undertakes to facilitate the further development of such contacts and exchanges.

Both sides view bilateral trade as another area from which mutual benefit can be derived, and agreed that economic relations based on equality and mutual benefit are in the interest of the peoples of the two countries. They agree to facilitate the progressive development of trade between their two countries.

The two sides agreed that they will stay in contact through various channels, including the sending of a senior U.S. representative to Peking from time to time for concrete consultations to further the normalization of relations between the two countries and continue to exchange views on issues of common interest.

The two sides expressed the hope that the gains achieved during this visit would open up new prospects for the relations between the two countries. They believe that the normalization of relations between the two countries is not only in the interest of the Chinese and American peoples but also contributes to the relaxation of tension in Asia and the world.

President Nixon, Mrs. Nixon and the American party expressed their appreciation for the gracious hospitality shown them by the Govern-ment and people of the People's Republic of China.

JOINT COMMUNIQUE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

1 JANUARY 1979

(The communique was released on December 15, 1978, in Washington and Peking.)

The United States of America and the People's Republic of China have agreed to recognize each other and to establish diplomatic relations as of January 1, 1979.

The United States of America recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan.

The United States of America and the People's Republic of China reaffirm the principles agreed on by the two sides in the Shanghai Communique and emphasize once again that:

--Both wish to reduce the danger of international military conflict.

--Neither should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region or in any other region of the world and each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony.

--Neither is prepared to negotiate on behalf of any third party or to enter into agreements or understandings with the other directed at other states.

--The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China.

--Both believe that normalization of Sino-American relations is not only in the interest of the Chinese and American peoples but also contributes to the cause of peace in Asia and the world.

The United States of America and the People's Republic of China will exchange Ambassadors and establish Embassies on March 1, 1979.

SINO-US JOINT COMMUNIQUE

17 August 1982

1. In the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations on January 1, 1979, issued by the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of China, the United States of America recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China, and it acknowledged the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China. Within that context, the two sides agreed that the people of the United States would continue to maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan. On this basis, relations between the United States and China were normalized.

2. The question of United States arms sales to Taiwan was not settled in the course of negotiations between the two countries on establishing diplomatic relations. The two sides held differing positions, and the Chinese side stated that it would raise the issue again following normalization. Recognizing that this issue would seriously hamper the development of United States-China relations, they have held further discussions on it, during and since the meetings between President Ronald Reagan and Premier Zhao Ziyang and between Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig, Jr., and Vice Premier and Foreign Minister Huang Hua in October 1981.

3. Respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity and non-interference each other's internal affairs constitute the fundamental principles guiding United States-China relations. These principles were confirmed in the Shanghai Communique of February 28, 1972 and reaffirmed in the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations which came into effect on January 1, 1973. Both sides emphatically state that these principles continue to govern all aspects of their relations.

4. The Chinese government reiterates that the question of Taiwan is China's internal affair. The Message to the Compatriots in Taiwan issued by China on January 1, 1979, promulgated a fundamental policy of striving for Peaceful reunification of the Motherland. The Nine-Point Proposal put forward by China on September 30, 1981 represented a Further major effort under this fundamental policy to strive for a peaceful solution to the Taiwan question.

5. The United States Government attaches great importance to its relations with China, and reiterates that it has no intention of infringing on Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity, or interfering in China's internal affairs, or pursuing a policy of "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan." The United States Government understands and appreciates the Chinese policy of striving for a peaceful resolution of the Taiwan question as indicated in China's Message to Compatriots in Taiwan issued on January 1, 1979 and the Nine-Point Proposal put forward by China on September 30, 1981. The new situation which has emerged with regard to the Taiwan question also provides favorable conditions for the settlement of United States-China differences over the question of United States arms sales to Taiwan.

6. Having in mind the foregoing statements of both sides, the United States Government states that it does not seek to carry out a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan, that its arms sales to Taiwan will not exceed, either in qualitative or in quantitative terms, the level of those supplied in recent years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and China, and that it intends to reduce gradually its sales of arms to Taiwan, leading over a period of time to a final resolution. In so stating, the United States acknowledges China's consistent position regarding the thorough settlement of this issue.

7. In order to bring about, over a period of time, a final settlement of the question of United States arms sales to Taiwan, which is an issue rooted in history, the two governments will make every effort to adopt measures and create conditions conducive to the thorough settlement of this issue.

8. The development of United States-China relations is not only in the interest of the two peoples but also conducive to peace and stability in the world. The two sides are determined, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, to strengthen their- ties to the economic, cultural, educational, scientific, technological and other fields and make strong. joint efforts for the continued development of relations between the governments and peoples of the United States and China.

9. In order to bring about the healthy development of United States China relations, maintain world peace and oppose aggression and expansion, the two governments reaffirm the principles agreed on by the two sides in the Shanghai Communique and the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. The two sides will maintain contact and hold appropriate consultations on bilateral and international issues of common interest.

哪位帮我翻译一下啊

There is function that oral languages can't be substituted in the interpersonal communication in the body language. Psychology finding: In the course of linking up face-to-facly between two people, more than 50% of the information interchange was realized through the silent body language. The body tendency language is international, the people of different countries can be carried on communication through the body tendency language in a situation that the language is obstructed . Zeng someone discovers , people talk and only account for 10% of the time to associate with people equally every day, the time to associate with people is all the communication of carrying on the body language consciously or unconsciously. It is the getting more enough to last all information in health the languages whether to there is be on the time,language though surplus one, so long as people are within the range of feeling of the other side each other, there should be communication of the body language way, what is called body tendency language, it is not health signals of the language but it is including space distance , sight are watched attentively , body contacting , posture movements , facial expression ,etc. to mean those. Because different national culture has been already deep-rooted , it is not apt to accept the signal contrary to one's own habit , so we can't ignore the impact on body tendency language of the culture engagement and and the environmental difference give the different meaning of languages of a tendency of body.

First, distance of space

When people carried on communication, the distance on the space present position of both sides of communication had important meanings, it not only tells the relations of both sides of our communication, psychological condition but also reflect nationality and culture characteristic. Psychologist find anyone is it have one self- space that oneself can grasp around a one's own one to need, the size of this space will be different because of different culture background , environment , trade , different individual characters ,etc.. Different nationalities keep what a big distance to both sides to have different views while talking. Studying according to Dr. Hall (American anthropologist ), there are four kinds of distances that express different situations in occidentals' life:

(1)It is in close relations to contact (intimate distance 0-45 cm ) and talk both sides intimately, the distance of the health is from keeping in touch stand apart between about 45 centimetres directly to, this kind is before suitable for both sides' occasion in most close relationsing, for example between couple and lover.

(2)Private from (personal distance 45-120 cm ) friend, acquaintance or relative the exchanges are generally suitable for this distance.

(3)Courteous before using for dealing with the occasions of the non- personal things, such as carrying on the general social activity, or is handling official business, while handling the thing.

(4)Generally before suitable for the unofficial partying , for instance listen to the performance to wait in the public place .

Can find out from these four kinds of France , the mankind has or keeps different distances because of intimate degree of the relation in different scopes of activities. Different nationality form different space area under people with culture, most English speaker like from too close while talking, always keep certain distance. The Spaniard and Arabic talk very near, it is overly neared and Italians talk for Russians, nearly next to the skin while drawing beauties and talking. What is interesting is that when Englishmen and Italian talk , " attacking " which Italians do not stop , Englishmen's constant " withdrawing". In fact they will only occupy to one's own proper one while talking, real distance that is used to. Paying attention to every personal secrets in western culture, Oriental's " private concept " is weak . In the lift , on the bus or the train, the people not acquainted with each other are crowded and together, that kind that Orientals can tolerate the body and keep in touch with the body is crowded, westerners are unable to tolerate . In to to want respect of asking personal space, Chinese,, Japanese even most Asian a less than westerners one large. This is because of different cultural custom, westerners settle on the loose atmosphere, advocate individual freedom and individual rights, and Orientals' traditional culture is deep-rooted .

The idea of the space is three-dimensional , not merely include all kinds of distances of the field, include the height of the field. " spacing out " has majestic function which keeps the identity, and the height which keep the space field is a way to control the right. The arrangement of the court , church , auditorium , conference hall all pay great attention to making use of space distance to give play to this function, in order to display the sense of superiority and dependence. In China, the elder and leader face the south and sit, sit in the position of the oval desk head in the west, wait a moment, numerous. All these prove that person from different cultures all have one's own modes to application and arrangement in the space, thus form countless cultural differences , let the use of the space have more abundant cultural functions.

跪求英语翻译

1. The job of the cleaner is not only cleaning, but also the maintenance of equipment.

2. A. After ringing the door bell once, call housekeeping and open the door, followed by writing down the time of entering

B. blocking the 2/3 of the door using service trolley

C. turn on the air-conditioner, and draw the thick curtain

D. check if there is any damage on electrical appliances and furniture, and check if there is any missing object or object left by customers.

E. clear the ashtray, dustbin and garbage

F. withdraw used tea cups, glasses, dirty clothes and finished meal if customers have left

G. tidy up the bed

H. clean the washroom in the order cleaning bath tub, followed by closetstool.

I. Replenish needed items

3. The so-called team spirit is simply a representation of the awareness of overall situation, cooperative spirit together with a heart to serve. It reflects the unification between personal interests and group interests, thereby ensuring high operative efficiency of organization. There is no need of member’s self-sacrifice to form team spirit, and on the contrary, by bringing out individual personalities and expertise, group mission can be completed.

4. When I have more than one task to complete, I will prioritize the various tasks so that I can complete all of them efficiently.

5. It is the cleaners’ work to present the best image of the hotel to customers and to make customers feel clean and healthy. It is just like the appearance of a man.

6. When coffee stains on cotton clothes, use oil soluble solvent to do some simple treatment, after the solvent has evaporated, treating the stained clothes with neutral water soluble detergent. Bleaching treatment depends on the situation of pigmented residue. For coffee stains on normal clothes, soak stained part with hot water, and then apply soap and wash. If the stains cannot be removed, wipe the stain with hydrogen peroxide of concentration 3%, and then rinse with water.

7. Procedure of window cleaning 1, sweep away the dust one window frame, and wipe it clean. 2, wash off the dirt on the window surface, use detergent and **all blade when necessary. 3, scrape off water using glass scrapper. 4. Wipe the window to remove water using dry towel(本人认为cloth 比较好，不然毛巾太浪费了) or newspaper. 5, clear the dust in the trough.