季度资本主义

“季度资本主义”（quarterly capitali**），指公司只注重短期效益，牺牲长远发展。

美国上市公司每三个月公布一次季度利润，很多投资者据此购入或出售公司的股票。

新名词很重要，影响力可以不亚于创立一个经济学派。华尔街发明了“金砖国家”一词，就真把几个国家扯到了一起，而且居然形成了卖点。

求助大虾们！！急！！！

Facing the consumer electronic market, retailers would like to maintain sufficient shelf levels by procuring products from their product suppliers so they can satisfy their consumers with the highest possible service level. On the supply side, the product suppliers (i.e., final assembly manufacturer) have to fulfill the orders on time while they also need to source components from component suppliers to meet production needs. The demand-supply interactions between retailers, product suppliers and component suppliers thus form a multi-tier supply chain. Addressing various issues of supply chain, the CPFR committee of VICS (Voluntary Inter-industry Commerce Standards) Association developed a CPFR (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment) model which accentuates collaboration activities among chain members. Since its introduction, CPFR has been recognized as one of the leading industrial standards of supply chain.

Concerning the collaborative replenishment of CPFR and perceiving from the final assembly manufacturer in the demand-supply scenario, this research focuses on the collaboration operations to develop a decision support framework which addresses the relationships between the focal assembly manufacturer and its retailers and component suppliers. Among others, the key issue is how to select component suppliers in order to meet the production needs and fulfill a given retailer order. The framework consists of three phases of ****ysis: (1) stakeholder ****ysis for identifying the requirements and key attributes of the retailer and suppliers, (2) mathematics programming for supplier selection, and (3) simulation of the order fulfillment process. A case study of a cellular phone manufacturer is presented to demonstrate the decision support framework.

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希拉里与川普经济政策有何区别

民主总统候选人希拉里·克林顿与共和候选人唐纳德·特朗普在总统竞选辩论中“对决”，经济问题将再次成为此次大选的中心争论点。

对这两名候选人从华尔街监管到财政政策的各种经济计划进行分析，并收集了经济学家有关其潜在影响的观点，概列如下：

一、税收

特朗普的税收计划将把所有美国人的税率等级划分为三级，相比之下目前为七级。其中，最高的税率等级是33%，针对的是那些年收入在22.5万美元的已婚夫妇；次一等是25%，针对年收入在7.5万美元到22.5万美元之间的纳税人；最低的等级为12%，针对年收入不到7.5万美元的人群。就目前而言，年收入不到7.5万美元的纳税人按15%的税率纳税，而年收入超过46.695万美元的富人则需按最高的39.6%税率缴税。

与此同时，特朗普将把企业税率调低至15%，相比之下目前为39%，但很多公司的有效税率实际上要低得多。据高盛集团公布的研究数据显示，标普500指数成分股公司的平均有效税率为29%。

税收政策研究中心指出，特朗普的税收计划将**企业和个人消费者的投资活动，但其所带来的好处将被抵消，除非联邦政府大幅缩减支出。

相比之下，希拉里的计划则是将针对年收入超过500万美元的富人的税率调高4%，并使得年收入超过100万美元的纳税人的实际税率不会低于30%。对企业来说，她计划阻止出现所谓的“倒置”现象，也就是企业将总部迁往美国以往市场以减少纳税额，并计划针对那些将自身业务转移到美国以外的企业征收一项所谓的“退出费”。

税收政策研究中心预测，希拉里的计划将使得富人的投资活动减少，但同时则将大幅减少联邦政府赤字。

二、就业增长

希拉里已经推出了多项措施以**就业增长。除了基础设施建设和制造业相关投资以外，希拉里还强调了终止所谓“季度资本主义”（quarterly

capitali**）现象的重要性，也就是企业将重点放在向股东返还资本的问题上。她的目标是，通过修改资本利得税的方式来促使企业将重点放在劳动力和资本投资上。

特朗普在创造就业岗位的问题上则并没有具体计划，但他的政策主张本身就以增加美国国内的就业岗位为目标。举例来说，他希望通过减少对能源生产活动的监管措施的方式来创造出矿业和能源行业相关岗位，这些工作岗位近年来一直都在减少。此外，他还称其希望推翻“奥巴马医改计划”，并预测此举将在未来10年时间里拯救200万个就业岗位。

三、华尔街监管

希拉里曾表示，她将致力于加大针对华尔街金融机构的监管力度，并将对来自于所谓“影子**”的非金融机构放贷活动进行打击。此外，她还计划缩减遭到监管机构罚款的金融机构的高管薪酬。

另一方面，特朗普则提出他想要废除多德-弗兰克金融改革法案，称其妨碍了**向普通美国人放贷的能力。另外，他还呼吁“暂停所有新的监管措施”，并对现有的监管规定进行复查，其中也包括针对华尔街的监管措施。

四、贸易

这两名候选人的最大不同之处之一就在于，他们对全球贸易的想法存在差异。

特朗普一直以来都可以说是个贸易保护主义者，他认为美国现有的贸易协议使得制造业工作岗位流出该国，并对北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）和跨太平洋(601099,股吧)伙伴关系协定（TPP）颇有微词。特朗普认为，美国通过谈判来达成新的贸易协议将可为其带来好处，并表示如果他能当选为美国总统，那么美国将可在贸易问题上取得“胜利”。

与此同时，希拉里则并未出台一项具体的贸易计划，但承诺将致力于反对她一度帮助创造了的跨太平洋伙伴关系协定。整体来说，她已经从一个“亲自由贸易派”转变成了“贸易怀疑论者”。

五、财政政策

两名候选人都强调指出，对美国基础设施进行投资以及由联邦政府投资这些项目是非常重要的。

特朗普曾表示，美国需要重建“摇摇欲坠的”道路和桥梁；而希拉里则也已发表了类似的言论，指出重建基础设施对美国的未来而言是至关重要的。

希拉里计划在五年时间里对一系列项目进行总额为2750亿美元的投资，其中包括机场现代化建设以及乡村地区WiFi网络普及等。

相比之下，特朗普的竞选团队并未提供一项完整的基础设施投资计划，但他曾表示将在这个领域中投资5000亿美元以**经济增长。

六、结果

共和候选人唐纳德·特朗普在总统竞选击败民主总统候选人希拉里·克林顿，代表美国在未来很可能采取特朗普经济政策，即美国优先、反全球化的贸易政策；而希拉里所延续奥巴马的经济政策，即商业帝国主义政策遭遇挫折。