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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试---英语2005年试题及解析

2005-6-24 13:53:14 考研共济网

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2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive **ellers compared with animals, (1) ____ this is largely because, (2) ____ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) ____ to perceiving those **ells which float through the air, (4) ____ the majority of **ells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) ____, we are extremely sensitive to **ells, (6) ____ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ____ human **ells even when these are (8) ____ to far below one part in one million.

Strangely, some people find that they can **ell one type of flower but not another, (9) ____ others are sensitive to the **ells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ____ **ell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense **ells and send (11) ____ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain **ell (12) ____ can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) ____ to it often enough.

The explanation for insensitivity to **ell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ____ to keep all **ell receptors working all the time but can (15) ____ new receptors if necessary. This may (16) ____ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own **ells —— we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) ____ of the usual **ell of our own house, but we (18) ____ new **ells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep **ell receptors (19) ____ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) ____ the **ell of **oke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

1. [A] although

[B] as

[C] but

[D] while

2. [A] above

[B] unlike

[C] excluding

[D] besides

3. [A] limited

[B] committed

[C] dedicated

[D] confined

4. [A] catching

[B] ignoring

[C] missing

[D] tracking

5. [A] anyway

[B] though

[C] instead

[D] therefore

6. [A] even if

[B] if only

[C] only if

[D] as if

7. [A] distinguishing

[B] discovering

[C] determining

[D] detecting

8. [A] diluted

[B] dissolved

[C] dispersed

[D] diffused

9. [A] when

[B] since

[C] for

[D] whereas

10. [A] unusual

[B] particular

[C] unique

[D] typical

11. [A] signs

[B] stimuli

[C] messages

[D] impulses

12. [A] at first

[B] at all

[C] at large

[D] at times

13. [A] subjected

[B] left

[C] drawn

[D] exposed

14. [A] ineffective

[B] incompetent

[C] inefficient

[D] insufficient

15. [A] introduce

[B] summon

[C] trigger

[D] create

16. [A] still

[B] also

[C] otherwise

[D] nevertheless

17. [A] sure

[B] sick

[C] aware

[D] tired

18. [A] tolerate

[B] repel

[C] neglect

[D] notice

19. [A] available

[B] reliable

[C] identifiable

[D] suitable

20. [A] similar to

[B] such as

[C] along with

[D] aside from

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

[A] posing a contrast.

[B] justifying an assumption.

[C] making a comparison.

[D] explaining a phenomenon.

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.

[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions.

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D] more generous than their male companions.

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.

[B] can be taught to exchange things.

[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

[D] are unhappy when separated from other.

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

Text 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that **oking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the anti**oking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million **okers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on **oking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research —— a classic of “paralysis by ****ysis.”

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of **oking was that

[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between **oking and death.

[B] the number of early deaths of **okers in the past decades was insignificant.

[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.

[D] anti**oking people were usually talking nonsense.

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as

[A] a protector.

[B] a judge.

[C] a critic.

[D] a guide.

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by ****ysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?

[A] Endless studies kill action.

[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.

[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.

[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?

[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.

[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.

[C] Press for further scientific research.

[D] Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of **oking because

[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence.

[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.

[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.

[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse.

Text 3

Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —— the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep —— when most vivid dreams occur —— as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pitt**urgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events —— until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says. Terrori**, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep —— or rather dream —— on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams

[A] can be modified in their courses.

[B] are susceptible to emotional changes.

[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears.

[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs.

32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show

[A] its function in our dreams.

[B] the mechani** of REM sleep.

[C] the relation of dreams to emotions.

[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex.

33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to

[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.

[B] develop into happy dreams.

[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.

[D] show up in dreams early at night.

34. Cartwright seems to suggest that

[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.

[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.

[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression.

[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.

35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?

[A] Lead your life as usual.

[B] Seek professional help.

[C] Exercise conscious control.

[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

Text 4

Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another critici** against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive —— there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms —— he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English

[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms.

[B] is but all too natural in language development.

[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.

[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.

37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes

[A] modesty.

[B] personality

[C] liveliness.

[D] informality.

38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?

[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.

[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.

[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.

[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.

39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s

[A] interest in their language.

[B] appreciation of their efforts.

[C] admiration for their memory.

[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness.

40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as

[A] “temporary” is to “permanent.”

[B] “radical” is to “conservative”.

[C] “functional” is to “artistic”.

[D] “humble” is to “noble”.

(英语考研共济网）里面还有很多！

be placed in separate but adjoining chambers. 翻译下

be placed in separate but adjoining chambers.

翻译：

被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里。

关于泰姬陵的英文介绍?

The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous monuments in India. The World Cultural Heritage has been selected as the “World's New Seven Wonders”.

翻译：泰姬陵，是印度知名度最高的古迹之一，世界文化遗产，被评选为“世界新七大奇迹”。

The Taj Mahal is called "Taj Mahal". It is a huge mausoleum mosque built in white marble. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Agra to commemorate his beloved nephew from 1631 to 1653.

翻译：泰姬陵全称为“泰姬·玛哈拉”，是一座白色大理石建成的巨大陵墓**寺，是莫卧儿皇帝沙贾汗为纪念他心爱的妃子于1631年至1653年在阿格拉而建的。

Located in the city of Agra in Uttar Pradesh, India, more than 200 kilometers from New Delhi, on the right side of the Yamuna River.

翻译：位于今印度距新德里200多公里外的北方邦的阿格拉城内，亚穆纳河右侧。

It consists of a hall, a bell tower, a minaret, a pool, etc. All of them are constructed of pure white marble, inlaid with glass and agate, and have a high artistic value.

翻译：由殿堂、钟楼、尖塔、水池等构成，全部用纯白色大理石建筑，用玻璃、玛瑙镶嵌，具有极高的艺术价值。

扩展资料：

世人眼里泰姬陵无限的美，在晚年沙贾汗看来，却是最伤心的一抹旧时月色。

1657年，60多岁的沙贾汗得了重病，由此引发了儿子的争权夺利。一年后，沙贾汗的第三个儿子奥朗则布废黜了沙贾汗的王位，自己在德里称帝。

奥朗则布以异**的罪名将他的兄弟砍了头，并把首级送给沙贾汗。沙贾汗和蒙泰姬一生曾有14个孩子，长大成人的有4子3女，但是，最后只有奥朗则布皇帝和三个女儿活了下来。

沙贾汗自己也被儿子软禁在了阿格拉昔日的王宫里。在一间可以遥望泰姬陵的八角小阁楼上，沙贾汗在女儿的照顾下，每天，在晨曦中，在暮色下，在月光里，沙贾汗凄然地透过小窗，远眺亚穆纳河对岸沉默不语的泰姬陵和河里若有若无浮动的倒影，以寄托自己无尽的哀思。

后来，由于视力恶化，沙贾汗只能靠一块水晶石的折射来凝望王后的陵墓。据说，奥朗则布曾令人在软禁沙贾汗的屋子的四壁上，镶嵌了大小不一的镜子，无论面向哪个方向，沙贾汗都避不开泰姬陵美丽忧伤的影子。

此前，建造泰姬陵之时，沙贾汗一度计划在亚穆纳河北岸，对称地再矗立起一座用黑色大理石建造的纯黑沙贾汗陵，其造型跟泰姬陵一模一样，并在隔岸的两座陵寝间，建起一座用白银建造的桥梁（另说用半边白色、半边黑色的大理石桥连接），以与爱妃相依相偎，长相厮守。

用通体透黑的沙贾汗陵对应通体透白的泰姬陵，寓示两人的爱情纯洁。

泰姬陵建成后，每隔七天，沙贾汗就会换上白衣，去泰姬陵献花，每次都以泪洗面。后人曾为此立碑写道：“忧伤隐藏在华丽的表面之下，河的对岸，那曾经的遥望。”失去自由后，沙贾汗再也难以亲临泰姬陵了。世界上最远的距离，莫过于彼此相爱，却不能在一起。

直到8年之后，心力交瘁的沙贾汗终于忧郁地离开人世，去天国寻觅他的蒙泰姬了。沙贾汗死后同样被葬入泰姬陵，永远陪伴在爱妃身旁。

但在安葬沙贾汗之时，因泰姬陵的一切太完美、太对称了，奥朗则布实在没有勇气挪动那里面的任何一样物品，于是，沙贾汗的大理石石棺只好靠在了大理石围栏的边上。

参考资料来源：人民网-泰姬陵：一滴永恒的爱情之泪

英语段落翻译，谁知道吗？求翻译~

1. Today,surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religionone did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends,and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.

非谓语（过去分词）做伴随状语：surrounded by promises of easy happiness

主语：we

谓语：need

宾语：art

宾语从句：that you will die, that everything ends, and thathappiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.

如今，周围到处都是对唾手可得的幸福的承诺，我们需要艺术来告诫我们人终有一死，正如宗教曾经告诉我们的那样，记住你将会死亡，万事皆会结束，幸福不在于否认这一点而在于秉承它。

2. However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that eachcould observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviorbecame markedly different.

时间状语从句：when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoiningchambers

目的状语从句：so that each could observe

宾语从句：what the other was getting in return for its rock

主语：their behavior

系动词：became

表语：markedly different

然而，当两只猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的房间里，以便它们能够看到彼此用石块换取的东西时，它们的行为就会变得明显不同了。

3. Mostpeople seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing towardhappier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working throughnegative feelings generated during the day.

主语：Most people

谓语：seem to have

宾语：more bad dreams

非谓语（分词）：progressing；suggesting

宾语从句：that they are working through negative feelings generatedduring the day

大多数人似乎在晚上入睡早期做更多不好的梦，而在醒来前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦里逐渐化解白天所产生的负面情绪。