conventional是什么意思

conventional

英 [kənˈvenʃənl] 美 [kənˈvɛnʃənəl]

adj.传统的； 习用的，平常的； 依照惯例的； 约定的

派生词：conventionali** conventionalist conventionality conventionalize conventionally

双语例句

1. He hates the wheeling and dealing associated with conventional political life.

他对传统政治生活中的权术钻营深恶痛绝。

2. I want to reiterate that our conventional weapons are superior.

我要再次重申，我们的常规武器是一流的。

3. Alternative treatments can provide a useful back-up to conventional treatment.

替代疗法能为传统的治疗提供有效的辅助。

4. He abhors the wheeling-and-dealing associated with conventional political life.

他憎恨传统政治生活中的尔虞我诈。

5. This remarkable technology provides far greater clarity than conventional x-rays.

这项卓越技术的清晰度比常规的X光高得多。

红与黑英文版介绍

Stendhal's The Red and the Black

The Red and the Black (1830) is a novel by Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle). It is the story of a young man抯 ambition to become prominent and successful in aristocratic society. Its setting is eastern France, in 1830.

Julien Sorel is the nineteen-year-old son of a woodcutter in the provincial town of Verrières. Julian and his father cannot get along with each other. Julien is sensitive and scholarly, and is unsuited to the trade of his father.

Julien has romantic dreams of achieving power and glory, and of overcoming his low social status as the son of a trade**an. He dreams of being like Napoleon, but sees that military ability is not presently the best way to have a successful career. Thus, he decides to prepare for a career in the church rather than in the army. He studies theology with Father Chélan, the eighty-year-old priest of the local parish.

Julien takes on a superficial appearance of piety, and wears the black cassock of a priest. He is hired as a tutor for the children of Monsieur de Rênal, who is mayor of Verrières.

Julien falls in love with the mayor抯 wife, Madame de Rênal. She is ten years older than Julien, but she has never really loved her hu**and, who married her when she was sixteen. She is very religious and devout, but she falls passionately in love with Julien.

Julien is very aware of the social class difference between himself and Madame de Rênal. When he falls in love with her, it is the first time that he has ever fallen in love, but he tries to play the part of a man who is accustomed to brilliant success with women. He is awkward and clumsy, and is unsophisticated, but is eager to learn the elegant manners of aristocratic society.

Because he is acutely aware of the social class difference between himself and Madame de Rênal, he initially questions her sincerity. Thus, his love for her becomes a form of ambition to try to overcome his own feelings of inferiority. His goal is to have power and control over a noble and beautiful woman. At the same time, his unstable sense of pride and self-esteem makes him very sensitive to any perceived slight or humiliation by Monsieur de Rênal or by other members of aristocratic society.

The King makes an official visit to Verrières, and the town engages in a celebration. Madame de Rênal wants to see Julien wear something other than his usual black cassock, and she arranges for him to wear a military uniform in the procession and to ride a horse in the honor guard. After the procession, Julien gallops back to Monsieur de Rênal抯 house, so that he can change back into his black cassock and then appear with the bishop and clergy when the King visits the church.

Julien's sudden change of appearance, alternating between the uniform of the army and the church, between the red and the black, is symbolic of the conflict in his personality between truthfulness and pretense, between sincerity and hypocrisy.

Monsieur de Rênal learns of the affair between his wife and Julien from an anonymous letter which has been sent to the Renal house. The letter has been secretly written by Monsieur Valenod, the sub-prefect of Verrières, who dislikes Julien. Monsieur Valenod is a rival of Monsieur de Rênal for public esteem and prestige, and wants to become the mayor of the town.

Father Chélan hears of the relationship between Julien and Madame de Rênal, and arranges for Julien to leave town and to become a student in the seminary at Besançon. Monsieur Rênal also wants to send Julian to the seminary in order to avoid a public scandal over Julien抯 relationship with Madame de Rênal, and in order to prevent Julien from becoming a tutor at Monsieur Valenod抯 house.

Madame de Rênal feels guilty about her relationship with Julien, and becomes increasingly remorseful and penitent.

Julien meets his friend Fouqué before traveling to the seminary. Fouqué is a timber merchant and offers to make Julien a partner in his business but Julien does not accept the offer.

Julien becomes a student in the seminary at Besançon, and gradually realizes that he is unaware of the internal politics of the religious community. He discovers that the seminary is a place of deception and hypocrisy, but he becomes a friend of Father Pirard, the fair-minded and unselfish director of the seminary. Father Pirard is rather stern and severe, but differs from the other clergy in that he is scrupulous and truthful.

Father Pirard loses his position as director, because he has supported the Marquis de la Mole in a lawsuit against the Abbé de Frilair, a clever and ambitious man who has a powerful position in the church hierarchy. Father Pirard finds a position for Julien as a secretary for the Marquis de la Mole.

At the house of the Marquis de la Mole in Paris, Julien is able to acquire sophistication and to learn the manners of aristocratic society. He gradually gains the confidence of the Marquis, and is entrusted with managing the Marquis's estates in Brittany and Normandy. However, Julien secretly falls in love with the Marquis抯 daughter, Mathilde.

Mathilde is proud and arrogant, beautiful and intelligent. She is bored with the rigid conventionality of society, and feels that she can relieve her boredom by having an affair with Julien. She dreams of romantic passion and of a heroic, unconquerable love which can surmount all obstacles.

Mathilde feels that she can show boldness and greatness of heart by daring to fall in love with a man who is far below her in social position. But, after she has spent two nights with Julien, she decides that it is beneath her dignity to be in love with a man who is a secretary. Julien is wounded by her rejection of him.

The Marquis sends Julien on a mission to Stra**ourg. On his mission, Julien meets a Russian nobleman named Prince Korasov whom he had previously met in London. Julien tells his friend Korasov about his dejection over being rejected by Mathilde, and Korasov advises him on how to win her love again.

When Julien returns to Paris, he does what Korasov has advised. He begins to court a virtuous widow named Madame de Fervaques. He writes letters to her, and neglects Mathilde.

Mathilde realizes how much Julien抯 love means to her, and again falls in love with him. She finally submits to him, declaring that she is his servant, and that he is her master. Julien has triumphed, but he continues to treat her coldly in order to maintain his power over her.

Mathilde becomes pregnant, and when she reveals to her father that she intends to marry Julien, the Marquis becomes very angry. The Marquis had intended that his daughter would marry a nobleman. However, the Marquis finally decides that he will remedy the situation by making Julien wealthy and respectable.

The Marquis gives Julien a commission in the army. Julien becomes a Lieutenant of Hussars, with the title of Monsieur le Chevalier Julien Sorel de La Vernaye. But the Marquis receives a letter from Madame de Rênal, revealing her previous *****erous relationship with Julien. In her letter, Madame de Rênal accuses Julien of having seduced her in order to make a career for himself and in order to win a higher position in society.

The Marquis promptly forbids any marriage between Mathilde and Julien. Julien抯 ambitions for wealth and power are destroyed, and in anger he returns to Verrieres, where he shoots Madame de Rênal, while she is praying in church.

Julien is arrested, and taken to prison. He thinks that he has killed Madame de Rênal, and admits that he is guilty. But she has not been killed. One of the bullets that he fired went through her hat, and the other hit her in the shoulder. She slowly recovers from her wound. Her love for Julien is reawakened.

Mathilde is still passionately in love with Julien. Mathilde comes to Verrières, and tries to bribe the Abbé de Frilair, who has power over the members of the jury. But Julien is put on trial for attempted murder, and is found guilty, receiving a sentence of death.

Julien and Madame de Rênal have fallen in love again. He has lost his passion for Mathilde, although Mathilde worships him.

As the novel ends, Julien faces his death. He is guillotined, and after his execution, Mathilde takes his severed head, and buries it in a cave. Mathilde has decorated the cave with marble, so that it becomes for her a shrine which represents her love for him.

Three days later, Madame de Rênal dies, while embracing her children.

The Red and the Black is the story of a young man抯 ambition to achieve wealth and power. While the novel is very melodramatic, it provides an interesting critique of nineteenth-century French society. It also represents an important development in the history of modern fiction, in that it is an intensely psychological novel.

Stendhal gives extraordinary attention to the conflicting motivations of his characters. He describes their faults and virtues with a tone of sympathetic but penetrating irony.

Julien Sorel is an opportunist, who thinks that he has a duty to achieve power and glory. Julien thinks of himself as an extraordinary man, like Napoleon, and believes that he is beyond any ordinary limitation. He adopts a philosophy that 'the end justifies the means.' He believes that the extraordinary man, who has a brave and noble heart, has the right to take any action to reach his goal.

Julien says, in the penultimate chapter of the novel, that there is no such thing as 忧atural law.?He believes that an action becomes unlawful only when there is a particular law forbidding it, and that the only thing that is natural is the struggle for power and survival.

Julien resents his low social position, and the condescension with which he is treated by the aristocracy. He is angered by their sense of superiority. He feels humiliated whenever he has to confront his own lack of wealth and sophistication. At the same time, he wants to live like the aristocrats whom he disdains. He is fascinated by the life of the wealthy and powerful.

Julien expects the worst from people, and suspects others of having their own self-interest as their only motive for helping him.At the same time, he seeks to use people for his own personal reasons, to help him gain a sense of power. This reflects the ambivalence in his character.

When Julien falls in love with Madame de Rênal, his love becomes a form of ambition to have power and control over an aristocratic and beautiful woman. When he falls in love with Mathilde de la Mole, his love again becomes a form of amibition to have power and control.

He decides that the difference between the love of Madame de Rênal and the love of Mathilde de la Mole is that the former tries to find reasons for doing what her heart demands, while the latter lets her heart be moved only after being given good reasons that it should be moved. This duality in the temperament of Julien抯 lovers reflects the duality in his own character.

Julien unsuccessfully struggles between emotion and reason, between spontaneity and calculation, between truthfulness and pretense, between sincere devotion and religious hypocrisy. He is divided between the red and the black. The duality of the red and the black represents the conflict in his character between sincerity and hypocrisy, ideali** and cynci**, humility and pride, love and ambition.This conflict in his character brings about his downfall.

会话含义的种类

会话含义”(conversational implicature)是美国哲学家格莱斯首先提出的，它是语用学的核心内容，在言语交际中起着非常重要的作用。

会话含义的特点

格赖斯（1975）针对会话含义和规约意义的区别，指出会话含义具有五个特点：

1）可取消性（cancellability）

在具体情况下，一个会话含义可以通过附加一个分句而被取消或者通过上下文表明说话人放弃了那个会话含义。例如，“Bill has four books．”一句带有这样的含义：比尔只有四本书，不多也不少。但若在该句之后加上“…and perhaps five or more．”这样一个分句，则先前的含义（即比尔只有四本书，不多也不少）就被取消了。

2）不可分离性（non－detachability）

除了背景知识外，说话人所说的话的内容而非它的形式在产生会话含义中起作用。换言之，会话含义依附于话语内容，而不依附于话语形式。因此，一般说来，一个人不可能通过改变同一内容的不同**而改变会话含义。例如：

A：What did you think of the lecture？

B：Well，I thought the lecture hall was big．

B句的会话含义是：“没有多少人对讲座感兴趣”。如果将句中的thought换成believed，should say，reckoned等词，big换成large，great等词，句子的会话含义仍然存在。

3）可推导性（calculability）

所谓可推导性，指的是听话人一方面根据话语的字面意义，另一方面根据合作原则的各项准则，推导出相应的会话含义。（何自然，1988）。

4）非规约性（non－conventionality）

会话含义不是话语的规约意义（conventional meaning）。也就是说，会话含义不是字面意义，也不是字面意义的一部分。它是通过合作原则中各项准则，通过话语的字面意义，结合语境推导出来的。字面意义在话语中是不变的，会话含义则视语境的不同而变化。例如，“It's cold here．”在某一特定语境中可能产生出“关窗”这个会话含义，而在另外一些语境中则可能产生一些其他的会话含义。

5）不确定性（indeterminacy）

推导会话含义就是推导交际双方在遵守合作原则的前提下话语的种种解释；而这种解释随语境的不同又可以有无数个，因而会话含义是不确定的。列文森（1983）举的一个例子是：“John is a machine．”这句话在不同的语境中可以表达“约翰是冷酷的”、“约翰是能干的”、“约翰不停地干活”或“约翰不会动脑子”等会话含义。

标新立异英语怎么说

标新立异:

1. create something new and original

作者似乎在力图标新立异。

The author seems to strain after novelty. 在戏剧创作上标新立异

Freak out on playwriting

见解独特的政治家；一个标新立异的决定

maverick politicians; a maverick decision.

见解独特的政治家；一个标新立异的决定

Maverick politicians;a maverick decision.

她一味标新立异，在艺术界堪称一怪。

Her advanced idea have make her the enfant terrible of the art world.

一份观点标新立异的报纸；内容新颖的贺卡

an alternative newspaper; alternative greeting cards.

一份观点标新立异的报纸；内容新颖的贺卡

An alternative newspaper;alternative greeting cards.

标新立异的有丰富且有时离奇或不一致的装饰的

Marked by rich and sometimes bizarre or incongruous ornamentation.

老板叫他在公司建立起以前要按常规行事，不要标新立异。

His employer told him to keep to the beaten track and not use any new ideas until the company became established.

在缺乏由专家细心制定的特殊政策的情况下，标新立异主义扎下了根(美国新闻及世界报道)

In the absence of specific policies carefully tended by specialists, ad hoci** took root(U.S. News World Report)

如今，小说家们的创作目标不是力求题材上的新颖，就是力求风格上的标新立异，而不是因循守旧、墨守成规。

Nowadays novelists aim at novelty either in subject or in style,instead of following the beaten path of conventionality.

急求红与黑这本书的英文简介．

Novels "Red" has been published about the history of 200 years, why, in this ever-changing 200 years of fiction can still enduring? The reason lies in the novel not only very successful in shaping the company's claim that highly era black color, but also has the distinct personality of artistic images, but also through leading character experience, and demonstrated French restoration dynasty period vast era painting scroll, then touched many acute social problems. Even leading character in the novel experience and reflects the experience of young petty bourgeoisie universal destiny. Even behave themselves in the USA, supercilious, enthusia**, determination, but selfish, skeptical. In monks power elite, powerful family system stern feudal society, and discriminated against by birth civilians. Such oppression of the status of his growing discontent with the reality : the impact of Enlightenment thought and caught up in his anti-character. He decided to rely on individual talents like Napoleon, a meritorious, fine. But in restoration period, Napoleon-style rank of the Road has been closed by the elite class. On this rock beneath evergreen trees to grow along. In order to get even with her all the knowledge that worthless, yet the Latin of the "New Testament" back in verse. Recite his amazing ability to let him into the home of the mayor of Victoria Aguilar Ye Fall, when a family of teachers. In that period, he and Germany.

Switzerland ambiguous relationship that Mrs. occurred, mostly in resistance and retaliation for his abuse of elite class. However, growing, were blinded by the upper class in society corrupts even the soul, he contributed to the upward desire and ambitions. Even in the dark terror seminary, witnessed manipulate strategically, reveals the ugly inside, so he offered a double-dealing tactics, such behaviour has been the duplicity of the table and patrons stare. Seminary life even further distorted in the character, and strengthen his climbing ambitions and hypocrisy style. In the company to log when the Private Secretary's marquis after exposing civilians, although not the class ideology, but by the marquis trusted, Miss conquest Mateer, even in the "civilian class treason heart" has disappeared. He became a faithful restoration dynasty pawns. As a step towards him in the company for the "bright", as a result of firing Germany and Switzerland that Mrs. complete ruin their future, their present a head. As a fine critical reali** novels, the "Red" and not starting from the concept will even reach into a leading character in the pursuit of personal symbols. Instead, the author has given his deep sympathy to the people through the dedicated pursuit of lust and the pursuit of less than critical to the suffering of that era specific social realities, and this is the "force" has spread charm forever good reason.

小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了，为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰？原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩，又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象，而且通过主人公的经历，展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷，触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅，但又自私、多疑。在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会，因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪：启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响，培养了他的反搞性格。他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋，飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期，拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。 就在这样的岩石底下，一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识，明知毫无价值，却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家，当起家庭教师来。在那段时期，他与德.瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系，大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的**。但是，纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂，助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。 于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后，亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕，于是他便耍起了两面派手法，这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的表睐和宠幸。神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格，强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识，但在受到侯爵重用，征服玛特尔小姐后，于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时，因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程，把自己送上了断头台。 作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说，《红与黑》并没有从概念出发，将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反，作者却给予了他深切的同情，通过人对欲念的执着追求与追求不到的痛苦来批判那个时代特定的社会现实，这也是《红与黑》流传至今魅力长存的原因。