discrepancy词根「discard词根」
discrimination .discord .discrepancy做不一致,差异时的区别,怎么辨析
discrimination(n. 歧视;区别,辨别;识别力)
强调: 歧视.
差别对待,差别待遇;(尤指对少数集团的)歧视,偏袒,偏爱(或偏见)的表示,不公平待遇

(unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice)
racial discrimination 种,族歧视
sex discrimination 性别歧视;
price discrimination 价格歧视,差别取价
gender discrimination 性别歧视
race discrimination 种,族歧视
discord 由词根cord 来,accord ,according,
(n. 不和;不调和;嘈杂声)
主要强调"不调和"
(想法、意见、事物等之间的)不一致,不协调,不和谐,意见分歧,意见不同
(1. lack of agreement or harmony
2. disagreement among those expected to cooperate)
marital discord夫妇不和
sow discord搬弄是非
Curse Discord迷魅之咒
international discord国,际**
discord index不安指数
discrepancy
(n. 不符;相差;矛盾)
强调一种"(与期望)不符合;有矛盾,有差异"
(差异,差别;不一致,不符合,不协调,自相矛盾)
(1. a difference between conflicting facts or claims or opinions
2. an event that departs from expectations)
mass discrepancy质量差异
goal discrepancy目标差
Income Discrepancy贫富差距
discrepancy report差异报告
synchronization discrepancy同步差
item discrepancy不符事项
高中英语常用词根
1) dis(not, the opposite of) disadvantage, dislike, disagree, disappear, disarm, disaster, disastrous, disappoint, disable, disability, discharge, disclose, discount, discourage, discover, discovery, discrepancy, disease, disgrace, disguise, disgust, dishonor, dishonest, dislike, di**ay, disorder, dispatch, disperse, displace, displacement, displease, disregard, dissatisfy, distort , distract, disintegrate, isparage, dispassion, disproportionate
2) in- (not, in, into) inability, incorrect, inability, incapable, indirect, inhuman, injustice, informal, inside, include, inclusive, income, increase, increasingly, incredible, indefinite, independence, independent, indifferent, indirect, indispensable, individual, indoor, inertia , inevitable, infamous , infinite, inhabit , inhabitant, inherent , inject, inland , inlet , inner, innocent, innumerable , input, inquire, inquiry, insane, insensitive, insert, inside, insight, insist, inspect, inspiration , inspire, install, installation, installment , instance, instant, instinct, insulate , intense, interior, internal, into, intrinsic, invade, invalid , invaluable , invariably , invasion, invert , investigate, invisible, involve, inward, incomplete, indecisive, inedible, inept, inevitably, infection, infirm, injection, innate, insatiable, insecurity, insider, insidious
3) im- (not, in, into) impossible, imbalance, immature, immoral, impatient, implicit , impress, impression, import, immigrate, imprison, immerse
4) il- (not) illegal, illiterate, illogical ir- (not) irregular, irresponsible, irrespective
5) un- (not) unable, uncover, undo, undoubtedly, undress , uneasy, unemployment , unexpected, unfold , unfortunately, unimportant, unlike, unload, unusual, unaware, enlightened, unparalleled, unsustainable,
6) non- (not) non**oker, nonexistence, non-cooperation, nonstop, nonmetal, nonresident, nonsense, nonfundamentalist, nonspecialist
7) mis- (wrong, wrongly) mislead, misspell, misstep, misfortune, misuse, misguided, misinformation
8) de- (showing the opposite, to remove, to reduce) deform, deface, demobilize, destruction, deforest, denationalize, depress, depression, decode, decrease, degenerate , degrade , descend, descendant , descent
9) pre- (before, in advance) prefix, pre-historic, precaution, precede , preceding, preclude , predecessor , predict, predominant , preface, prejudice, preliminary, premature , premier , premise , premium , preparation, prepare, prepay, preside , president, presumably, presume , pretext , prevail, prevent, previous, prewar, preconception, prediction, prescientific, presumptively
10) ante-, (before, in advance) anteroom, ante-Christian, antemeridian, anticipate, antique
11) fore- (in advance, before, in or at the front) forearm, forehead, foreman, foretell , foresee , forefather , foreleg, forerunner , fore , foremost, forecast, forewarn
12) ex- (out, out of, former) ex-minister, ex-president, ex-Soviet Union, ex-wife, export, exclude, exclusive, excursion, exhibit, exile , exit, exotic , expand, expansion, expedition , expel , expend , expenditure , expense, explode, explosion, explosive, expose, exposition , exposure, express, expression, extend, extension, extensive, exterior, external, extinct, extra, extract
13) post- (later than, after) postgraduate, postwar, postmeridian, postpone, postscript
14) sub- (under, below, less important) sub, subject, subway, subtitle, subdivide, submarine , sub-zero, submerge, submit, subordinate , subscribe , subsection, subsequent, subsidiary , subsidy , substance, substantial, substitute, subtract, suburb, subconsciously, subtly
15) infra- (below in a range, beyond) infrastructure , infrared
16) re- (again, back to a former state) react, reaction, recall, recede , receipt, recipient , reclaim , recognize, recognition, record, recorder, recover, recovery, recreation, recur , recycle , redundant , reflect, reflection, reflexion, reform, refrain , refresh, refreshment , refund , refute , reinforce, reject, remember, remind, removal, remove, renaissance , renew, repay , repeat, repeatedly, repel , repetition, replace, replacement, represent, representative, repression , reproduce, respect, respond, response, responsibility, responsible, restore, resume, return, reunion , revise, revive
17) co-, col-, com-, con-, cor- (with together) co-existence, cooperative , co-author, coalition , coherent , coincide , coincidence , collaboration , colleague, collide , collision, collocation, compassion, compassionate, concentric, confederation, conjoin, coordinate, correlate, correlation, correspond
18) inter- (between, among) interchange, interchangeable, interdependent, interpersonal, interview, interact , interaction, intercourse , interface , interfere, interference, Internet, interrupt, interval, intervene
19) macro- (large) macroeconomics , macroco** , macrostructure
20) micro- (extremely **all) microcomputer, microeconomics , microscope, microphone, microsurgery, microelectronics, microbiologist
21) super- (greater or more than) super, supermarket, supersonic , superman, superpower, supernatural, supervise , superb, superficial, superintendent , superior, superiority , supreme, supersystem
22) sur- (more than, beyond) surplus, surtax, surface, surpass , surround, survival, survive, suspect
23) ultra- (beyond, very, too) ultramodern, ultrasound, ultra-violet
24) auto- (of or by oneself) auto, autocritici**, autoland, automobile, automation , automatic, autobiography , autonomous , autonomy
25) mal- (bad, badly) malfunction, maltreat , malnutrition , malpractice
26) tele- (at or over a long distance, by or for television) telegram, television, telegraph, telephone, telecommunications , telescope, telescreen, teleswitch, televise
28) semi-, hemi- (half) semicircle, semiconductor, semi-colony , semifinal, hemisphere
29) uni-, mono- (one) uniform, unify , union, unique, unit, unite, unity, universe, universal, university, monologue , monoplane, monopoly , monotone, monotonous , carbon monoxide
30) bi-, di- (two) biweekly, bicycle, bilateral , billion, bilingual, dialogue, carbon dioxide
31) tri- (three) tricycle , triangle, triangular, trilogy , triple, trigonometry
32) quadri-, quadru- (four) quadruple, quadrangle
33) penta- (five) pentagon, Pentagon, Pentium
34) hexa- (six) hexagon, hexangular mill- (thousand) millennium, millimeter
35) sept- (seven) September, Sept-Wolves nona- (nine) nonagon, November
36) octa- (eight) octagon, octave, octopus, October 38) deci-, deca- (ten) decade, decimal
39) centi- (hundredth part) centigrade, centimeter, centipede, century
40) kilo- (thousand) kilo, kilometer, kilogram (me), kilowatt
42) multi- (many) multipurpose, multinational, multiple, multiply, multitude
43)counter-,anti-,contra- (opposite, against counteract, counterattack, counterclockwise, counterrevolutionary, antibiotic, antigravity, antimatter, antiwar, antinuclear, contradict , contradiction, contramissile, contranatural, contrary, contrast, anticonsumeri**
44) mini- (**allest, short) minibus, miniskirt, minimum, minister, ministry, minor, minority, minute
45) max- (greatest) maximum, maximal, maximize
46) out- (outside, beyond) outdo, outwit, outlive, outnumber, outdoor, outstanding, outskirts , outward, outcome, outer, outing , outline, outlook, output, outrage , outside
47) over- (too much, above, additional) overwork, overuse, overtake, overpass , overthrow , overturn , overall, overdue , overhead, overhear , overlook, overseas, overtime
48) trans- (across, on or to the other side of) transaction , transatlantic, transcend , transfer, transform, transistor , transit , transition , translate, translation, tran**ission, tran**it, tran**itter, transparent, transplant, transport, transportation
49) under- (too little, below) underdevelop, underdevelopment, underestimate, undergraduate, underground, underlie , underline, undersea, underlying , undermine , underneath, underwear
50) neo- (new) neo-Nazi**, neolithic
51) be- (cause to be or have) befriend, belittle
52) bio- (life) biology, biography , autobiography, antibiotic, biochemistry, biosphere, biomedical
53) en- em- (cause to become, put into the stated condition) embody, empower, endanger, enlarge, enrich, encompass, enthrone, entrench
54) extra- (outside, beyond) extracurricular, extraordinary
55) mid- (middle) midday, midnight
56) poly- (many) polycentric, polydirectional, polysyllabic
57) pseudo- (not real, false) pseudomemory, pseudonym, pseudoscience
58) thermo- (heat) thermochemistry, thermometer
59) vice- (next in rank below) vice-chairman, vice-president
60) aero- (air) aerial , aeroplane, aeronautics, aerospace
61) cross- (across, going between the stated things and joining them) cross-country, cros**reed
62) intra- (inside, within; into) intracity, intra-department, intranet
63) pro- (in favor of, supporting) pro-America, pro-abortion
64) self- self-employed, self-taught
65) step- (not by birth but through a parent who has remarried) stepmother, stepchildren
pos = put 放置
pose, position, expose, exposure, compose, composition, propose, proposal, oppose,
opposition, impose, dispose, disposal, preposition
tract = draw 拉,抽,引
tractor, attract, attraction, attractive, distract, subtract, contract, abstract, drag, draw, straight, straighten, stretch
sec, sequ = follow 跟随
second, secondary, sequence, subsequent, consequence, consequently
vid, vis, vey, vy = see 看
visible, vision, visibility, invisible, visual, video, videophone, revise, revision, supervise, supervision, evident, evidence, visit
spect=look 看
spectator, spectacle, spectacular, prospect, inspect, inspection, expect, expectation, respect, respectable, respectful, respective, respected, suspect, suspicion, specific, despite
mob, mov, mot = move动
mobile, mobility, mobilize, automobile, motion, motive, motivate, motivation, motor, move, promote, promotion, emote, remote
ced, ceed, cess , gress = go, walk 行走
precede, proceed, procedure, process, exceed, excess, excessive, succeed, success, successful, succession, successive, successor, access, accessible, progress, congress, regress, aggressive
rupt=break破
bankrupt, interrupt, corrupt, disrupt, erupt
mini, min = **all, little 小
miniskirt, minimize, minimum, minus, minute, minority, diminish
scrib, scrip 写,记,抄
describe, description, script, manuscript, prescribe, prescription
dict, dic = say 言,说
diction, dictionary, contradict, dictate, dictation, dictator, predict, prediction, predictable, indicate, verdict
miss, mit = send 投,送,发
mission, missile, di**iss, di**issal, tran**it, tran**ission, emit, emission, promise, compromise, committee, commission
port = carry 拿,带,运
portable, import, export, transport, report, support
leg, legis 法
legal, legalize, illegal, legislate, legislation, legislature
solu, solv 洗,溶解
solution, solve, resolve, resolution, dissolve
press 压
impress, impression, express, suppress, depress
viv, vit=live活:
live, living, lively, survive, livelihood, alive, revive, vivid, vital, vitamin
count=number: 数
account, accountant, discount, number, numeral, numerous, innumerable
ag=act 行动,做:
action, exactly, react, interact, transact, radioactive, agent, agenda, agency,
fac(t)=make做,作,制造:
facility, factory, faculty, affect, defect, infect, perfect, efficient, fiction, artificial, proficiency, feasible
sign=mark记号,信号:
remark, signal, signature, design, designate, significance, resign
du, doub, coup=two 二:
dual, double, doubtful, couple, dubious, duplicate, dual
spher=ball球:
balloon, ballot, hemisphere, atmosphere
popul, publ=people人:
popular, public, publicity, republic, publish, republican, population,
men, min=mind心灵,精神:
mind, remind, mention, mental, comment, memory, memorial, remember, commemorate
struct=build建造:
construct, instruct, obstruct, destruction, destroy
fund, found=base基础:
basement, basis, foundation, profound, fund, refund, fundamental
part=divide分,分开:
dividend, individual, particle, participate, particular, partner, apart, counterpart, depart, impartial, department, party, apartment, compartment
pend,pens-hang悬挂:
dependent, independence, append, appendix, suspend, pension
duc(t)=lead引导:
conduct, deduct, misconduct, educate, induce, introduce, produce, reduce,
oper=work工作:
operate, cooperate, opera
ven,vent=come来:
venture, adventure, avenue, convention, invent, eventually, prevent, intervene
voc,vok=claim呼喊,叫喊,声音:
proclaim, reclaim, exclaim, advocate, provoke, vocal, voice,
sect=cut切,割:
section, segment, intersection, sector
grat, grac, gree=please高兴,感激:
grace, grateful, gratitude, congratulation, agree, agreeable, greet, pleasure, pleasant, disagree
vail, val=worth价值:
worth, worthy, worthwhile, available, prevail, value, valid, validity, valve, evaluate, equivalent
pel, peal, puls=drive驱动:
appeal, compel, compulsion, compulsory, propel, pulse, impulse
有关英语
词根其实就是经常用到的英语单词的组成部分~比如 information、translation里面的“tion”这样,一般读音是固定的,而且表示的词性大部分也是相同的,像tion放在末尾一般表示名词(也有一些特殊的)
LZ你看单词看多了会有感觉的~这东西不用死记
求discriminate、discrepancy词源及单词快速记忆方法
俗话说:万丈高楼平地起。学好英语也是一样,首先要记好单词,打好基础。但是我们却为记单词而感到烦恼,如果你能够掌握一定的方法,那么这种烦恼将会迎刃而解。
这里有十种记单词的技巧:1全身心记忆法,就是在记忆时动口、动手和动脑相结合 2联系记忆法,就是学习新单词时一定回想与之相关的旧单词3同义记忆与近义记忆,就是把同义词和近义词归类,例如:look, see, watch, read都有看的意思4同类记忆与比较记忆,把同类的词放在一起来记忆,例如:bike, taxi, bus, motorbike, plane, ship, boat, truck等表示交通工具的词归类 5联想记忆,例如:family家(f=father父亲 a=and和 m=mother母亲 i=is是 l=love爱 y=you你,你们,那么这就是家 )6单词分割法,就是把较长的复合词分开来记,例如:housework家务活(house房子和work工作)football足球(foot脚ball球)7词根词缀构词记忆法,例如:care-careful-carefully,polite-impolite,like-dislike, work-worker,这里ful,ly,im,dis,er 都是词缀,英语中很多单词是由词根+词缀构成8大量记忆法,也叫泛记,利用强记法记忆大量的单词,但这种方法必须要在8小时(遗忘规律)后及时复习,反复记忆9结合语境法,也就是在读课文时,及时准确的记忆,比单纯记忆单词有意思,同时可以加强阅读能力10.结合磁带法,就是在听力时,凭感觉去回忆听到单词,想不出来的立马把它出去来,适用于那些用单词光盘盒磁带记单词的同学。 方法只是让你的学习达到事半功倍的效果,而不是你投机取巧的伎俩。学习英语没有捷径,一句话“天道酬请吧”,我们只有多读、多写、多听、多练才能提高。
谁能告诉我有些词变反义词的规律(比如前面+UN的,但是我不知道那些加,那些不加)
表示否定意义的前缀:把词的正方意义变为否定的前缀
常见的否定前缀主要有:a-, ab-, anti-, contra-, counter-, de-, dis-, in- (il-, im-, ir-), mal-, mis-, ne-(n-), non, ob-(oc-, of-, op-), un-, with-等。其中,(1)不能构成新词的前缀有:n-, a-, ab-, mal-, in-;(2)能产力(孳生能力)不强的前缀有:dis-, mis-, contra-;(3)能产型前缀有:un-, non-, anti-, counter-. 这些否定前缀按否定意义的不同又分为纯否定前缀(negative prefixes)、表示错误意义的前缀(pejorative prefixes)、倒转前缀(reversative/private prefixes)(表示相反动作的前缀)和 反对前缀(against prefixes)(表示相反、相互对立意思的前缀)四种。
(1) 纯否定前缀(negative prefixes):a-, dis-, in-, ne-, un-.
这类前缀是纯粹表示否定的意思。
a-,an-,(a在元音或辅音h之前的变体)[GK]加在名词、形容词上表示缺乏某种性质,有“非,无,不,缺,消”等的意义。例如:
aperiodic(非周期的) astatic(无定向的)
asynchronous(非同步的) acyclic(无环的)
asy**etry(不对称) amoral(不道德的)
achromatic(消色差的) anisometric(不等量的)
anisotropic (非均匀质) anaemia(贫血)
anharmonic (非调和的) anhydrous(无水的)
dis-[L]加在名词、形容词、动词、副词上,表示否定。有“无,不,失,分”等的意义。例如:
dishonest(不正直的) discontinuity(不连续性)
disappear(消失,失踪) discrepancy(不符)
distaste(厌恶) dislike(不喜欢)
dissimilar(不相同的) disorder(无序,混乱)
chaos
in-;ig-,il-,im-,ir-(in-在辅音n,l,m,p,r前的变体。[L]加在形容词、名词、副词上,有:“无,不,非,未”之意,例如:
incapable(不能的) incomparable(无比的)
insensitive(不灵敏的) inability(不能)
inconsistently(不一致的) inelastic非弹性的)
ignoble(不名誉的) ignore(装不知)
impossible(不可能的) immeasurable(不可测量的)
impatient `in-`patient out-paitient
ink books bags six exam
impurity(杂质) immoral(不道德的)
illegal(非法的 illimitable(无限的)
illogical(不合逻辑的) irregular(不规则)
irreversible(不可逆的) irrotational(非旋转的)
ne-,n-(ne-在元音之前的变体) [OE]及[L]原是否定副词,表示否定之意。例如:
nescience([哲]不可知论) neuter(中性,中立)
n(e)one no-one neutral(中性)
neither(都不) never(决不)
non-[L]加在名词、形容词、副词或作形容词的分词上,表示“无,抗,防,非,不”之意,例如:
nonage(未成年) nonmetal(非金属元素)
nonsense(无聊) nonconductor(非导体)
noncorrodible(抗腐蚀的,防腐的 nonleaded(无负载的)
nonageing(未老化的) nonelasticity(可忽略的)
neg-[L]表示“否定”的意义。例如:
neglect(忽视) negligible(可忽略的)
un-[OE]加在形容词、副词、名词及用于作形容词的分词上,表示“不,无,未,非”等否定的意义。例如:
unable(不能的) unbalance(不平衡)
unlimited(无限的) unreasonably(无理地)
uncertainty(不确实) unluckily(不幸)
unmarried(未婚的) unbending(不弯曲的)
unemployment(失业) unfailing(取之不尽的)
(2) 表示错误意义的前缀(pejorative prefixes):
male-,mal-[L] [F]表示“不善,失,恶,坏”等否定的意义。例如:
malfunction(故障,不正常工作)
maladjustment(调节不善,失调)
malformation(畸形)
transform (改)变形(态)
deform (改)变形(状)
malnutrition(营养不良)
mis-[OE]加在动词、动名词和用做形容词的分词上,表示错误的意义。例如:
miscalculate(算错) misread(读错)
misunderstanding(误解) mistake(弄错,误解)
take one for another=mistake one for another
as luck would have it = 1 luckily or 2 as ill-luck would have it
I suspect that he is a spy.
==I don’t suspect that he is a spy.
==I don’t doubt that he is a spy.
=\=I doubt whether he is a spy.
He is easy to please.
He is eager to please.
They can fish.
They are able to fish.
They put fish in a can.
take one as another
misleading(靠不住的) mistaught(教错了的)
mistimed(不合时的) misrepresent(误传)
misdescription(错误报导) mi**elieving(信仰不当)
[注意]mal-和mis-在个别单词仍保留着纯粹否定的意义。例如:
malcontent(不满的), mistruct(不相信),misfire(不发火),
Saving a person’s life is like saving the fire.
Saving a person’s life is as urgent as extinguishing the fire.
mischance(不幸),mislike(嫌厌),misfortune(倒运,灾祸),
pseudo-[OE]加在名词、形容词上表示“虚假,虚伪”,类似的意义。例如:
pseudonym(假名,笔名) pseudoclassic(假古典主义的)
pseudoscience(伪科学) pseudoisotope(假同位素)
pseudoatom(假原子) pseudoplastic(假塑性体)
pseudograph(伪书,冒名著作)
endorse 背书 recite
pseudology(谎话)
3) 倒转前缀(reversative/private prefixes):
de-[L]一般加在动词、形容词上表示“反,去,解,消,除,脱”的意义。例如:
decentralize(分散) demodulation(解调)
despun(反自旋) depolarization(去极化)
defend(防御) dehydration(脱水)
demonopolize(消除垄断) deoxidize(去氧)
deform degrade upgrade decrease
dis-[L]一般加在动词及名词或形容词上来构成动词,表示含有“反转,复原”的意义。例如:
disarm(解除武装) disown(脱离关系,否认)
disconnect(分离) disable(使无能)
di**ranch(去枝条) disjoin(拆散)
disproof(反证) disappear(不见,消失)
The disinterested judge is impartial to either party in the case.
un-[OE]加在动词、名词上构成动词,表示“反动作”的意义。例如:
uncouple(去耦) unbend(放直,展开)
unhook(摘钩) unsay(收回意见)
unfasten(打开,放松) unglove(脱去手套)
unloading(去载) uncover(拿去庶盖物)
对于前缀un-来说,有些语法学家还把它称为消除性的un-,(privative un-)用在动词词根(尤其是由名词转化成的动词)前,消除原来动词的功能,表示相反的意思。例如:
unlock(开锁) ---lock(锁)
unbind(解开) ---bind(捆上)
unwrap(打开) --- warp(包上)
undress(脱衣)--- dress(穿衣)
(4) 反对前缀(against prefixes):
这类前缀是表示相反、相互对立的意思的。
anti-,ant-(anti-在元音及气音字母h前的变体)[GK]一般是加在名词、形容词上,表示“反对,反面,抗,逆,防,耐,消,去,解,对,非”的意义。例如:
anti-Japanese
antisymmetric(非对称的) antipathy(憎恶)
antiforeign(排外的) antimilitari**(反军国主义)
antiphase(反相) antijamming(抗干扰)
antiknock(防震) anthelmintic(除虫药)
antarctic(南极的) antacid(解酸的,中和酸的)
contra-;contre-,contro-(contra-的变体)[L]一般加在名词、动词上,表示“反,逆,对,抗”的意义。例如:
contraflow(逆流) contravariant(逆变的)
contradiction(矛盾) contralto(女低音)
contravention(违反) contraposition(对位)
contretemps(不测) controvert(争论)
counter [F] 一般加在名词、形容词,动词上,表示“反,逆,抗”的意义。例如:
counteraction(反作用) countercurrent(逆电流)
counterbalance(抗衡) counterchange(变换位置)
counterwork(对抗行动,阻碍) counterdrive(反攻,逆袭)
counteragent(反抗力,反对动作) countermodulation(反调制)
ob-;oc-,of-,op- (op-在辅音 c,f,p 前的变体)[L] 一般加在动词、形容词上,表示“反,逆,倒,非”的意义。特别在现代英语科技词汇中,常表示“与通常的方向或形状相反。”例如:
object(反对,**) obstinate(顽固的)
obcordate(倒心形的) obovate(倒卵形的)
obconical(倒圆锥的) obtriangular(倒三角形的)
occupy(占领) offend(触犯)
oppose(反对) oppress(压迫)
with-[OE]一般加在动词上,表示“对,向,逆,反对”的意义。例如:
withdraw(缩回)
(with)drawing-room
egg-plant
withstand(抵抗)
withhold(压住,制住)
cata-,cat-(cata-在元音前的变体) [GK]加在名词上表示“反对,相反”的意义。例如:
catagenesis(退化) catalysis(催化)
cation(阳离子)
当然,我们可以从词典里看到由前缀un-所构成的派生词是大量的,加缀un-的词根,固然也可以加缀前缀in-,但它们的构词功用是不一样的,因为un-词根是活用的前缀,可以自由地加在某些形容词的前面,构成新的派生词,in-是非活用的前缀,除了己有的派生词以外,(多是加在名词前面),不能用来构成新的派生词。
un-是本族语前缀,而in-是拉丁语前缀。在许多词典里,un-的派生词多半是只列具有特殊意义的词,对于一般派生意义很容易推测的,就没有必要把所有派生词罗列出来。相反in-的派生词则是全部罗列出来,这对初学英语的人在查词典时容易掌握和作为用法上的参考。un-这个现代英语的中活用前缀,既可以用来相外来和处来语词根结合,也可以和本族语词根结合,构成新的派生词,从词义上说,un-不仅仅是表示否定意义的,并且还带有明显的褒贬的意思。如unkind(不厚道,不亲切)unworthy(不值得)等。因此,对已经有贬义的词前面,是不用un-这个否定前缀的.例如,一般是不用un- foolish, unugly, unbad, unevil等。严格说来,前缀un-加在动词前面和加在形容词前面;在词源上作为词义有区别的两个前缀。从英语时历史来看;从十七世纪以后,由于大量吸收拉丁语词汇(主要通过法语),渗入了许多带前缀in-的词汇,因而造成了词汇上一定程度的混乱。这样一来,许多同词根而异前缀词义相同的词,逐渐多了起来,所以在用法的分辨感到有些困难。不仅如此,in-与un-混用以后,英语词汇出现了大量否定对似语(negative doublets)例如:
unedible (不适于食用的,不可以吃的),inedible(不适合食用的,不可以食用的);unapt(不配的,不适当的),inapt(不适当的),unmeasurable(不能测量的),immeasurable(不能测量的),unreligious(无信仰的),irreligious(无信仰的)unsanitary(不卫生的),insanitary(不卫生的)等。(disease unease; disinterested uninterested; dislike unlike; disable unable;)
从这些否定对似语来看,它们在词义上是有细微差别的,但作为同义词不达意来说是比较恰当的。这种现象对于分辨对似语之间词义上的细微差别是不容易的。不过像这样的对似语现在虽然已为数不多了,但使用时还是要加以注意。
再者,un-与in-的含义和用法相近似。un-一般是和本族语词干或本族语里已采纳的外来语词干相结合,而in-一般是和拉丁语词干相结合。比较:
unable(不可能的)---- inability(不可能的)
unjust ----injustice
unlucky ----ill-luck in an unlucky hour,偏偏,偏巧
unceasing----incessant(不断的)
unexplained(不能解释的)---- inexplicable (不可解释的)
ungrateful(忘恩负义的)---- ingratitude(忘因负义)
有时,为了区别词义,往往分别用un-和in-。例如:
unexpressive (=inexpressive) (辞不达意),inexpressible (不可言传); unpractical (=impractical) (不切实际), impracticable (行不通)。
另外un-和in-在构词上不有以下区别:
(1)in-或im-开头的单词,不再加in-,而用un-,如unimaginable(不可想象的)unimproved(未改进的)但inimitable(不可摹仿的)例外。
(2)词尾是拉丁语后缀-ate,-ent,-ant,-ite,-ible的单词,多半用-in.
inadequate(不充分的) insubordinate(不服从的)
irrelevant(不相干的) incessant(不停的)
independent(不依赖的) inconsistent(不一致的)
indefinite(不确定的) impolite(不礼貌)
indefensible(无法防御的) infusible(难熔的)
(3)词尾是本族语后缀-able,-ed,-ful,-ing,-like,-ory,-some 的单词,多半用un-。
unable(不可能的) unconquerable(不可征服的)
undecided(未决定的) unlimited(无限的)
unceasing(不断的) unbending(不弯曲的)
unsuccessful(不成功的) unfruitful(无结果的)
unsport**anlike(不公正的) unsatisfactory(不令人满意的)
unhandsome(不美好的) unwholesome(不适合满意的)
另外在同根词中un-和其他表示“否定”意义的前缀在词类或词义上也有区别。比较:
inhuman(不近人情) unhuman(不属于人类的)
nonhumna(不属于人类的)
immoral(缺德,伤天害理) unmoral(不道德的)
nonmoral(和道德没有关系的)
discomfort(不愉快,不安) uncomfortable(不愉快的,不安的)
misfortune(倒运,不幸) unfortunate(不幸的,倒霉的)
还可以加在合成词,短语及带介词的过去分词词组上。如self-unconscionsly(不紧张),unhearded(闻所未闻的)un-in-one-breath-utterable(一口气说不完的)uncaredfor(无人照管的)unthought-of(没想到的)
谁能介绍一些最常用的英语词根?
ag,act 做,驱动 agent代理人 active活动的,积极的
agr 农田 agriculture农业 agrarian田地的
am 爱,亲爱 amicable友善的 amiable和蔼可亲的
anim 心灵,精神,生命 animal动物 animate有生命的
ann,enn 年 annual一年的 centennial一世纪的
astro 星 astronomy天文学 astronaut宇宙航行员
audi 听 audience听众 audible听得见的
bell 战争 rebellion反叛,反抗 bellicose好战的
bio 生命,生物 biology生物学 antibiotic抗生的,抗生素
brev 短 brevity 简短 abbreviate缩短,节略
cede 走 precedent先行的,在前的 precede先行
cent 百 centimeter厘米 centigrade百分度的
center,centr 中心 concentrate集中 centrifugal离心力的
cide,cis 杀,切 ********* bactericide杀菌剂
claim,clam 叫喊 exclaim惊叫 proclaim宣布,宣告
clar 清楚,明白 declare表明,声明 clarify讲清楚
clud,clos 关闭 close关闭 exclude排斥
cogn 知道 recognize承认 cognitive认识的
cord 心 cordial衷心的 core核心
co** 宇宙,世界 o**ic宇宙的 co**os宇宙
cred 相信 credibility可信 credit信任
cur,cours 跑 ccurrence出现,发生 current流通的
cycl 圆,环 bicycle自行车 cyclone旋风
di 日 diary日记 diarist记日记者
dict 说 predict预言 indicate表示
duc,duct 引导 conduct指导 induce引诱
ed 吃 edible可吃的 edacity贪吃
fact 做,制 factory工厂 manufacture制造,加工
fer 带,拿 transfer转移 ferry渡船
flu 流 fluent流利的 influenza流行性感冒
form 形式,外形 transform改变 formula公式
fract,frag破,折 fraction碎片 fragile易碎的
fus 倾,注,溶化 fusion熔解 effuse泻出
gen 起源 generate使产生 genetic遗传的
geo 地球,土地 geography地理 geology地质学
grad 步,走,级 gradual逐步的 graduate毕业
gram 写,记录 diagram图表 program节目单,方案
graph 写,画,记录 photograph照像 autograph亲笔,手稿
gress 行走 progress进步 retrogress后退
hap 机会,运气,偶发 happen发生 mishap灾祸
hospit 客人 hospital医院 hospitable好客的,殷勤的
insul 岛 peninsula半岛 insulation隔绝,孤立
hydra 水 hydraulic水利的 hydrant消防栓
ject 投,掷,抛 eject射出 project投射
junct 连接,结合 conjunction连接词 adjunct附属物
lect,leg,lig 挑选,采集 lect 选举 selection选举 eligible合格的,合适的
lev 举,升 elevator电梯 lever杠杆
liber 自由 liberate解放 liberalist自由主义的
lingu 语言 linguist语言学家 bilingual两种语言的
liter 文字,字母 literate识字的 literature文学
loc 地方 local当地的 locate使座落于
log 词,语言,讲演 dialogue对话 logic逻辑
loqu 说话 eloquent雄辩的 colloquial口语的,会话的
manu 手 manuscript手稿 manual手的,用手的
medi 中间 medium中等的 mediation居中调解
memor 记忆,记住的 memory记忆 memorial纪念日,纪念物
milit 兵 military军事的 militant战斗性的
min 少,小 inority少数 diminish减少,减小
mob,mot,mov 移动 mobile活动的 motion运动 immovable不可移动的
mort 死亡 mortal终有一死的 mortician承办殡葬的人
nov 新 novel小说 novelty新奇
numer 数 numeral数字的 numerous为数众多的
oper 工作 operate操作 co�operate合作
opt 视线,光线 optic视力的 optics光学
path 感情,苦楚,疾病 sympathy同情 pathetic可怜的
pel 推,逐,驱 expel驱逐 repel击退,反击,抵抗
pend,pen 悬挂 depend依靠 pendent悬空的
phon 声音 microphone扩音器 telephone**
plen 满,全 plenty充足,大量 plentitude丰富,充足
pon,pos 放置 postpone推迟 position位置
popul 人民 population人口 popular人民的,大众的
port 搬运,带 portable可携带的 porter搬运工人
prim 第一,首要 primary最初的 primitive原始的
psych 精神 psychology心理学 psychic精神的
pur 清,纯,净 purify使纯净 depurate使净化
rect 正,直 erect直立的 correct改正
rid,ris 笑 ridicule嘲笑 derision笑柄,嘲笑
rupt 破 rupture破裂,裂开 interrupt中断
scend,scens,scent 爬 ascend上,升 descent下降
sci 知道 science科学 conscious有知觉的
sens,sent 感觉 sensation感觉 sentiment感情
sol 太阳 solar太阳的 parasol阳伞
spec 看 spectacle光景,景象 prospect展望
spir 呼吸,生命 conspire共谋 inspire吸气,鼓舞
tact,tang,tag 接触 intact未接触的 tangible可接触的
tail 切,割 tailor裁缝 retail零售
tain,ten,tin 保持,握,容纳 contain容纳 obtain取得,sustain支持
tect 掩,盖 detect侦察 发觉,detective侦探的
tele 远 telescope望远镜 telegram电报
tend,tens,tent 伸 extend伸开,扩展 extensive广阔的
text 编织 textile纺织的 texture组织,结构
therm 热 thermal热的 thermometer温度计
tor,tort 扭,扭转 orsion扭转 distortion歪曲
tract 拖,拉,吸引 attract吸引 attractive有吸引力的
un,uni 一 unite统一,联合 union联合,工会
ut 用 utility有用 utilize利用
vac,van 空,空虚 vacation假期 vanity空虚,虚荣
vari 变化 various各样的 variant变异的,不同的
ven 来 intervene干预,介入 prevent防止
vert,vers 转 adverse相反的 convert转换
vid,vis 看见 evident明显的 visible可见的
vit,viv 生活,生存 vital生命的 survival幸存
volv 滚动 revolve旋转 involve卷入
wis,wit 知道 wisdom智慧 witty机敏的
