indignation怎么从词根上记忆啊，谢谢

个人认为可以有两种记法：

1、in-在里面，dig-挖，indig-即别人从自己心里挖（偷）东西，使我“发”自内心的气愤——愤怒，（古汉语中“发”即“挖”之意，如“发人坟墓”、“发掘”等词）这个是个人理解

2、根据字典（新牛津）的解释，词根是拉丁文dignus，意思是worthy,“值得，使有尊严”，in-是否定前缀，indign就是不值得，不雅观。indignation,整个词是气愤得失态了—愤怒

angry mad indignant cross irate词语辨析:生气到底用哪个？

angry 、furious、irritated、annoyed、mad 、indignant、 cross     、irate

All these words describe people feeling and/or showing anger. 

以上各词均形容人愤怒和 / 或发怒。

angry

feeling or showing anger 指愤怒、发怒：

~ (at/about/over sth) | ~ with/at ** (about/for sth)

〔辨析〕普通用词，使用范围广泛，通常用于形容人们的情绪、行为、表情、语言等，也用于形容动物或事物，常后接介词 with/at。

Please don't be angry with me.

请别生我的气。

Thousands of angry demonstrators filled the square.

广场上聚满了成千上万的愤怒**者。

irritated

aroused to impatience or anger 引起烦躁生气

〔辨析〕尤指不断重复的事情或**导致烦躁生气

If something  irritates  you, it keeps annoying you.

Their attitude irritates me...

他们的态度激怒了我。

furious

~ (with **) | ~ (at sth/**) | ~ (that…)

very angry 狂怒的；暴怒的

〔辨析〕强调十分愤怒而难以控制的，在句中常作表语，对某人发怒时后接介词 with，对某事发怒时后接介词 at。

She was absolutely furious at having been deceived.

她受了骗，怒不可遏。

He was furious with himself for letting things get so out of control.

他生自己的气，怪自己竟让事情搞得如此不可收拾。

I'm furious that I wasn't told about it.

这事没有跟我说，我十分气愤。

Usage Note:

Angry  is normally used to talk about some-one's mood or feelings on a particular occasion. If someone is often angry, you can describe them as  bad-tempered .  She's a bad-tempered young lady.  If someone is very angry, you can describe them as  furious .  Senior police officers are furious at the blunder.  If they are less angry, you can describe them as  annoyed  or  irritated .  The Premier looked annoyed but calm. ...a man irritated by the barking of his neighbour's dog.  Typically, someone is  irritated  by something because it happens constantly or continually. If someone is often irritated, you can describe them as  irritable .

angry通常指某人在某种特定情况下的情绪或感觉。经常生气的人可被形容为bad-tempered：She's a bad-tempered young lady（她是个爱发脾气的**）。如果某人非常生气，则可用furious形容：Senior police officers are furious at the blunder (高级警官们因为这个大错大发雷霆）。若不是特别生气，可用annoyed或irritated形容：The Premier looked annoyed but calm（总理看起来有些恼火，但还是很镇静），a man irritated by the barking of his neighbour's dog（被邻居家狗的叫声搞得很烦躁的男人）。通常某人会因某事持续或不断发生感到irritated。如果某人常常发脾气，则可用irritable形容。

mad

[not before noun] ( informal , especially NAmE ) angry 指愤怒或发怒：

He got mad and walked out.

他大动肝火，愤然离去。

She's mad at me for being late.

我迟到了，她非常生气。

Mad is the usual word for ‘angry’ in informal American English. When used in British English, especially in the phrase go mad , it can mean ‘very angry’.

〔辨析〕在非正式的美国英语中，mad为表示愤怒或发怒（angry）的常用词；在英国英语中，尤其是在短语go mad中，mad可表示非常气愤：

Dad'll go mad when he sees what you've done.

父亲看到你的所作所为会非常气愤。

‘Go mad’ can also mean ‘go crazy’ or ‘get very excited’.

go mad也可指发疯、发狂或激动起来。

indignant

feeling or showing anger and surprise because you think that you or ** else has been treated unfairly 指因遭遇或见到不公平的事而愤慨、愤怒。

记忆技巧：in 不 + dign 值得，有价值的；高贵的 + ant …的 → 否认他人人格自尊、个人价值导致的生气

She was very indignant at the way she had been treated.

她对自己受到的待遇大为光火。

cross

( rather informal , especially BrE ) rather angry or annoyed 指十分愤怒、恼怒：

I was quite cross with him for being late.

我因他迟到而十分生气。

〔辨析〕This word is often used by or to children.

该词常为儿童用语或对儿童的用语。

irate

very angry 指极其愤怒的、暴怒的：

irate customers

愤怒的顾客

an irate letter

言辞激愤的信

〔辨析〕Irate is not usually followed by a preposition.

irate后通常不跟介词：

She was irate with me/about it.

如何，快速记忆？（如背单词）

背单词最好用一种形象化和联想的记忆方法，如从发音：拍死它，会联想到害虫，自然就好记忆了。 下面只是我看到的一个形象化的例子，希望对你有帮助。 1.马戏团的鹦鹉

它一岁的age(年纪) 会说人的language(语言) 头脑很懂manage(经营)

要求增加wage(薪水) 惹得老板rage(发怒 ) 把它关进cage(笼子)

2.败家女的生活

天生就很lazy(懒惰的) 生活就爱cozy(舒适的) 上街血拼crazy(疯狂的)

体胖心感uneasy(不安的) 减肥虚脱dizzy(头晕眼花的) 成天沉溺fantasy(幻想)

3.贫农发家史

地下播下seed(种子) 种出却是weed(杂草) 只能当作feed(饲料)

生存无法proceed(继续) 冒险去采seaweed(海带) 脚被刺伤bleed(流血)

拼命加快speed(速度) 回来销售succeed(成功) 见财心生greed(贪婪)

4.武术冠军擒贼

那天我骑着cycle(自行车)见有人偷旧bicycle(自行车) 还美其名曰recycle(回收利用)

我便鼓起了muscle(肌肉) 八卦掌划出semicircle(半圆) 擒贼被写进了article(文章)

5.英国的过去

大英帝国无bound(边界) 英联邦国家abound(大量存在) 流通货币是pound(英镑)

随处英语的sound(声音) 满城绅士牵hound(猎狗)

6.超级逃兵

行军方向forward(向前的) 他的方向backward(向后的)

逃跑方式awkward(笨拙的) 其实是个coward(懦夫)

7.掌舵手

有一个volunteer(志愿者) 把船来steer(驾驶) 快乐是sheer(纯粹的)

神情却queer(古怪的) 高傲像deer(鹿)

8.码头黑老大

野心相当large(大的) 想把地盘enlarge(扩大) 要想在这discharge(卸货)

保护费要overcharge(多收) 谁敢把我charge(控告)

9.便宜无好货

话说有个student(学生) 旅行需要tent(帐篷) 去到商店rent(租借)

只要几百cent(分) 野营发生accident(事故) 原来没有vent(通风孔)

骨架还全bent(弯曲) 奸商让人resent(愤恨)

10.排骨抢劫案

教堂旁边的shop(商店) 正大声播放pop(流行音乐) 卖美味红烧chop(排骨)

口水好像要drop(滴下) 无奈没有钱shop(买东西) 抢一盘朝外hop(跳跃)

越过绊脚的mop(拖把) 猛地撞上了bishop(主教) 被抓住交给cop(警察)

11.登山队员

购买装备时bargain(讨价还价) 买到次货是certain(必然的)

正当要翻越mountain(山脉) 装备坏了直complain(抱怨)

价格把质量contain(包含) 悔不听商家explain(解释)

12.童话版9.11

有一只pest(害虫) 穿一件vest(背心) 飞向southwest(西南)

撞树上nest(巢穴) 世道不公我protest(**)

13.作家的退休生活

每月都领pension(退休金) 天天守着television(电视机) 社交没有occasion(场合)

生活缺乏passion(**) 于是下定decision(决心) 进行旧书revision(修订)

14.八戒怨唐僧

总住破烂hut(小屋) 门都没有shut(关闭) 餐餐吃peanut(花生)

一年没haircut(理发) 老指俺的nut(坚果，头) 说等妖怪cut(砍，剪)

15.白领的周末

周末加班待在公司brood(沉思) 想不出方案没mood(心情) 讨厌天天吃fast(快餐)

披上风衣套上hood(风帽) 穿过吵闹的neighborhood(四邻)

散步来到宁静的wood(小树林)

16. 冬日找工记

空气中透着chill(寒意) 感觉就要fall ill(生病) 吞下了两颗pill(药丸)

手拿着一瓶milk(牛奶) 出门走去woolen will(毛纺厂) 决心去学门skill(技能)

17.午夜凶铃

阴森森的well(井) 井边铺满shell(贝壳) 井底是个hell(地狱)

贞子在里dwell(居住) 邪气被人**ell(闻到) 她被抓去cell(小牢房)

身体开始swell(肿胀) 爬出电视yell(叫喊)

18. 超级噩梦

我变成了hare(兔子) 土著上身bare(**的) 个个对我glare(瞪眼)

他们围在square(广场) 说要把我share(分享) 挣扎无人care(在意)

突然间I’m aware(意识到) It’s a nightmare(噩梦)

19.望夫石

夫去南洋explore(探险) 要去寻找ore(矿石) 路途凶险ignore(不顾)

妻子对他adore(爱慕) 日夜勤做chore(家务) 汗水弄粗pore(毛孔)

furthermore(而且) 眼睛哭到sore(疼痛的) 望穿秋水ashore(在岸上)

20.纣王被伐

纣王生性merciless(残忍的) 迷恋妖狐reckless(不计后果的)

引发后患endless(无穷尽的) 百姓感到hopeless(无望的)

揭竿起义doutless(无疑的) 纣王被困helpless(无助的)

悔恨愧疚useless(无用的) 民心才是priceless(无价的)

21.犒劳自己

鼓起极大的nerve(勇气) 把豪华酒店reserve(预定)

享受专人来serve(伺候) 这一切我都deserve(值得)

22.新好官员

话说得很direct(直接的) 错误善于detect(发现) 缺点从不neglect(忽视)

用人细心select(挑选) 公共设施erect(建造) 人民利益protect(保护)

23. 猜猜这是哪

有一个nation(国家) 最崇拜examination(考试) 不考查creation(创造)

只检查information(知识) 不管你有多少imagination(想象力)

也只能听到老师的explanation(解释)

24. 天庭扰民

选定了下凡candidate(候选人) 天庭就准备celebration(庆祝)

玉帝的马车acceleration(加速) 声响把大地vibrate(震动)

光电在天上generate(产生) 吓坏人间的 magistrate(地方官员)

25. 盗墓者

敢于冒险又robust(精力充沛的) 铁杵往地里thrust(戳)

凿开地的crust(外壳) 拂去厚厚的dust(尘土) 原来是废铁rust(锈)

失望加上disgust(厌恶) 人生理想要adjust(调整) 寻宝致富不可trust(相信)

26. 女明星农场拍戏

一早来到farm(农场) 农场村民swarm(涌入) 一睹明星charm(魅力)

为防把她harm(伤害) 保镖拿出arm(武器) 村民受到alarm(警示)

27.新二百五

超女成名是spur(激励) 泪水把眼睛blur(弄模糊) 好办法脑中accur(被想到)

卖了房买来fur(毛皮) 大家都窃笑murmur(低语) 说她老毛病recur(重现)

28. 太太的缺点

平时很好bearing(风度) 就有一个shortcoming(缺点) 每年的Thanksgiving(感恩节)

新店庆祝opening(开张) 还未装好air-conditioning(空调) 她就跑去shopping(购物)

速度真是amazing(令人惊讶的) 买回一堆pudding(布丁)

29. 市长带头坐公交

市长带头坐公交weekend(周末) 倡导节约的新trend(趋势)

车上各种气味blend(混合) 塞车看似没有end(尽头)

市长誓把法规amend(修订) 市民纷纷把他commend(称赞)

30. 唐僧与悟空的对话

我念咒全因你compel(逼迫) 俺除妖是天性impel(驱使)

我把你往正途propel(推进) 俺是为你将妖repel(击退)

再行凶我把你expel(开除) 俺尽量将歪念dispel(打消)

一定把梦想fulfill(实现) 心里激动身体thrill(发抖) 牛奶不慎被spill(洒落)

唉!天不从人will(意愿) 还是卖肉回家grill(烧烤) 先把肚子fulfill(填满)

31. 该死的老鼠

地上有件blouse(女衬衫) 旁边一条trousers(裤子) 里头一窝mouse(老鼠)

恐惧感被arouse/rouse(激起) 尖叫跑出house(房子) 吓倒了spouse(配偶)

32. 蒙娜丽莎

艺术**produce(产生) 魅力从不reduce(减少) 微笑无法reproduce(**)

人们被其induce(引诱) 争先恐后introduce(引进)

33. 令狐冲

因把师命violate(违反) 被罚与世isolate(隔离)

制敌方法simulate(模拟) 武功得到stimulate(促进)

34. 自食其果

风流是他defect(缺点) 惨被艾滋infect(感染)

吃药没有effect(效果) 健康深受affect(影响)

35. 懒惰的蚂蚁

蚁窝非常giant(巨大) 有只懒惰的ant(蚂蚁) 干活总是reluctant(不愿意)

瞎说自己pregnant(怀孕的) 为了育好infant(婴儿) 嘴馋想吃eggplant(茄子)

大家非常indignant(愤怒的) 罚它把草plant(种植)

36. 俄国紧急会议

有人想搞independence(独立) 要摆脱政府interference(干预)

普京召开conference(会议) 马上就要commence(开始)

谢绝普通audience(听众) 出入要有licence(许可)

37. 二流巫婆

有个二流的witch(巫婆) 法衣当垃圾pitch(扔) 掉进肮脏的ditch(沟渠)

连夜打开灯switch(电闸) 慌慌张张画sketch(草图) 乱七八糟地stitch(缝)

38. 后现代艺术

美院有群bookworm(书呆子) 装修一间dorm(宿舍) 风格就像platform(月台)

和习俗不conform(符合) 校长正式inform(通知) 要求将他transform(改观) 39. 顽童的夏天

高温无处去entertain(娱乐) 突然看上了fountain(喷泉)

灵感马上就obtain(获得) 玩水冲动难refrain(克制)

虽然衣服被stain(弄脏) 好心情却attain(获得)

饿了回家补充protein(蛋白质)

40. 贪官和珅

贪官和珅corrupt(**的) 国家被他disrupt(扰乱)

民众愤怒erupt(爆发) 嘉庆让他bankrupt(破产)

41. 秋菊打官司

村长把职权abuse(滥用) 秋菊开始muse(沉思) 想到法律的use(用途)

决定把他accuse(控告) 法律程序confuse(混淆) 索赔遭到refuse(拒绝)

42. 打败仗之后

打败仗的general(将军) 四处逃窜时natural(自然的) 远离城市central(中心的)

误入山谷rural(乡村的) **村中mineral(矿石) 行为不合moral(道德)

碰上村民several(几个) 低头认罪oral(口头的)

43.总裁的生活

会见一批批地guest(客人) 总有看不完的digest(文摘)

世界各地忙着invest(投资) 没时间来rest(休息)

44. 夫妻逛街

妻子来过call(**) 相约去逛mall(购物中心) 丈夫长得**all(矮小)

妻子胖又tall(高) 路人眼镜fall(下跌) 结果撞翻stall(货摊)

45. 杨过习武

身上衣服old(旧的) 自幼就很bold(大胆的) 武功秘籍unfold(打开)

不顾冰床cold(寒冷) 力把呼吸hold(屏住) 不惹姑姑scold(责骂)

46. 进城务工

为了整个household(家庭) 勇敢迈出threshold(门槛) 沉重心情withhold(抑制)

进城找个foothold(立足点) 此举全家uphold(支持)

47. 天使在人间

一个美丽angel(天使) 来到人间travel(旅游) 经过一座chapel(小教堂)

透过玻璃panel(板) 发现两人quarrel(吵架) 为了一条towel(毛巾)

被人撕了label(标签) 这事真是novel(稀奇的)

48. 不屑少年

人生无须project(规划) 快乐才是subject(主题)

求爱不怕reject(拒绝) 体验才是object(目标)

49. 赤壁之战

赤壁军情很urgent(紧急) 孔明用兵是intelligent(有才智的)

帐下没有敢absent(缺席的) 唯有关二哥innocent(天真的)

捉放曹甘受punishment(惩罚)

50.唐僧取经

为听佛祖lecture(讲座) 心甘情愿adventure(冒险) 变卖家中furniture(家具)

只剩一些fixture(房屋固定设施) 拿着一份brochure(小册子)

作别太宗departure(启程) 沿途风景像picture(图画)

很多好看sculpture(雕塑品) 一路交流culture(文化)

有的关于literature(文学) 有的关于agriculture(农业）

05——07年考研英语阅读及译文

回答字数在10000字以内，所以就放了2005年希望对你有用。

2005 Passage 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

[A]. posing a contrast.

[B]. justifying an assumption.

[C]. making a comparison.

[D]. explaining a phenomenon.

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that

[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.

[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.

[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D]. more generous than their male companions

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.

[B]. can be taught to exchange things.

[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

重点词汇：

assumption  （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；见1997年Text 2。.参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潜在的假定。

grievance /n.委屈冤情不平。申诉人提出不满意见交付仲裁者。悲痛伤心事不幸忧伤。因为有冤情（）而满怀悲痛（）向申诉人申诉。

tardily  adv.缓慢。形容词形式拖拉的。（谐音记忆：他地，工作是他的，所以我可以拖拉）

counterpart （相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。见2000年 Passage 4 。

token  n. 表示, 向征, 记号, 代币 adj. 象征的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇怪的表示。

reluctant  （不愿的，勉强的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反复”，luct可看作词根lect“选择”，-ant形容词后缀，人们都不愿反反复复地作选择，所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。

indignation  n. 愤慨, 义愤。 记忆：in-dig挖（坑）-nation，挖坑藏在里面的民族，能不愤慨吗？比如老萨，呵呵。形容词形式 indignant  adj. 愤怒的, 愤慨的

难句分析：

①Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式；with加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定”，其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。

翻译：这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。

②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

该句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引导的时间状语从句，其中包含了so that引导的目的状语从句。

翻译：当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

试题解析：

这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识，文章本身难度不是太大，一开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比，文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解，第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。

21题，我们应该选择C，考察第一段的写作手法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。

22题答案是B，也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平

23题答案选A，这个是事实细节题，答案是根据文章第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。

24题答案选择C，他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话，

25题选择B.这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词，"假设"为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应，这个问题没有得以解决。

全文翻译：

人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。

研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。

研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。

2005 Passage 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that **oking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the anti**oking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million **okers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on **oking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by ****ysis”.

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of **oking was that

[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between **oking and death.

[B]. the number of early deaths of **okers in the past decades was insignificant.

[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.

[D]. anti**oking people were usually talking nonsense.

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as

[A]. a protector.

[B]. a judge.

[C]. a critic.

[D]. a guide.

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by ****ysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)

[A]. Endless studies kill action.

[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.

[C]. prudent planning hinders.

[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about

[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.

[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.

[C]. Press for further scientific research.

[D]. Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of **oking because

[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.

[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.

[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.

[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.

重点词汇：

prudent adj. 谨慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。名词形式prudence n. 审慎。记忆：rude 粗鲁的，无礼的，p不-rude粗鲁的-ent形容词后缀

paralysis n. 瘫痪, 麻痹。 para-侧面。参见2003年Text 2。

paraphrase  （n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）←para+site地点。

****ysis  n. 分析, 分解。记忆：an-a-lysis，后缀同上，分析成一个an,a。联想：反义词synthesis n. 综合, 合成

take the legislative initiative

take the initiative 带头,开始着手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.开始着手试图解决这个问题

initiative  n. 主动。 名词形式initiate vt. 开始, 发动, 传授 v. 开始, 发起

legislative  adj. 立法的, 立法机关的 n. 立法机关。参见1999 Passage 4 。legislation  （立法；法规）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg词根“法律”（参allegation宣称，2003年Text 2），is是，late迟的，-ion名词后缀，“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。

难句解析：

①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.

主干部分是The latest was a panel，表语panel后接有两个定语成分：from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词，即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”，其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构，表目的，即“为了告诉我们……而召集的（专家团）”。

翻译：最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。

②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句，前一分句的主干是science…provide us with…guide；后一分句的主干是it is critical，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments，judgments后接有两个定语结构，一是that引导的定语从句，一是concerning分词结构。

翻译：但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

③Just as on **oking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。

该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as结构做比较状语，意为“正如…一样”；insisting 引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice，分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的真实主语是不定式结构to keep…

翻译：就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。

试题解析：

第二篇文章是一篇一般的时事性文章，这也是一篇类比，考完了以后很多考生说这篇文章讲抽烟，其实不是的，作者讲抽烟是想说明现在的温室效应，也是一种类比，许多人抽烟没有人去管，因为缺乏足够的证据,咱们各国政府也不管温室效应, 也是同样的原因。中心讲的是世界各个政府对温室效应的解决的态度，篇章的关键词围绕这样三个问题展开，第一个就是证据不充足。第二是科学的意义。第三是制定法律，尤其最后三段大量出现立法和法规的现象，

26题选C，

27应该选D，科学应该作为一个指导性，是答案是根据文章第2段的最后两句话。

28题是猜单词题，单词所在的句子的意思是有些人总要科学证据，结果抹杀了行动。所以选A。29答案选择D，采取某种法律措施，法律在最后的段落重复的最多。

30题作者谈的抽烟的教训对我们温室处理也是一样的，选B。

全文翻译：

还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，在三十多年中，差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。

现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继，试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点：“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏；到了有百分之百的证据的时候，可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显，并且不断增加，一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。

幸运的是，白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。

为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须积极