一夫多妻制英文怎么写

一夫多妻制 [yī fū duō qī zì]

[词典] polygamy; polygyny; plural marriage;

[例句]麦克伦南只知道三种婚姻形式：一夫多妻制，一妻多夫制和个体婚制。

McLennan knew only three forms of marriage: polygyny, polyandry and monogamy.

动物界“婚配制度”是怎样的？

在动物社会学与行为生态学中，真正的禽兽们多姿多彩的啪啪行为被划分入四大“婚配制度”（mating system）。其实就是很简单的排列组合，按羞羞指数排序：

·单配制（monogamy），相当于一夫一妻；

·一雄多雌制（polygyny），相当于种马后宫；

·一雌多雄制（polyandry），相当于女王众宠；

·多雌多雄制（polygynandry），相当于群奸群宿。

后三者统称混交制（polygamy）。

然而，单配制，就是鸳鸯于飞？混交制，就是狂蜂浪蝶吗？

对不起，你单纯了。

小三是烧不尽的，绿帽是吹又生的，离离海天筵，一岁几枯荣。闲着也是闲着，不妨来捉个奸。

鉴于一雄多雌制涉及弑婴，一雌多雄制涉及杀夫，多雌多雄制过于惊世骇俗（鲱鱼大肆**的浅水区常呈乳白色），还有**，都不能播，我们就只在人类目前也流行的单配制里，肃清一下文明空气吧。

鸳鸳相报何时了？

按照早年间的定义，一夫一妻当然是说，即使不能与子偕老，起码在一个或多个交配季内，一头雄禽兽与且仅与一头雌禽兽啪啪。

东方文化中的楷模当仁不让，首推鸳鸯。它们阴阳双修的形象，深深印在从前恭贺新禧常用的搪瓷盆、暖水壶、擦脚巾，及一切床上用品表面，好像结婚就是投身水禽养殖业。

然而，随着技术进步，科学家逐渐对于这一双双道貌岸然的禽兽产生怀疑，终于祭出了扣帽利器——基因亲子鉴定！捉奸工作就这样手握实锤地展开了。

法不责众，当科学家惊讶于漫山遍野的小三和绿帽，不得不像道德家一样，开始重新思考：禽兽们的社会怎么了？信仰何在？又或者，是传统的婚配观念已经过时，无法适应禽兽们活在当下放飞自我的生活需求？

开明的科学家们（如南伊利诺伊大学的生物人类学家Reichard），还是更新了定义，将禽兽们的一夫一妻体系细分为三种：

1、社会型的一夫一妻制（social monogamy）：在社会行为模式上一对一配对，比如小公母俩共享领地，合力筑巢、觅食、抚养后代。此定义并不涉及性行为。

2、性行为的一夫一妻制（sexual monogamy）：在可观察到的性行为上一对一配对。此定义并不涉及后代。

3、基因上的一夫一妻制（genetic monogamy）：在后代基因亲子鉴定意义上一对一配对。换句话说，性行为的一夫一妻是：隔壁老王未见偷；而基因上的一夫一妻是：隔壁老王或曾偷，孩子还是老公的。

三者细分，也可组合，比如社会型加性行为一夫一妻，当为楷模，和谐赞歌；而社会型加基因上一夫一妻，但性行为不，就是形婚，各玩各的，孩子无辜了。

可惜，楷模毕竟稀少。在动物界，连心照不宣的社会型一夫一妻都相对少见。

鸟类公关功夫最到家，90%如此。哺乳类懒得洗地，只有3%如此，其中的灵长类还不错，有15%如此。在爬行类、鱼和昆虫中，也存在。

性行为和基因上的一夫一妻就更少见了。许多社会型的一夫一妻，各自都有配偶外性行为。上面说90%的鸟类是社会型一夫一妻，可它们30%以上的孩子都不是爹的，虚伪啊！据加州洛杉矶分校的进化生物学家Gowaty估计，在180种社会型一夫一妻的鸣禽中，劈过腿的十只有九。

说回鸳鸯（英文就叫“中国鸭”），我们已经知道：首先，在鸯产卵后，鸳就撒手不管，夜宿它处换新衣戴新帽去了，孵卵和育雏，都由鸯独立完成，渣不渣？其次，鸯平均寿命2到3年，鸳则5到6年，娘子一死，相公就准备续弦。爱情的小圣殿总是说塌就塌。

目前给鸳鸯做亲子鉴定的尚少，姑且算基因上尚无出轨实锤，然而，在西方文化中，还有种与鸳鸯一样号称为爱守节、动辄殉情，且形象更高洁、更神圣的动物嘛。

那就是天鹅了。

（用赵丽蓉老师的话说：这，“揍是蒙人”）

2006年，据墨尔本大学动物学系的Mulder爆料，基因分析表明，6分之1的幼天鹅都不是爹生的。科学家的八卦心被深度唤醒，煞是好奇这些母天鹅是怎么在光天化日之下，避开她们如影相随家道极严的老公，让红杏出的墙？于是给它们戴上了追踪芯片，调查还在进行中。

你看，鹅毛果真浮绿水。

做一只愚蠢的土拨鼠？

这些年，每逢七夕或214，网上就会流传那种“相伴一生忠贞不二”的“动物眷侣贴”：帝企鹅啦、长臂猿啦……最常见的，是一种北美草原土拨鼠（the prairie vole），关于它的描述，颇为令人动容：

“公土拨鼠只与他今生欢爱的第一只母土拨鼠欢爱。他们极端忠诚，甚至会攻击其它企图靠近自己的母土拨鼠。”

（快成情圣的草原土拨鼠）

的确，公草原土拨鼠特别顾家，这是因为他们在交配并抚养后代时，会分泌一种激素，让他们感到无比欣快，于是奶爸做得乐此不疲。此即在爱情激素界主管“恒久远永流传”的，大名鼎鼎的后叶加压素（vasopressin）了。

科学家把控制后叶加压素的受体植入另一种比较****的土拨鼠，后者也变得十分忠犬。于是就有不少正宫们建议，要给所有出轨的渣男作女都扎上一大管呢。

不幸的是，埃默里大学医学院Young等人2005年的论文已经证明，草原土拨鼠，无论公母，只要有机会，偶尔还是会去偷个腥。

有了前文的三种分类，我们就能明白，网上流传的“动物眷侣”贴里，大多只是社会型的一夫一妻，离性行为和基因上的一夫一妻，还差得远。

（其中不少奸夫**。搜索结果来自百度）

在地愿做柯氏犬羚，在树愿做阿氏夜猴

如果人类爱情观已经可怜到非要建立在禽兽身上，难道真没有情比金坚、至死不渝的动物吗？

有。

就是名字怪一点，写不进婚礼贺词去。

根据德比大学的Huck等人2014年的论文，当时证明有五种动物在基因上做到了一夫一妻，不容易啊！这几位楷模是：

加州鼠（the California mouse）

柯氏犬羚（the Kirk's dik-dik）

马达加斯加大跳鼠（the Malagasy giant jumping rat）

群居郊狼（pack-living coyotes）

阿氏夜猴（the Araza's owl monkey）

看看它们的颜值，新郎新娘们，情愿被比作哪一种呢？

不行的话，只能去植物界，或者微生物界找比喻了。

看不懂的套路还有很多

在草览了禽兽们千疮百孔的一夫一妻生活后，我们还想特别得提一下，鱼类中一种独特的行为。

我们知道，悲壮的三文鱼在成熟后，会逆流洄游至其出生地产卵。繁殖过程自然由强壮、标致、有吸引力的雄鱼主导。

不过，也会有小个子、银白色的雄鱼，并不参与求偶求婚之类的繁文缛节，只是先跟着大哥，一起洄游，然后在大哥起身**的瞬间（spawning rush），迅速冲入雌鱼已排好卵的巢，为自己的基因延续做出贡献。

这种典型的进化稳定策略（evolutionarily stable strategy），在鱼类中并不少见。

（小个子的蓝鳃太阳鱼也常采用此策略）

看，我们说的没错吧，动物界的婚配，有着一百种套路，种种你都看不懂。

醪糟汤圆的英文怎么说

英文：Tangyuan in Fermented Glutinous Rice Soup

例句：

一个母亲跟一个女儿聊天关于做醪糟汤圆，吃醪糟汤圆。

A mother and daughter are talking about making and eating rice wine dumplings

醪糟汤圆是中国江南地区传统小吃。糯米粉搓的小圆子与酒酿同煮而成。酒酿味浓甜润，圆子软糯，汤品甜香。

醪糟汤圆属于甜点，主要原料是糯米、酒酿等，为温补强壮食品，具有补中益气、健脾养胃、止虚汗之功效。

醪糟汤圆有补肾祛寒，汤圆在制作中因加入不同的馅料，其营养含量也各不相同，但大多以糯米粉为皮，不宜消化，不可多食。

人类学用英语解释 急啊!!!

having more than one spouse at a time

The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage") is used in related ways in social anthropology, sociobiology, and sociology. Polygamy can be defined as any "form of marriage in which a person [has] more than one spouse."

In social anthropology, polygamy is the practice of marriage to more than one spouse simultaneously. Historically, polygamy has been practiced as polygyny (one man having more than one wife), or as polyandry (one woman having more than one hu**and), or, less commonly as group marriage (hu**ands having many wives and those wives having many hu**ands). (See "Forms of Polygamy" below.) In contrast, monogamy is the practice of each person having only one spouse. Like monogamy, the term is often used in a de facto sense, applying regardless of whether the relationships are recognized by the state (see marriage for a discussion on the extent to which states can and do recognize potentially and actually polygamous forms as valid). In sociobiology, polygamy is used in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. In a narrower sense, used by zoologists, polygamy includes a pair bond, perhaps temporary.

Forms of polygamy

Polygamy exists in three specific forms, including polygyny (one man having multiple wives), polyandry (one woman having multiple hu**ands), or group marriage (some combination of polygyny and polyandry). Historically, all three practices have been found, but polygyny is by far the most common.[2] Confusion arises when the broad term "polygamy" is used when a narrower definition is intended.

Polygyny

Polygyny is the situation in which one man is either married to or involved in sexual relationships with a number of different women at one time. This is the most common form of polygamy.

Polyandry

Polyandry is a practice where a woman is married to more than one man at the same time. Fraternal polyandry was traditionally practiced among nomadic Tibetans in Nepal parts of China and part of northern India, in which two or more brothers share the same wife, with her having equal sexual access to them. Polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources, as it is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival. A woman can only have so many children in her lifetime, no matter how many hu**ands she has. On the other hand, a child with many "fathers", all of whom provide resources, is more likely to survive. (In contrast, the number of children would be increased if polygyny were practiced, and a man had more than one wife. These wives could be simultaneously pregnant).[3] It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among poor families, but also within the elite.[4]

Group marriage

Group marriage, or circle marriage, may exist in a number of forms[citation needed], such as where more than one man and more than one woman form a single family unit, and all members of the marriage share parental responsibility for any children arising from the marriage.

Another possibility, which occurs in fiction (notably in Robert Heinlein's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress) but isn't an actual human practice, is a long-lived line marriage. In a line marriage, deceased or departing spouses in the group are continually replaced by others so that family property never becomes dispersed through inheritance.

Bigamy

Main article: Bigamy

Bigamy is the act or condition of a person marrying another person while still being lawfully married to a second person. Bigamy is listed (and sometimes prosecuted) as a crime in most western countries. For example, in the United Kingdom, by law, a married person is not allowed to marry again as long as their first marriage continues.

Serial monogamy

Main article: Serial monogamy

The phrase serial monogamy has been used to describe the lifestyle of persons who have repeatedly married and divorced multiple partners.

Other forms of nonmonogamy

Main article: Forms of nonmonogamy

Other forms of nonmonogamous relationships are discussed at Forms of nonmonogamy. One modern variant is polyamory.

Patterns of occurrence worldwide

According to the Ethnographic Atlas Codebook, of the 1231 societies noted, 186 were monogamous. 453 had occasional polygyny, 588 had more frequent polygyny, and 4 had polyandry.[2] At the same time, even within societies which allow polygyny, the actual practice of polygyny occurs relatively rarely. There are exceptions: in Senegal, for example, nearly 47 percent of marriages are multiple.[5] To take on more than one wife often requires considerable resources: this may put polygamy beyond the means of the vast majority of people within those societies. Such appears the case in many traditional Islamic societies, and in Imperial China. Within polygynous societies, multiple wives often become a status symbol denoting wealth and power. Similarly, within societies that formally prohibit polygamy, social opinion may look favorably on persons maintaining mistresses or engaging in serial monogamy[citation needed].

Some observers[who?] detect a social preference for polygyny in disease-prone (especially tropical) climates, and speculate that (from a potential mother's viewpoint) perceived quality of paternal genes may favour the practice there[citation needed]. The countervailing situation allegedly prevails in harsher climates, where (once again from a potential mother's viewpoint) reliable paternal care as exhibited in monogamous pair-bonding outweighs the importance of paternal genes[citation needed].

Patterns of occurrence across religions

Buddhi**

Marriage is considered an issue in Buddhi**. According to Theravada Buddhi**, polygamy is discouraged and extramatrial affairs are considered sinful. It is said in the Parabhava Sutta that "a man who is not satisfied with one woman and seeks out other women is on the path to decline". In Tibetan Buddhi**, namely Tibetan Vajina Buddhi**, it is not uncommon to take a consort in addition to a spouse, though it is namely for certain spiritual practices that the spouse may not be able/ready to participate in—or if the hu**and/wife are at different levels on their spiritual path[citation needed]. A consort is appropriate in such cases. Within this context, either the hu**and or wife, occasionally both, might take a spiritual consort. This is known as Consort Practice, and there are specific teachings and meditations that go along with it. Consort Practice is often very private, however, and not openly discussed outside of followers of Tibetan Vajrayana—which tends to be a very private form of Buddhi** in general – hence it is not very well known. Hu**ands and wives also engage in Consort Practice together, monogamously.

The 2008 BBC documentary series "A Year in Tibet", however, recorded three distinct cases of polyandry in and around the city of Gyantse alone (the pregnant farmer's wife in episode 1, "The Visit"; Yangdron in episode 2, "Three Hu**ands and a Wedding"; and the young monk, Tsephun's, mother in episode 5, "A Tale of Three Monks"). In "Three Hu**ands and a Wedding", a 17-year-old girl is also shown being forced into a marriage that would have been polyandrous, except that the younger, 12-year-old, brother had to attend school on the wedding day (his parents hint that he will marry his older brother's new wife at a later date). The programs include statements from the women involved that indicate they did not enter the polyandrous marriages willingly, and commentary that indicates young women in Tibet are routinely forced by their families into polyandrous marriages with two or more brothers.

Polyandry (especially fraternal polyandry) is also common among Buddhists in Bhutan, Ladakh, and other parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Hindui**

Both polygyny and polyandry were practiced in many sections of Hindu society in ancient times. Concerning polyandry, in the ancient Hindu epic, Mahabharata, Draupadi marries the five Pandava brothers. Regarding polygyny, in Ramayana, father of Ram, king Dasharath has three wives, but Ram has pledged himself just one wife. The god-figure Lord Krishna, the 9th incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu had 16,108 wives with all of whom he had regular sexual relationship and fathered ten sons in each of them. Besides this he also had extra marrital affairs with many other women, who all were impregnated by him. Historically, kings routinely took concubines (such as the Vijaynagara emperor, Krishnadevaraya). In the post-Vedic periods, polygamy declined in Hindui**, and is now considered immoral [4], although it is thought that some sections of Hindu society still practice polyandry, along with areas of Tibet, Nepal, and China. After independence from the British, religions in which polygamy was still practiced were allowed to continue. Under the Hindu Marriage Act, polygamy is considered illegal for Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs [5]. However, Muslim men in India are allowed to have multiple wives. Marriage laws in India are dependent upon the religion of the subject in question.[6]

Judai**

Biblical practice

The Hebrew scriptures document approximately forty polygamists. Notable examples include Abraham, who bore for himself a child through his wife's maidservant;[7] Jacob, who had fallen in love with Rachel, but was tricked into marrying her sister, Leah;[8] David, who inherited his wives from Saul;[9] and perhaps most famously, Solomon, who was led astray by his wives.[10]

In general, however, polygamy was never considered the ideal state,[11] with multiple marriage a realistic alternative in the case of famine, widowhood, or female infertility.[12] One source of polygamy was the practice of levirate marriage, wherein a man was required to marry and support his deceased brother's widow, as mandated by Deuteronomy 25:5–10.

The Torah, Judai**'s central text, includes a few specific regulations on the practice of polygamy, such as Exodus 21:10, which states that multiple marriages are not to diminish the status of the first wife (specifically, her right to food, clothing and conjugal relations). Deuteronomy 21:15–17, states that a man must award the inheritance due to a first-born son to the son who was actually born first, even if he hates that son's mother and likes another wife more;[13] and Deuteronomy 17:17 states that the king shall not have too many wives.[14] The king's behavior is condemned by Prophet Samuel in 1Samuel 8. Exodus 21:10 also speaks of Jewish concubines. Israeli lexicographer Vadim Cherny argues that the Torah carefully distinguishes concubines and "sub-standard" wives with prefix "to", lit. "took to wives."[15]

The monogamy of the Roman Empire was the cause of two explanatory notes in the writings of Josephus describing how the polygamous marriages of Herod were permitted under Jewish custom.[16]

Modern practice

In the modern day, Rabbinic Judai** has essentially outlawed polygamy. Ashkenazi Jews have followed Rabbenu Gershom's ban since the 11th century.[17] Some Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews (particularly those from Yemen and Iran) discontinued polygamy much more recently, as they emigrated to countries where it was forbidden. The State of Israel has made polygamy illegal,[18][19] but in practice the law is not enforced, primarily so as not to interfere with Bedouin culture, where polygamy is common. Provisions were instituted to allow for existing polygamous families immigrating from countries where the practice was legal.

Among Karaite Jews, who do not adhere to Rabbinic interpretations of the Torah, polygamy is almost non-existent today. Like other Jews, Karaites interpret Leviticus 18:18 to mean that a man can only take a second wife if his first wife gives her consent (Keter Torah on Leviticus, pp.96–97) and Karaites interpret Exodus 21:10 to mean that a man can only take a second wife if he is capable of maintaining the same level of marital duties due to his first wife; the marital duties are 1) food, 2) clothing, and 3) sexual gratification. Because of these two biblical limitations and because nearly all countries outlaw it, polygamy is considered highly impractical, and there are only a few known cases of it among Karaite Jews today.

Christianity

Saint Augustine saw a conflict with Old Testament polygamy. He writes in The Good of Marriage (chapter 15) that, although it "was lawful among the ancient fathers: whether it be lawful now also, I would not hastily pronounce. For there is not now necessity of begetting children, as there then was, when, even when wives bear children, it was allowed, in order to a more numerous posterity, to marry other wives in addition, which now is certainly not lawful." He refrained from judging the patriarchs, but did not deduce from their practice the ongoing acceptability of polygamy. In chapter 7, he wrote, "Now indeed in our time, and in keeping with Roman custom, it is no longer allowed to take another wife, so as to have more than one wife living." [emphasis added]

The New Testament authors seem to prefer monogamy from church leaders. Paul writes in 1Timothy 3:2, " A bishop then must be blameless, the hu**and of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach;" Something similar is repeated in the first chapter of the Epistle of Titus.

Monogamy also seems to be preferred for all Christians, and not just leadership, by the author of 1 Corinthians where it is stated in chapter 7, verse 2, "Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own wife, and let every woman have her own hu**and." Additionally, many readers find Matthew 19:9 to be nonsensical if not declaring an equivalency between polygamy and *****ery: "And I say to you, whoever divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality, and marries another, commits *****ery; and whoever marries her who is divorced commits *****ery."

The Roman Catholic Church has subsequently taught that

"polygamy is not in accord with the moral law. [Conjugal] communion is radically contradicted by polygamy; this, in fact, directly negates the plan of God which was revealed from the beginning, because it is contrary to the equal personal dignity of men and women who in matrimony give themselves with a love that is total and therefore unique and exclusive."[20]

This is also the normal position among Protestant Churches, and it can therefore be said that the mainstream Christian position is to reject polygamy in principle[citation needed].

Periodically, Christian reform movements that have aimed at rebuilding Christian doctrine based on the Bible alone (sola scriptura) have at least temporarily accepted polygamy as a Biblical practice. For example, during the Protestant Reformation, in a document referred to simply as "Der Beichtrat" (or "The Confessional Advice" ),[21] Martin Luther granted the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, who, for many years, had been living "constantly in a state of *****ery and fornication,"[22] a dispensation to take a second wife. The double marriage was to be done in secret however, to avoid public scandal.[23] Some fifteen years earlier, in a letter to the Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück, Luther stated that he could not "forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict Scripture." ("Ego sane fateor, me non posse prohibere, si quis plures velit uxores ducere, nec repugnat sacris literis.")[24]

"On February 14, 1650, the parliament at Nürnberg decreed that, because so many men were killed during the Thirty Years’ War, the churches for the following ten years could not admit any man under the age of 60 into a monastery. Priests and ministers not bound by any monastery were allowed to marry. Lastly, the decree stated that every man was allowed to marry up to ten women. The men were admonished to behave honorably, provide for their wives properly, and prevent animosity among them."[25][26][27][28][29]

The modern trend towards frequent divorce and remarriage is sometimes referred to by conservative Christians as 'serial polygamy'[citation needed]. In contrast, sociologists and anthropologists refer to this as 'serial monogamy', since it is a series of monogamous (i.e. not polygamous) relationships.[30] The first term highlights the multiplicity of marriages throughout the life-cycle, the second the non-simultaneous nature of these marriages.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, there has often been a tension between the Christian churches' insistence on monogamy and traditional polygamy. In some instances in recent times there have been moves for accommodation; in others churches have resisted such moves strongly. African Independent Churches have sometimes referred to those parts of the Old Testament which describe polygamy in defending the practice.

Mormoni**

Main article: Polygamy and the Latter Day Saint movement

See also: Polygamy in the United States and List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage

The history of Mormon polygamy (more accurately, polygyny) begins with belief that Mormoni** founder Joseph Smith received a revelation from God on July 17, 1831 that some Mormon men would be allowed to practice "plural marriage". This was later set down in the Doctrine and Covenants by the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[31] Despite Smith's revelation, the 1835 edition of the 101st Section of the Doctrine and Covenants, written before the doctrine of plural marriage began to be practiced, publicly condemned polygamy. This scripture was used by John Taylor in 1850 to quash Mormon polygamy rumors in Liverpool, England.[32] Polygamy was illegal in the state of Illinois[33] during the 1839–44 Nauvoo era when several top Mormon leaders including Smith, Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball took plural wives. Mormon elders who publicly taught that all men were commanded to enter plural marriage were subject to harsh discipline.[34] On June 7, 1844 the Nauvoo Expositor criticized Smith for plural marriage. The Nauvoo city council declared the Nauvoo Expositor press a nuisance and ordered Smith, as Nauvoo's mayor, to order the city marshall to destroy the paper and its press. This controversial decision led to Smith going to Carthage Jail where he was killed by a mob on June 27, 1844. The main body of Mormons left Nauvoo and followed Brigham Young to Utah where the practice of plural marriage continued.[35]

In 1852 Apostle Orson Pratt publicly acknowledged the practice of plural marriage through a sermon he gave. Additional sermons by top Mormon leaders on the virtues of polygamy followed.[36] Controversy followed when writers began to publish works condemning polygamy. The key plank of the Republican Party's 1856 platform was "to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbari**, polygamy and slavery".[37] In 1862, Congress issued the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act which clarified that the practice of polygamy was illegal in all US territories. The LDS Church believed that their religiously-based practice of plural marriage was protected by the United States Constitution,[38] however, the unanimous 1878 Supreme Court decision Reynolds v. United States declared that polygamy was not protected by the Constitution, based on the longstanding legal principle that "laws are made for the government of actions, and while they cannot interfere with mere religious belief and opinions, they may with practices."[39]

什么叫多边恋？拜托了各位 谢谢

广义地说多边恋是同时与一个以上的情人保持开放的亲昵关系的生活方式或实践，涉及到的所有伴侣都知晓并同意这样做。这些人认为自己从情感上适合于维持这样的以情感为基础的全方位的相互关系并能适应这样的彼此相互关照的生活方式，说是“恋”，实际上更多的指多边性关系。英文是Polyamory，这个词来自希腊语的poly(多 )和拉丁语的amo（爱）。最早见于1990年一篇“一把情人”的文章，不过那时的文章里主要还是用多偶制这个词（polygamy），以对应一夫一妻制（monogamy）。其实类似这样的**关系早在1960年代就已经存在了，那时尚无多边恋文化的术语出现。

英语常用的词根词缀有哪些？

在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。

1)前缀

除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。

(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：

appear出现→disappear消失

correct正确的→incorrect不正确的

lead带领→mislead领错

stop停下→non-stop不停

(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：

alone单独的antigas防毒气的

autochart自动图表

cooperate合作enjoy使高兴

internet互联网reuse再用

subway地铁telephone**

2)后缀

英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。

(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：

differ不同于→difference区别

write写→writer作家

Japan日本→Japanese日本人

act表演→actress女演员

mouth口→mouthful一口

music音乐→musician音乐家

(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：

wide→widen加宽

beauty→beautify美化

pure→purify提纯

real→realize意识到

organ→organize组织

(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，

-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：

nature自然→natural自然的

reason道理→reasonable有道理的

America美国→American美国的

China中国→Chinese中国人的

gold金子→golden金的

east东→eastern东方的

child孩子→childish孩子气的

snow雪→snowy雪的

(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：

angry生气的→angrily生气地

to到→towards朝……，向……

east东方→eastward向东

(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：

six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六

four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十

a. 表示否定的前缀

in-, im-, il-, ir-表示“not”“the converse of”。例如：inefficient (无效率的), infrequent（不频繁的）, improper（不合适的）, impossible（不可能的）, illiterate（无文化的）, irregular（不规则的）

non-表示“not”“the lack of”“the opposite of”。例如：nonaggression（不侵犯）, nonconductor （绝缘体）, nonsense（废话）, non**oker（不抽烟的人）, nonfiction（非小说的散文文学）, nonviolent（非暴力的）, nonproductive（非生产的）, nonexistent（不存在的）, nonstop （直达的）un-表示“not”“the converse of”。例如：unpleasant（不愉快的）, unemployed （无工作的）, unconcerned（漠不关心的）, unsuccessfully（不成功的）, unhappily （不开心的）, undo（复原）, unsay（撤回）, unload（从…卸下）

b. 表示倒序或否定的前缀

de-表示“reversing the action”。例如：decentralize（使分散）, defrost（除霜）, desegregate （取消种族隔离）, de-escalate（降低）

dis-表示“reversing the action”“not”。例如：disappear（消失）, discount（折价）, disagreement （不一致）, disadvantage（不利）, disobey（不服从）, disorder（杂乱）, djsloyal（不义的）

c. 表示轻蔑的前缀

mal-表示“badly”“bad”。例如：maltreat（虐待）, malformed（畸形的）, malfunction（故障）, malnutrition（营养失调）

mis-表示“wrongly”“astray”。例如：mislead（误导）, mi**ehavior（品行不端）, mispronounce （发音错误）, misunderstanding（误解）, misdeed（错误行径）, misprint（误印）

pseudo-表示“false”“imitation”。例如：pseudoclassici** （伪古典主义），pseudograph （伪造文件），pseudomorph （伪形），pseudonym（假名）

d. 表示程度或尺度的前缀

co-表示“joint(ly)”“on equal footing”。例如：co-education（男女合校制的教育）, coheir （共同继承人）, copilot（副驾驶员）, cohabit（同居）, cooperate（合作）

mini-表示“little”。例如：minibus（小型巴士）, minicab（小型汽车）, mini-bar（迷你酒吧）

over-表示“too (much)”。例如：overanxious（过度焦虑的）, overpopulation（人口过剩）, overcrowd（容纳过多的人）, overwork（操劳过度）, overcharge（索价过高）

sub-表示“under”“lower than”“further”。例如：subconscious（潜意识）, subcommittee （小组委员会）, substandard（不够标准）, sublevel（预备级）, subaverage（低于平均水平的） super-表示“more than”“very special”。例如：supernatural（超自然的）, supermarket（超市）, superman（超人）, supersensitive（感光性极敏锐的）

e. 表示方位和态度的前缀

anti-表示“against”。例如：anti-war（反战的）, anti-imperialist（反帝的）, anti-missile （反导弹的）, anti-music（非正统派音乐）, anti-poet（非正统派诗人）

contra-表示“opposite”“contrasting”。例如：counteract（抵消）, counterattack（反击）, counter-revolution（反革命）, counter-表示“in opposition to”“in return”“corresponding”。例如：counteract（阻止）, countermeasure（反策略）, countercharge（反控诉）, counterculturist（反主流文化者）, counterattack（反攻）, counterpart（相当的人或物）

f. 表示时间和顺序的前缀

ex-表示“former”。例如：ex-president（前总统）, ex-serviceman（退役军人）, ex-hu**and （前夫）

fore-表示“before”“beforehand”。例如：forecast（预测）, foregoing（先前的）, foresight （先见之明）, foretell（预测）, forerunner（先行者）, forefather（祖先） post-表示“after”。例如：post-war（战后）, post-election（竞选后）, postclassical （古典时期以后的），postliberation（解放后） pre-表示“before”。例如：pre-war（战前）, pre-school（学前）, pre-marital（婚前的） re-表示“again”。例如：recall（回忆）, reassemble（重新召集）, reconsideration（再考虑）, rearrangement（再安排）

g. 表示数字的前缀

bi-表示“two”“having two”。例如：bimonthly（每二月一次的）, bilateral（双边的）, bilingual （双语的）

poly-，multi-表示“many”。例如：polyglot（通晓数国语言的人）, polygon（多边形）, polygamy （一夫妻制）, multi-lateral（多边的）, multiracial多种族的）, multi-purpose（多目标的） semi-表示“half”“partly”。例如：semicircle（半圆）, semiconductor（半导体）, semiskilled （半熟练的） mono-, uni-表示“single”“having one”。例如：monoxide（一氧化物）, monosyllable（单音节）, monolingual（单语的） pent(a)-表示“five”。例如：pentagon（五角形）, pentahedron（五面体）, pentathlete （五项全能运动员）, pentathlon（五项全能） dec(a)- 表示“ten”例如：decathlon（十项全能）, decade（十年）, decathlete（十项全能运动员）, decagram（十克）, decametre（十米）

a. 名词后缀

1)由名词派生名词的后缀：

-dom表示“domain”“realm”“condition”。例如：freedom（自由）, kingdom（王国）, martyrdom （殉教）, boredom（无聊）, officialdom（官僚作风）。 -eer表示“skilled in”“engaged in”。例如：mountaineer（登山者）, auctioneer（拍卖员）, engineer （工程师）, profiteer（投机者、奸商）, pamphleteer（小册子作家）, racketeer（勒索者）

-ful表示“the amount or number that will fill”。例如：mouthful（满嘴）, armful（满怀）, basketful （满篮）, spoonful（满勺）, handful（满手）, packetful（满盒） -ship表示“status”“condition”。例如：fellowship（奖学金）, relationship（关系）, membership （会员的资格）, authorship（作者的身份）, leadership（领导权）, dictatorship（专制）

2)由形容词派生名词的后缀

-ity是一个很常见的后缀用来从形容词词根构成抽象名词。例如：sanity（神智健全）, falsity

（不诚实）, rapidity（迅速）, diversity（不同）, b****ity（陈腐）, respectability （可尊敬的人或物）, actuality（现实）, regularity（规律性） -ness可以相当自由地加到任何一类形容词上。例如：carelessness（粗心）, happiness（幸福）, usefulness（有用）, kindness（善良）, selfishness（自私）, unexpectedness（意外）

3)由动词派生名词的后缀

-al表示“the action or result of”。例如：arrival（抵达）, refusal（拒绝）, removal（移动）, survival （残存）, signal（信号） -ant是施动者的主要形式。例如：inhabitant（居住者）, contestant（竞争者）, participant （参与者）, lubricant（润滑油） -ee表示“one who is the object of the verb”。例如：absentee（缺席者）, refugee（逃难者）, employee（雇员）, nominee（被提名者） -er/or构成施动者名词。例如：creator（创造者）, survivor（幸存者）, driver（司机）, New Yorker （纽约人）, singer（歌手）, actor（演员）, supervisor（管理员） -age表示“action of”“instance of”。例如：coverage（所包括的范围）, drainage（排水法）, shrinkage （缩水）, leverage（杠杆作用） -tion/ation/ition表示“the process or state of”“the product of”。例如：protection（保护）, completion （完成）, examination（考试）, consideration（考虑）, organization（组织）, starvation（饥 饿）, recognition（承认）, foundation（基础）

-ment表示“the result of”。例如：arrangement（安排）, amazement（惊异）, announcement （宣布）, management管理）, employment（雇佣）, entertainment（娱乐）

b. 动词后缀

英语中常见的动词后缀只有几个，而且只有-ize构词能力最强。

-ate主要与名词词根结合，例如：orchestrate（编管弦乐曲）, laminate（制成薄片），hyphenate （以连字符号连接） -en与形容词结合，例如：deafen（使聋）, sadden（使悲伤）, tauten（拉紧）, quicken（使快 速）, ripen（使成熟）, widen（使变宽）, harden（使变硬）, broaden（使变宽） -ify与形容词和名词结合，例如：simplify（使简单）, amplify（扩大）, codify（编篡）, beautify （使美丽）, identify（辨认）, electrify（使通电） -ize自由地与形容词和名词结合，例如：modernize（使现代化）, symbolize（用符号表现）, civilize（使文明）, commercialize（使商业化）, centralize（集中）, equalize（使相等）, socialize （使社会化）

c. 形容词后缀

1)由名词派生形容词的后缀

-ed表示“having”。例如：simple-minded（头脑简单的）, blue-eyed（蓝眼睛的）, odd-shaped （奇形怪状的）, blonde-haired（金发的） -ful表示“full of”“providing”。例如：useful（有用的）, meaningful（有意义的）, careful（认真的）, doubtful（怀疑的）, successful（成功的）, helpful（有助的） -ish表示“somewhat like”。例如：childish（幼稚的）, foolish（愚蠢的）, snobbish（势利眼的）, Swedish（瑞典人）, Turkish（土耳其人） -less表示“without”。例如：careless（粗心的）, useless（无用的）, meaningless（无意义的）, harmless（无害的）, homeless（无家的）

-like表示“like”。例如：childlike（孩子般的）, monkeylike（猴子般的）, state**anlike （政治家般的） -ly表示“having the qualities of”。例如：friendly（友好的）, motherly（慈母般的）, brotherly （兄弟般的）, cowardly（胆小的）, daily（每天的）, weekly（每周的）

2)由动词派生形容词的后缀

-able表示“of the kind that is subject to being V-ed”。例如：acceptable（能接受的）, washable （能洗的）, drinkable（能喝的）, manageable（可管理的）, inevitable（不可避免的）, visible （可视的） -ive，例如：attractive（吸引人的）, effective（有效的）, possessive（拥有的）, productive （多产的）, explosive（爆炸的）, expansive（可扩张的）

d. 副词后缀

-ly可以非常广泛地加到一个形容词上，常常可释义为“in a … manner / respect 或“to…a degree”。 例如：personally（亲自地）, calmly（平静地）, extremely（极端地）, evidently（明显地）, kindly（好心地）, eagerly（急切地）, sincerely（真诚地）, simply（简单地） -wise可用于表示方式、尺度，例如：clockwise（顺时针方向的）, crabwise（横斜的）, crosswise（十字形地）。但是它用得最多的是表示“在…方面”，相当于“as far as…is concerned”。 weatherwise（就天气而言）, educationwise（就教育而言）, taxwise（就税收而言）, curriculumwise（就课程而言）。构成的新词在句中作状语，相当于so far as…is concerned.