求黄禹锡事件的英文资料

分类: 外语/出国

解析:

Korean scandal will have global fallout

The possibility that Woo Suk Hwang's cloning experiments were faked threatens to undermine confidence in stem-cell research.

In one of the biggest scientific scandals of recent times, South Korea's star cloner Woo Suk Hwang last week asked to retract his landmark paper on the creation of embryonic stem cells from *** human tissue. The request, along with new doubts about his earlier work, confirms what researchers in the field were already starting to realize - that the advance marked by Hwang's research, with all it promised for therapeutic cloning, may amount to nothing.

Worse, scientists fear that the episode will damage not only public perceptions of stemcell research, but science's image as a whole.

The request for retraction of the paper (W. S. Hwang et al. Science 308, 1777-1783; 2005) came after three authors claimed the work was untrusorthy. Fertility expert Sung Il Roh of MizMedi Hospital in Seoul, claimed on 15 December that Hwang had admitted to him that data were fabricated, and there were no patient-specific cells. In a documentary aired the same day, Sun Jong Kim, formerly of Seoul National University (SNU), told the Seoulbased Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) that Hwang had asked him to falsify images. And Gerald Schatten at the University of Pitt *** urgh asked for his name to be removed from the paper, claiming that information from a team member had caused him to doubt the work's accuracy.

And there are now concerns about earlier work. For example, in the paper in which Hwang claimed to have extracted the first stem-cell line from a cloned human embryo (W. S. Hwang et al. Science 303, 1669-1674; 2004), figures supposedly showing cloned cell lines are identical to those in an earlier paper showing normal embryonic stem cells (J. H. Park et al. Molecules and Cells 17, 309-315; 2004). Nature has also announced an investigation into Hwang's paper on the first cloned dog (see 'Dogged by doubts').

Hwang admitted on 16 December that there were errors in the 2005 stem-cell paper, but denied fraud. He maintains that 11 patient-specific stem-cell lines were created as reported, but six were never frozen, and subsequently became contaminated. He says five lines being thawed now will prove his success.

Culture of secrecy

Hwang's claims are meeting with increasing sceptici *** . "He was given a chance [to explain] but he didn't use it," says a molecular biologist at SNU, who asked not to be named. Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Massachusetts, who is also attempting to clone human cells, says it is difficult to believe that cell lines of such value weren't stored properly: "What stem-cell scientist doesn't freeze their cells?"

The SNU is investigating the team's work. The lab's atmosphere of pervasive secrecy and tradition of deference towards Hwang will make investigators' job difficult. But if there was fabrication, it will be hard for Hwang to plead ignorance. When Nature visited in 2004, he declined to show his first cloned stem-cell line, kept under lock and key. "Many lab members aren't allowed to see it either," he said. Taken together, the concerns about Hwang's work leave biologists with no proof that stem cells can be extracted from cloned human embryos (see Where now for stem-cell cloners?).

And the scandal's implications will reach further. There have been cases in which fraud has been established that have involved more papers: a 2002 investigation by Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, found that Jan Hendrik Schön fabricated data in at least 16 papers while working there. But Schön's field of materials science has a lower public profile than cloning and stem-cell research.

"This is such an important experiment and there was so much publicity around it," says Rudolf Jäenisch, a mouse-cloning expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "It is shocking to think that it might have been fabricated."

"It will probably affect the general perception of scientists and what we do," says Theodore Friedmann, a gene-therapy researcher at the University of California, San Diego, who has chaired the US Rebinant DNA Advisory Committee. "There's a climate of mistrust of science now that's stronger than in the past. That will be exacerbated by this sort of event."

The debacle may well strengthen the hand of those trying to ban stem-cell research in the United States. "This is an example of the corruption of science that this whole cloning field has been tending toward, with its end-justifiesthe- means mentality," says Gene Tarne of Do No Harm, a Washington DC-based coalition that coordinates opposition to stem-cell research. "For almost a decade now, we've heard these overhyped claims about therapeutic cloning. Somebody took the first step in providing any evidence for these claims and it turns out the evidence simply wasn't there."

Lessons to learn

Researchers are left wondering how such a fiasco happened. The journal Science, which published o of Hwang's high-profile papers, has defended its peer-review process. Donald Kennedy, Science's editor-in-chief, says the journal typically takes 120 days to review and publish biology manuscripts. Hwang's 2005 paper took 58 days, leading some to wonder whether it was rushed. "If it's a really hot paper and you want to get it out quickly, how many shortcuts do you take?" says Nobel laureate Paul Berg of Stanford University, California.

In a press conference on 16 December, Kennedy insisted the journal does not rush papers. "I think we were appropriately suspicious in this case. I don't think this points to a generic fault in the peer-review system," he said.

Asked whether Nature could have been caught out in the same way, editor-in-chief Philip Campbell agrees. "We would hope the errors would have been noticed," he says. "But usually reviewers have to take on faith that the authors are presenting what they say they are." He suggests that in future some important claims should be independently tested.

Others are questioning Schatten's role. He promoted the South Korean group in the West, and was senior author on the 2005 paper, although he did not perform any of the experiments it describes. "The lesson I've learned is that I would not be a co-author on a paper unless I was essentially willing to stake my entire career on every piece of data in that paper," says cloning researcher Kevin Eggan of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Schatten referred Nature's inquiries to Jane Duffield at the University of Pitt *** urgh Medical Center's news bureau. "He is still not doing interviews with reporters," Duffield wrote in an e-mail.

But some have sympathy for Schatten. "Many scientists would be tempted to do similar things if someone offered them authorship on what seemed like an important breakthrough," says Friedmann.

The field as a whole should tone down its rhetoric, he adds. "I have been very concerned about some of the language used. It seems reminiscent of the gene-therapy experience, where so much promise was obvious, but it was hyped and exaggerated to the detriment of the field. We should be more circumspect."

和日本核泄漏、海啸或者地震有关的英语阅读理解题初三学生用的，越多越好，急用。

The earthquake that shook Japan with historic strength on March 11th, 2011 created a tsunami wave ten meters high. The water washed away boats, cars and houses in coastal areas north of Tokyo. It also led to tsunami warnings across the Pacific.

Scientists recorded the magnitude(震级) of the earthquake at 8.9. The United States Geological Survey says it was the fifth largest earthquake since nineteen hundred. The largest, with a 9.5 magnitude, shook Chile in nineteen sixty.

The quake struck near the east coast of Honshu, Japan's main island. It was centered under the sea about one hundred thirty kilometers east of Sendai. The tsunami washed away whole neighborhoods in Sendai.

So far(April 4th) , the tsunami has taken 12, 0009 people’s life away.

Now Japanese are all trying to rebuild their hometown, but there are too many difficulties.

The first, Japan is the world’s third-largest importer（进口）of oil. The shortage of oil makes it almost impossible to carry the food, medicine and water to the quake area by cars.

The second, the Fukushima nuclear(核) power station was damaged by the March eleventh earthquake and tsunami. The extent of the problems is still not clear. Japan’s nuclear crisis(危机) may mean greater need of imported food.

( )1. The underlined word in paragraph one means______.

A. 地震 B. 核辐射 C. 海浪 D. 海啸

( )2. The largest earthquake happened in ________.

A. Tokyo B. the United States C. Chile D. Japan

( )3. There are ______ reasons for Japanese to rebuilt their hometown.

A. one B. two C. three D. four

( )4. Why did the food, medicine and water can hardly carry to the earth area soon?

A. Because of the shortage of oil. B. Because of the damage of the roads.

C. Because of the nuclear crisis. D. Because of the tsunami.

( )5. According to the passage, which one is the false?

A. The earthquake happened on March 11th.

B. The magnitude(震级) of the earthquake was 9.5.

C. More than 10 thousand people died in the earthquake.

D. Japan’s nuclear crisis(危机) may mean greater need of imported food. After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report; The damage and death toll (死亡人数) could have been much worse.

More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1988 claimed 25,000 victims:

Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on a holiday, when traffic was light on the city's highways. In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes.

Despite the good news, civil engineers aren't resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blueprints (蓝图的) for improved quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.

In the past, making structures quake resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports, called **art buildings, the structures respond like living organi**s to an earthquake's vibrations. When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the opposite direction.

The new **art structures could be very expensive to build. However, they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.

1. One reason why the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that _______?

A) new computers had been installed in the buildings

B) it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highways

C) large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday

D) improvements had been made in the construction of buildings and highways

2. The function of the computer mentioned in the passage is to _______.

A) counterbalance an earthquake's action on the building

B) predict the coming of an earthquake with accuracy

C) help strengthen the foundation of the building

D) measure the impact of an earthquake's vibrations

3. The **art buildings discussed in the passage _______.

A) would cause serious financial problems

B) would be worthwhile though costly

C) would increase the complexity of architectural design

D) can reduce the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes

4. It can be inferred from the passage that in minimizing the damage caused by earthquakes attention should be focused on _______.

A) the increasing use of rubber and steel in capital construction

B) the development of flexible building materials

C) the reduction of the impact of ground vibrations

D) early forecasts of earthquakes

5. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _______.

A) compare the consequences of the earthquakes that occurred in the U. S.

B) encourage civil engineers to make more extensive use of computers.

C) outline the history of the development of quake-resistant building materials.

D) report new developments in constructing quake resistant building.

答案： DABCD

还有一个

帮忙翻译

楼上有不少地方不够准确阿。。。

附翻译小样，供参考：

调查显示电视新闻过于消极

时代杂志/美国有线电视新闻网最近在美国进行的一次调查表明，75%的人认同新闻媒体是哗众取宠，63%的人觉得新闻过于消极，有73%的人说他们对所接受新闻得正确性持怀疑态度。

美国地方的新闻节目暴力犯罪故事过于泛滥，以至于诸如政府、教育和环境等方面的话题几乎无暇可播。一位网络播音主持约翰.沃尔特斯(John Walters)声称：“这种信息的缺失已经对媒体产生了负面的影响”。

在美国，常作为头条新闻的犯罪报道，平均要占据当地电视新闻节目30.2%的新闻时间。媒体研究员鲍勃.斯密斯(Bob Smith)报导说：“有53%的犯罪报道是关于谋杀的，然而谋杀却是最少发生的一种犯罪”。另外一项媒体研究显示，42%的所有地方电视新闻节目充斥着关于犯罪，灾难和战争的故事.

造成这种情况的一个可能的原因就是，地方电视新闻节目为收视率所驱使。一些市场研究表明，观众喜欢看犯罪及暴力的节目，这会提高新闻广播的收视率。而高的收视率意味着较高的广告收益。迈克.亚当斯，一位电视台主管，解释说：“犯罪报道的增加，大体上是因为几乎地方电台一半的创收来自于新闻”。

很多专家认为，持续的以暴力为导向的新闻广播会产生严重的影响。国家电视暴力委员会的一位发言人称：“对于媒体暴力会涉及到三个主要的风险。人们会学习攻击性的行为。他们会对现实生活总的暴力变得熟视无睹。暴力报道会导致观众特别害怕成为暴力受害人，并造成对他人的不信任”。