关于泰姬陵的英文介绍?

The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous monuments in India. The World Cultural Heritage has been selected as the “World's New Seven Wonders”.

翻译：泰姬陵，是印度知名度最高的古迹之一，世界文化遗产，被评选为“世界新七大奇迹”。

The Taj Mahal is called "Taj Mahal". It is a huge mausoleum mosque built in white marble. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Agra to commemorate his beloved nephew from 1631 to 1653.

翻译：泰姬陵全称为“泰姬·玛哈拉”，是一座白色大理石建成的巨大陵墓**寺，是莫卧儿皇帝沙贾汗为纪念他心爱的妃子于1631年至1653年在阿格拉而建的。

Located in the city of Agra in Uttar Pradesh, India, more than 200 kilometers from New Delhi, on the right side of the Yamuna River.

翻译：位于今印度距新德里200多公里外的北方邦的阿格拉城内，亚穆纳河右侧。

It consists of a hall, a bell tower, a minaret, a pool, etc. All of them are constructed of pure white marble, inlaid with glass and agate, and have a high artistic value.

翻译：由殿堂、钟楼、尖塔、水池等构成，全部用纯白色大理石建筑，用玻璃、玛瑙镶嵌，具有极高的艺术价值。

扩展资料：

世人眼里泰姬陵无限的美，在晚年沙贾汗看来，却是最伤心的一抹旧时月色。

1657年，60多岁的沙贾汗得了重病，由此引发了儿子的争权夺利。一年后，沙贾汗的第三个儿子奥朗则布废黜了沙贾汗的王位，自己在德里称帝。

奥朗则布以异**的罪名将他的兄弟砍了头，并把首级送给沙贾汗。沙贾汗和蒙泰姬一生曾有14个孩子，长大成人的有4子3女，但是，最后只有奥朗则布皇帝和三个女儿活了下来。

沙贾汗自己也被儿子软禁在了阿格拉昔日的王宫里。在一间可以遥望泰姬陵的八角小阁楼上，沙贾汗在女儿的照顾下，每天，在晨曦中，在暮色下，在月光里，沙贾汗凄然地透过小窗，远眺亚穆纳河对岸沉默不语的泰姬陵和河里若有若无浮动的倒影，以寄托自己无尽的哀思。

后来，由于视力恶化，沙贾汗只能靠一块水晶石的折射来凝望王后的陵墓。据说，奥朗则布曾令人在软禁沙贾汗的屋子的四壁上，镶嵌了大小不一的镜子，无论面向哪个方向，沙贾汗都避不开泰姬陵美丽忧伤的影子。

此前，建造泰姬陵之时，沙贾汗一度计划在亚穆纳河北岸，对称地再矗立起一座用黑色大理石建造的纯黑沙贾汗陵，其造型跟泰姬陵一模一样，并在隔岸的两座陵寝间，建起一座用白银建造的桥梁（另说用半边白色、半边黑色的大理石桥连接），以与爱妃相依相偎，长相厮守。

用通体透黑的沙贾汗陵对应通体透白的泰姬陵，寓示两人的爱情纯洁。

泰姬陵建成后，每隔七天，沙贾汗就会换上白衣，去泰姬陵献花，每次都以泪洗面。后人曾为此立碑写道：“忧伤隐藏在华丽的表面之下，河的对岸，那曾经的遥望。”失去自由后，沙贾汗再也难以亲临泰姬陵了。世界上最远的距离，莫过于彼此相爱，却不能在一起。

直到8年之后，心力交瘁的沙贾汗终于忧郁地离开人世，去天国寻觅他的蒙泰姬了。沙贾汗死后同样被葬入泰姬陵，永远陪伴在爱妃身旁。

但在安葬沙贾汗之时，因泰姬陵的一切太完美、太对称了，奥朗则布实在没有勇气挪动那里面的任何一样物品，于是，沙贾汗的大理石石棺只好靠在了大理石围栏的边上。

参考资料来源：人民网-泰姬陵：一滴永恒的爱情之泪

谁有浙江大学研究生入学考试英语语言文学专业专业课试卷?

我只能提供这些了：

英语专业 （英语语言文学方向、经贸英语方向、翻译模块）充分发挥浙大理工文管各学科的综合优势、注重训练学生的英语交际能力、思辨能力和创新能力，提高学生的人文知识、交叉学科知识和实用性知识，培养具有扎实语言功底，良好人文素养，较强跨文化交际能力和中英互译能力，并熟谙英语国家国情和国际商贸知识的高级人才。毕业生能从事涉外部门和政府、外宣、出版、教学、广播电视、教育、经贸、旅游、外事等部门工作。主要课程：高级英语、英语戏剧表演及公共演讲、英语辩论与商务谈判、英美文学导论、跨文化交际、西方经典原著精读、国际金融、进出口业务、外事旅游翻译、心理语言学、影视翻译、口译（交传、同传）。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试---英语2005年试题及解析

2005-6-24 13:53:14 考研共济网

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive **ellers compared with animals, (1) ____ this is largely because, (2) ____ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) ____ to perceiving those **ells which float through the air, (4) ____ the majority of **ells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) ____, we are extremely sensitive to **ells, (6) ____ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ____ human **ells even when these are (8) ____ to far below one part in one million.

Strangely, some people find that they can **ell one type of flower but not another, (9) ____ others are sensitive to the **ells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ____ **ell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense **ells and send (11) ____ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain **ell (12) ____ can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) ____ to it often enough.

The explanation for insensitivity to **ell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ____ to keep all **ell receptors working all the time but can (15) ____ new receptors if necessary. This may (16) ____ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own **ells —— we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) ____ of the usual **ell of our own house, but we (18) ____ new **ells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep **ell receptors (19) ____ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) ____ the **ell of **oke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

1. [A] although

[B] as

[C] but

[D] while

2. [A] above

[B] unlike

[C] excluding

[D] besides

3. [A] limited

[B] committed

[C] dedicated

[D] confined

4. [A] catching

[B] ignoring

[C] missing

[D] tracking

5. [A] anyway

[B] though

[C] instead

[D] therefore

6. [A] even if

[B] if only

[C] only if

[D] as if

7. [A] distinguishing

[B] discovering

[C] determining

[D] detecting

8. [A] diluted

[B] dissolved

[C] dispersed

[D] diffused

9. [A] when

[B] since

[C] for

[D] whereas

10. [A] unusual

[B] particular

[C] unique

[D] typical

11. [A] signs

[B] stimuli

[C] messages

[D] impulses

12. [A] at first

[B] at all

[C] at large

[D] at times

13. [A] subjected

[B] left

[C] drawn

[D] exposed

14. [A] ineffective

[B] incompetent

[C] inefficient

[D] insufficient

15. [A] introduce

[B] summon

[C] trigger

[D] create

16. [A] still

[B] also

[C] otherwise

[D] nevertheless

17. [A] sure

[B] sick

[C] aware

[D] tired

18. [A] tolerate

[B] repel

[C] neglect

[D] notice

19. [A] available

[B] reliable

[C] identifiable

[D] suitable

20. [A] similar to

[B] such as

[C] along with

[D] aside from

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

[A] posing a contrast.

[B] justifying an assumption.

[C] making a comparison.

[D] explaining a phenomenon.

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.

[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions.

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D] more generous than their male companions.

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.

[B] can be taught to exchange things.

[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

[D] are unhappy when separated from other.

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

Text 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that **oking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the anti**oking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million **okers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on **oking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research —— a classic of “paralysis by ****ysis.”

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of **oking was that

[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between **oking and death.

[B] the number of early deaths of **okers in the past decades was insignificant.

[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.

[D] anti**oking people were usually talking nonsense.

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as

[A] a protector.

[B] a judge.

[C] a critic.

[D] a guide.

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by ****ysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?

[A] Endless studies kill action.

[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.

[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.

[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?

[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.

[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.

[C] Press for further scientific research.

[D] Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of **oking because

[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence.

[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.

[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.

[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse.

Text 3

Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —— the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep —— when most vivid dreams occur —— as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pitt**urgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events —— until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says. Terrori**, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep —— or rather dream —— on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams

[A] can be modified in their courses.

[B] are susceptible to emotional changes.

[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears.

[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs.

32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show

[A] its function in our dreams.

[B] the mechani** of REM sleep.

[C] the relation of dreams to emotions.

[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex.

33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to

[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.

[B] develop into happy dreams.

[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.

[D] show up in dreams early at night.

34. Cartwright seems to suggest that

[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.

[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.

[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression.

[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.

35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?

[A] Lead your life as usual.

[B] Seek professional help.

[C] Exercise conscious control.

[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

Text 4

Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another critici** against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive —— there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms —— he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English

[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms.

[B] is but all too natural in language development.

[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.

[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.

37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes

[A] modesty.

[B] personality

[C] liveliness.

[D] informality.

38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?

[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.

[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.

[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.

[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.

39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s

[A] interest in their language.

[B] appreciation of their efforts.

[C] admiration for their memory.

[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness.

40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as

[A] “temporary” is to “permanent.”

[B] “radical” is to “conservative”.

[C] “functional” is to “artistic”.

[D] “humble” is to “noble”.

(英语考研共济网）里面还有很多！

谁有泰姬陵（Taj Mahal）双语介绍？

泰姬陵

中文名称: 泰姬陵

英文名称: Taj Mahal

国家: 印度

所属洲: 亚洲

泰姬陵（印地语: ताज महल 波斯语，乌尔都语: تاج محل ），全称为“泰吉·玛哈尔陵”，又译泰姬玛哈，是印度知名度最高的古迹之一，在今印度距新德里200多公里外的北方邦的阿格拉 (Agra)城内，亚穆纳河右侧。是莫卧儿王朝第5代皇帝沙贾汗为了纪念他已故皇后阿姬曼·芭奴（ممتاز محل）而建立的陵墓，被誉为“完美建筑”。它由殿堂、钟楼、尖塔、水池等构成，全部用纯白色大理石建筑，用玻璃、玛瑙镶嵌，绚丽夺目。有极高的艺术价值。是***教建筑中的代表作。2007年7月7日，成为世界新七大奇迹之一。

概况介绍

1983年根据文化遗产评选标准C (I) 被列入《世界遗产目录》。评为遗产的报告：世界遗产委员会第7届会议报告。是北京时间2007年7月8日凌晨公布的“新七大奇迹”之一。

从数不清的照片中使人非常熟悉的泰姬陵的外形被作为饭店的标志、酸辣酱和调味品的商标，实际上它被用在随便什么地方，人们看到立刻就想到是印度的地方。尽管如此，很少有人看了泰姬陵感到失望的。

泰姬陵百看不厌，它仍旧能使人惊讶。它在一天里不同的时间和不同的自然光线中显现出不同的特色。虽然它是一座陵墓，可它却没有通常陵墓所有的冷寂。相反你感到它似乎在天地之间浮动。它的和谐对称、花园和水中倒影融合在一起创造了令无数参观者惊叹不已的奇迹。估计有2万名工匠参与了泰姬陵的建造，历时22年才完成。据说一位法国人和一位威尼斯人参与了工程的部分工作。至今没有一位建筑师被记录肯定参与了陵墓的建造——这对这个建筑物是很适宜的，因为建造它的本意在于让人们只记住在陵墓里的人。

朝霞升起时分，初升的一轮红日伴着朱木拿河袅袅的晨雾，仿佛要将泰姬陵从睡梦中唤醒，此时的它显得静静的。中午时分，泰姬陵头顶蓝天白云，脚踏碧水绿树，在南亚一向耀眼的阳光映衬下，更出落得玲珑剔透，光彩夺目。傍晚，泰姬陵迎来了它一天中最妩媚的时刻，斜阳夕照下，白色的泰姬陵开始从灰黄、金黄，逐渐变成粉红、暗红、淡青色，随着月亮的冉冉升起，最终回归成银白色。在月色朦胧中，泰姬陵显得格外高雅别致和皎洁迷人，犹如美人泰姬在含情沉思。据称，泰姬陵最美丽的时候，是朗月当空的夜晚。白色的大理石陵寝，在月光映照下会发出淡淡的紫色，清雅出尘，美得仿佛下凡的仙女。

建筑历史

泰姬陵于1631年（另一资料：1632年）开始动工，历时22年（另一资料：18年），每天动用2万役工。除了汇集全印度最好的建筑师和工匠，还聘请了中东、伊期兰地区的建筑师和工匠，更是耗竭了国库（共耗费4000万卢比），这导致莫卧尔王朝的衰落。沙·贾汗国王本原计划在河对面再为自己造一个一模一样的黑色陵墓，中间用半边白色、半边黑色的大理石桥连接，与爱妃相对而眠。但泰姬陵刚完工不久，其子奥朗则布（Aurangzeb）弑兄杀弟篡位成功，沙·贾汗国王本人也被囚禁在离泰姬陵不远的阿格拉堡的八角宫内。此后整整8年的时间，沙·贾汗每天只能透过小窗，凄然地遥望着远处河里浮动的泰姬陵倒影，后来视力恶化，仅借着一颗宝石的折射，来观看泰姬陵，直至最终忧郁而死（病死）。但有幸的是，沙·贾汗死后被合葬于泰姬陵内他的爱妃泰姬的身旁。

泰姬陵是用从322公里外的采石场运来的大理石造的，但它却不是有些照片里的那种纯白色建筑。成千上万的宝石和半宝石镶嵌在大理石在表面，陵墓上的文字是用黑色大理石做的。从一道雕花的大理石围栏上可以看到出色的手艺。阳光照射在围栏上时，它投下变化纷呈的影子。从前曾有银制的门，里面有金制栏杆和一大块用珍珠穿成的布盖在皇后的衣冠冢上（它的位置在实际埋葬地之上）。窃贼们偷去了这些珍贵的东西，许多人曾企图挖取镶嵌在大理石栏上的宝石，但泰姬陵的雄伟壮丽仍使人为之倾倒。

泰姬陵坐落在一个风景区内，庄严雄伟的门道象征着天堂的入口，上方有拱形圆顶的亭阁。原先这儿曾有一扇纯银的门，上面镶嵌着几百个银钉。这些东西都已被劫走，现在的门是铜制的。

关于沙贾汗想在朱木拿河的另一边为自己建一座同样的黑色大理石陵墓的传说似乎没有太多的真实性。他的儿子奥朗则布于1658年宣布为帝，并把他的父亲软禁在阿格拉一个城堡内达9年之久，一直到他去世。沙贾汗能从城堡远远眺望泰姬陵。后来他也被葬在泰姬陵。

泰姬陵代表了莫卧儿建筑成就的高峰。这种风格的陵墓竖立在一个底座上，上面饰有光塔，人们对它怀有和对**寺同样的崇敬的心情。这种风格的纪念陵墓在印度北部发展并随之消失。

侯迈因在德里的陵墓于1564年动工，它是泰姬陵的雏形，牢固、威严而不是精致、黄雅。17世纪70年代奥朗则布在奥芝加巴德为他的妻子仿造了一座泰姬陵，可是它没有泰姬陵的魅力与和谐。德里的另一陵墓赛夫达贾之墓于1753年动工，被称为是“莫臣儿建筑最后的闪光”，然而它可不是一座人们尽力设法要运河看的建筑物。这些纪念陵墓都有一个标准的模式——一个大的洋葱形状的拱顶、水道、分成四部分的花有泰姬陵的建造者把这些东西融化在一起，创造出一座无与伦比的建筑。与孟加拉的总督威廉·本廷克爵士策划的阴谋相比，泰姬陵内珍贵财宝的失窃可谓微不足道。19世纪30年代，他谋划拆除当时疏于管理、杂草丛生的泰姬陵，把大理石运往伦敦出售。只是因为从德里红堡上拆下的大理石找不到买主，这个计划才作罢。后来，在1900年当了印度总督的柯曾重新修复了泰姬陵。

毫无疑问，泰姬陵是世界上完美艺术的典范。基本上由大理石建成的建筑毫无瑕庇，月光之下的泰姬陵更给人一种恍若仙境的感觉。她不仅表达了沙贾汗对爱妻的深切纪念，也是他给人类的一份厚礼。

泰姬陵是一座白色大理石建成的巨大陵墓**寺，是莫卧儿皇帝沙贾汗为纪念他心爱的妃子于1631年至1648年在阿格拉而建的。泰姬陵是印度***艺术最完美的瑰宝，是世界遗产中令世人赞叹的经典杰作之一。

这座世界七大建筑奇迹背后其实有一段哀怨缠绵的历史，了解它的历史的背景，确能增加观赏泰姬陵的趣味。17世纪莫卧儿帝国皇帝沙杰汉为纪念其爱妃慕塔芝玛，动用了数万名工人，以宝石镶饰修建陵寝，图案之细致令人叫绝。泰姬陵最引人瞩目的是用纯白大理石砌建而成的主体建筑，皇陵上下左右工整对称，中央圆顶高六十二米，令人叹为观止。四周有四座高约四十一米的尖塔，塔与塔之间耸立了镶满三十五种不同类型的半宝石的墓碑。陵园占地十七公顷，为一略呈长形的圈子，四周围以红沙石墙，进口大门也用红岩砌建，大约两层高，门顶的背面各有十一个典型的白色圆锥形小塔。大门一直通往沙杰罕王和王妃的下葬室，室的中央则摆放了他们的石棺，壮严肃穆。泰姬陵的前面是一条清澄水道，水道两旁种植有果树和柏树，分别象征生命和死亡。

Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India. It is an "elegy in marble" or some say an expression of a "dream." Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber. The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later. The queen’s real name was Arjumand Banu. In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public. Shah Jahan's real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628.

Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers. It was completed in 1648 C.E. at a cost of 32 Million Rupees. The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad ‘Isa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time. The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin. Expert craft**en from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed. In addition, many renowned Muslim craft**en from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks.

The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.

Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper. The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Qur’an and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.

The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole.

05——07年考研英语阅读及译文

回答字数在10000字以内，所以就放了2005年希望对你有用。

2005 Passage 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

[A]. posing a contrast.

[B]. justifying an assumption.

[C]. making a comparison.

[D]. explaining a phenomenon.

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that

[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.

[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.

[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D]. more generous than their male companions

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.

[B]. can be taught to exchange things.

[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

重点词汇：

assumption  （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；见1997年Text 2。.参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潜在的假定。

grievance /n.委屈冤情不平。申诉人提出不满意见交付仲裁者。悲痛伤心事不幸忧伤。因为有冤情（）而满怀悲痛（）向申诉人申诉。

tardily  adv.缓慢。形容词形式拖拉的。（谐音记忆：他地，工作是他的，所以我可以拖拉）

counterpart （相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。见2000年 Passage 4 。

token  n. 表示, 向征, 记号, 代币 adj. 象征的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇怪的表示。

reluctant  （不愿的，勉强的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反复”，luct可看作词根lect“选择”，-ant形容词后缀，人们都不愿反反复复地作选择，所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。

indignation  n. 愤慨, 义愤。 记忆：in-dig挖（坑）-nation，挖坑藏在里面的民族，能不愤慨吗？比如老萨，呵呵。形容词形式 indignant  adj. 愤怒的, 愤慨的

难句分析：

①Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式；with加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定”，其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。

翻译：这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。

②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

该句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引导的时间状语从句，其中包含了so that引导的目的状语从句。

翻译：当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

试题解析：

这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识，文章本身难度不是太大，一开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比，文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解，第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。

21题，我们应该选择C，考察第一段的写作手法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。

22题答案是B，也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平

23题答案选A，这个是事实细节题，答案是根据文章第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。

24题答案选择C，他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话，

25题选择B.这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词，"假设"为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应，这个问题没有得以解决。

全文翻译：

人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。

研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。

研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。

2005 Passage 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that **oking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the anti**oking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million **okers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on **oking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by ****ysis”.

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of **oking was that

[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between **oking and death.

[B]. the number of early deaths of **okers in the past decades was insignificant.

[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.

[D]. anti**oking people were usually talking nonsense.

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as

[A]. a protector.

[B]. a judge.

[C]. a critic.

[D]. a guide.

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by ****ysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)

[A]. Endless studies kill action.

[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.

[C]. prudent planning hinders.

[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about

[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.

[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.

[C]. Press for further scientific research.

[D]. Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of **oking because

[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.

[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.

[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.

[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.

重点词汇：

prudent adj. 谨慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。名词形式prudence n. 审慎。记忆：rude 粗鲁的，无礼的，p不-rude粗鲁的-ent形容词后缀

paralysis n. 瘫痪, 麻痹。 para-侧面。参见2003年Text 2。

paraphrase  （n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）←para+site地点。

****ysis  n. 分析, 分解。记忆：an-a-lysis，后缀同上，分析成一个an,a。联想：反义词synthesis n. 综合, 合成

take the legislative initiative

take the initiative 带头,开始着手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.开始着手试图解决这个问题

initiative  n. 主动。 名词形式initiate vt. 开始, 发动, 传授 v. 开始, 发起

legislative  adj. 立法的, 立法机关的 n. 立法机关。参见1999 Passage 4 。legislation  （立法；法规）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg词根“法律”（参allegation宣称，2003年Text 2），is是，late迟的，-ion名词后缀，“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。

难句解析：

①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.

主干部分是The latest was a panel，表语panel后接有两个定语成分：from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词，即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”，其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构，表目的，即“为了告诉我们……而召集的（专家团）”。

翻译：最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。

②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句，前一分句的主干是science…provide us with…guide；后一分句的主干是it is critical，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments，judgments后接有两个定语结构，一是that引导的定语从句，一是concerning分词结构。

翻译：但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

③Just as on **oking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。

该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as结构做比较状语，意为“正如…一样”；insisting 引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice，分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的真实主语是不定式结构to keep…

翻译：就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。

试题解析：

第二篇文章是一篇一般的时事性文章，这也是一篇类比，考完了以后很多考生说这篇文章讲抽烟，其实不是的，作者讲抽烟是想说明现在的温室效应，也是一种类比，许多人抽烟没有人去管，因为缺乏足够的证据,咱们各国政府也不管温室效应, 也是同样的原因。中心讲的是世界各个政府对温室效应的解决的态度，篇章的关键词围绕这样三个问题展开，第一个就是证据不充足。第二是科学的意义。第三是制定法律，尤其最后三段大量出现立法和法规的现象，

26题选C，

27应该选D，科学应该作为一个指导性，是答案是根据文章第2段的最后两句话。

28题是猜单词题，单词所在的句子的意思是有些人总要科学证据，结果抹杀了行动。所以选A。29答案选择D，采取某种法律措施，法律在最后的段落重复的最多。

30题作者谈的抽烟的教训对我们温室处理也是一样的，选B。

全文翻译：

还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，在三十多年中，差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。

现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继，试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点：“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏；到了有百分之百的证据的时候，可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显，并且不断增加，一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。

幸运的是，白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。

为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须积极

求泰姬陵的英文简介（11.16日前晚上8点截止）

泰姬陵的英文介绍

Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India. It is an "elegy in marble" or some say an expression of a "dream." Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber. The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later. The queen’s real name was Arjumand Banu. In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public. Shah Jahan's real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628.

Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers. It was completed in 1648 C.E. at a cost of 32 Million Rupees. The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad ‘Isa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time. The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin. Expert craft**en from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed. In addition, many renowned Muslim craft**en from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks.

The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.

Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper. The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Qur’an and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.

The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole.

考研英语题型没有听力吧,具体的有什么啊?

2004年，考研英语题型进行了调整，取消听力测试，同时加增阅读，包括完型填空、阅读、翻译、作文、以及新增的七选五的阅读。2005年政治题型也进行了调整，取消辨析题。你可以买一本模拟题。