She moved___Hangzhou last year. A / B to 答案以及原因

B移居

v.（动词） moved,mov.ing,moves

v.intr.（不及物动词）

1. To change in position from one point to another:

移动：从一个位置向另一个位置的变化：

moved away from the window.

从窗户那移开

2. To progress in sequence; go forward:

前进，进展： 按秩序前进；向前进：

a novel that moves slowly.

进展缓慢的小说

3. To follow a specified course:

运转：按特定的路线运动：

Earth moves around the sun.

地球绕着太阳转

4. To progress toward a particular state or condition:

发展：向着特定的情形或状况发展：

moving up in the company; moved into the lead.

在公司里升职；处于领先地位

5. To go from one residence or location to another; relocate.

搬家：从一个居住地或定居点搬到另一个；重新定居

6. To start off; depart.

动身；离开

7. To be disposed of by sale:

脱售，卖掉：通过销售而脱手：

Woolens move slowly in the summer.

夏天毛制品滞销

8. To change posture or position; stir:

动：变换位置或姿势；搅动：

was afraid to move.

吓得不敢动

9. Games To change the position of a piece in a board game.

【游戏】 移动棋子：在棋类游戏中换一个棋子的位置

10. To be put in motion or to turn according to a prescribed motion. Used of machinery.

运转：使按照预先设计的步骤开始运行或启动。用于机械

11. To exhibit great activity or energy.

展现活力：表现出**或精力

12. To initiate an action; act.

进行；行动：开始一种行为；行动

13. To be active in a particular environment:

活跃：在某个特殊的环境中活跃：

moves in diplomatic circles.

活跃于外交界

14. To stir the emotions:

使感动：激起感情：

words that have the power to move.

令人感动的话语

15. To make a formal motion in parliamentary procedure:

提出议案：按国会的程序作出正式提议：

move for an adjournment.

提议休会

16. To evacuate. Used of the bowels.

通便：排泄。用于肠道

v.tr.（及物动词）

1. To change the place or position of:

迁移：使改变位置或地位：

moved her office; could not move his arm.

改变了她的职务；不能移动他的胳膊

2. To cause to go from one place to another:

使…移动：导致从一个位置移到另一个位置：

moved the crowd away.

移开人群

3. Games To change (a piece) from one position to another in a board game:

【游戏】 走子：在棋类游戏中移动（一个）棋子：

moved a pawn.

走卒

4. To change the course of:

转向：变换路线：

moved the discussion to other matters.

把讨论转向别的话题

5. To dislodge from a fixed point of view, as by persuasion:

说服：使改变一个已形成的观点，如用说服的办法：

“Speak to him, ladies, see if you can move him”(b{Shakespeare})

“女士们，与他谈谈心，看看你们能否说服他”(莎士比亚)

6. To prompt to an action; rouse:

激起，奋起：导致行为的发生；惹起：

Anger moved her to speak out.

愤怒使她全盘托出

7. To set or keep in motion.

使运转：使运动起来或持续运动状态

8. To cause to function.

开动：使运转

9. To cause to progress or advance.

使前进：导致有所进展或前进

10. To arouse the emotions of; affect.

激起感情：激起感情；使感动

11. To excite or provoke to the expression of an emotion:

感动：激发或引起感情表现出来：

The film moved me to tears.See Synonyms at b{affect} +{1}

这部片子使我感动得流泪参见 affect1

12. To propose or request in formal parliamentary procedure:

提议：按正式议会程序恳请或呼吁：

moved that a vote be taken.

提议采取投票表决

13. To make formal application to (a court, for example).

申请：正式（如向法庭）提出请求

14. To dispose of by sale:

转手：靠销售脱手：

moved the new merchandise quickly.

把新到的货尽快脱手

15. To cause (the bowels) to evacuate.

通大便：使（肠）排泄

n.（名词）

1. The act or an instance of moving.

移动：移动的行为或移动的实例

2. A particular manner of moving:

移动的特殊方式：

made some intricate moves on the dance floor.

在舞池里走繁杂的舞步

3. A change of residence or location.

搬家：居住地点的变换

4. Games

【游戏】

5. An act of transferring a piece from one position to another in board games.

走子：在棋类游戏中将一个棋子从一个位置移动到另一个位置

6. The prescribed manner in which a piece may be played.

棋路：预先设计好的走棋子的方式

7. A participant's turn to make a play.

走棋：轮到一个参加者参与的次序

8. An action taken to achieve an objective; a maneuver:

策略：为达某个目的而采取的行动；策略：

a move to halt the arms race.

停止军备竞赛的策略

弗格斯的女上司 （求英文翻译）

原文:旁白：弗格斯先生在政府核心部门上班，前不久刚刚被上司任命为私人秘书，这项工作虽然累人又费时间，但却好歹是事务总管，是一个人人羡慕的职位。 弗格斯先生（骄傲自恋）：像我这么英俊潇洒聪明能干的帅哥，那个位置就应该是为我而设计的，就让那些“死鱼”们羡慕嫉妒去吧！ 旁白：弗格斯先生的上司是个精明能干的女人，而且对人对事一向要求非常严格，这一点让他感到非常的不爽。 弗格斯先生（沮丧懊恼）：哎，那个女人，甭提了，脾气非常的暴躁，整天对我大叫大嚷的，声音又大，我快受不了了！ 旁白：这天清晨，弗格斯正穿着衣服准备去上班，家里的**突然响了。 （**铃） 弗：您好！这是弗格斯家，请问一下找哪一位？ 法官：您好！我是杰克法官，请找下弗格斯先生。 弗：我就是！有什么事情吗？ 法官：弗格斯先生，刚刚有人指控您偷了一家商店的两本书，请您于下午一点钟到达法庭接受审理，希望您积极配合我们。 旁白：**那头先挂了，弗格斯一头雾水，百思不得其解。 弗（大骂）：那个他妈的这么缺德。我这么有钱有地位，还用的着去偷书吗？再说我也好久没有去过商店了啊。我看那个家伙有点活得不耐烦了！ 旁白：弗格斯实在是懊恼极了，原本愉快而轻松的早晨就这样变得愁云惨淡，但他不得不在下午一点钟准时到达法庭。 旁白（走上一个年轻人与他辩驳）：指控他的是个英俊的年轻人，语句如锋利的刀剑，弗格斯不是任人宰割的软饼。二人你来我往，互不相让。法官一时难以判断，只好休庭宣布第二天再审。

Narrator: eph gus sir in government core department work, recently had just been boss appointed private secretary, this work although tiring and time-consuming, but somehow is affairs director, is a everyone envy of position. Eph gus sir (proud narcissistic) : be like me so handsome sharp-witted handsome boy, that position should be designed for me, let those who "dead fish" were envy envious go! Narrator: eph gus sir boss was a shrewd woman, but to person to matter always require very strict, it makes him feel very uncomfortable. Eph gus sir (depressed annoyed) : ah, that woman, forget about it, the temper very touchy, yell at me all day long, voice and big, I am stressed out! Narrator: this morning, eph gus wearing clothes get ready to go to work, the home of the telephone suddenly rang. (the telephone) eph: hello! This is eph gus home, excuse me find which one? Judge: hello! I'm jack judge, please find eph gus sir. Eph: I am! Have what thing? Judge: eph gus sir, just someone accused you stole a shop two books, please you to reach court for trial at one o 'clock in the afternoon, I hope you actively cooperate with us. Narrator: telephone that hang, eph treat Parkinson rutgers befuddled, scratching their heads. Eph (to lambaste) : that damn so you're an asshole. I'm so rich, still have a position with steal book? Say I haven't been to shop! I see the guy a little live impatient! Narrator: eph gus is really upset, originally was happy and relaxed morning so become creeping bleak, but he had to arrive at the court in the afternoon. Narrator (onto a young and deny him) : accused his is a handsome young man, words such as sharp sword, eph gus is not a jolting soft bread. Two people you to me to, are eyeball. The judge had hard to judge, a retrial. Announced an adjournment day

原文:旁白：第二天清晨，弗格斯正准备给女上司打**说说请假的事情，**又响了。 女上司：这几天你打算怎么办那？ 弗：（诧异羞愧）呃，呃，非常抱歉，惹上了这么一件麻烦的事情，我还想请几天的假，把事情弄完再去上班。 女：去过**之后，一定要到单位来。事情再怎么糟糕，一个大男人嘛，拿出足够的勇气去面对它。记得下午一定要来见我。 旁白：弗格斯很沮丧，想不到女上司和单位的人这么快就知道了这件事。一个堂堂正正的事务总管却被别人指认为贼，想想都觉得丢人，真不知道同事们会怎样看他。 旁白（弗格森低头沮丧地回到单位）：第二天，法庭审理还是没有结果。下午，弗格斯不得不硬着头皮回到单位。大家都用异样的眼光望着他，他的脸一阵阵发烫，他一遍遍在心里说。 弗：（无辜）我不是贼，不是，我是清白无辜的，是被人陷害的，请你相信我。 旁白：可是没用，他的声音别人听不到。弗格斯实在受不了这样的难堪，径自来到女上司的办公室，他想还是自己请辞吧。 女上司：来，我们去散散步吧 旁白（女上司和弗散步）：女上司同他走遍了这座办公大楼的所有走廊，也并没有和他说什么偷窃的事情，不过是让他聊聊他的孩子。提到孩子，弗格斯的紧张情绪立刻轻松下来，孩子的诸多趣事让他的脸上不自觉地露出笑容，一向严肃的女上司也不时地点头微笑。平时视时间为金子般珍贵的女上司居然同弗格斯闲聊了一个多小时。 旁白：一个星期之后，弗格斯终于被宣判完全无罪。当他正准备离开**准备回家的时候，他看见他的女上司正穿过人群大步向他走来，与他握手。 女上司（故意板着脸）：我想我不必对你说什么了，是吧？ 旁白：是的，还用说什么呢？女上司始终是弗格斯的朋友。她毫不吝啬自己的信任并巧妙机智地维护住弗格斯的尊严，使弗格斯能够勇敢地面对鄙夷，最终走出困境。这位女上司就是英国历史上第一位女首相，被称为政坛铁娘子的撒切尔夫人。她凭借真诚与智慧，赢得了民众的支持与信任。

Narrator: the next morning, eph gus is preparing to give female boss talk things, leave phone rang again. The female superior: are you going to do that these days? Eph: (surprised shame) uh, uh, I'm very sorry, moving on such a troublesome issue, I still want to take a few days off, get things done again to go to work. Female: ever been to court later, must to unit. Things again how bad, a big man, take out courage enough to face it. Remember must come to see me this afternoon. Narrator: eph gus very depressed, surprisingly female supervisor and units are so quick to know. A decent affairs director, but being refers to think, think all thieves ashamed, true don't know how will see his colleagues. Narrator (ferguson back to units) bow depressed or the court: next day, no results. In the afternoon, eph gus had to crustily skin of head back to the unit. Everyone USES a different look at him, his face waves burning, he repeatedly in my heart said. Eph: (innocent) I am not a thief, no, I'm innocent, was framed, please believe me. Narrator: but useless, his voice others can't hear. Eph gus can't stand such embarrassed, comes to female supervisor's office, he wants to or oneself's resignation. Female boss: come on. Let's go for a walk narrator (female supervisor and eph walking with his female supervisor) : through the office building, all the corridor are not and what he said to steal things, but is let him talk about his children. Mention children, eph gus ease the tension of the child immediately, many fun let his face not consciously **iled, always serious female boss also periodically nodded and **iled. Usually depending on the time for a precious gold with the female boss Fletcher unexpectedly rutgers chatting over an hour. Narrator: one week later, eph gus finally convicted of completely innocent. When he is ready to leave the court were ready to go home, he saw his female boss is through the crowd step towards him, shake hands with him. Female boss (intentionally board face) : I think I don't have to what you say, right? Narrator: yes, still use to say what? Female boss is always eph gus friends. She didn't mean their trust and clever thoughtfully defend eph gus dignity, make eph gus brave enough to face the dilemma, eventually contempt. The female superior is the first female prime minister in English history, known as the politics of the iron lady thatcher. She relies on sincere and wisdom, won the public support and trust.

英语高手帮忙写下，多谢

Acknowledgments论商务谈判中语言的交际技巧

This thesis is developed from my years of study on campus; Numerous people have lent me a helping hand in completing this research.

Firstly, special thanks go to Mr. Zhou Wenge, the instructor of this paper as well as a respectable teacher in School of Foreign Studies, Hunan University of Science and Technology, whose frequent guidance and invaluable suggestions lead to the accomplishment of the thesis. Mr. Zhou’s hardworking and responsible spirits set a good example for all the undergraduates of 2006.

Secondly, thanks go to all the university leaders and teachers, who have imparted the essence of knowledge to me, especially to Mr. Zhang Jinghua, who has taught me Translation and whose original ideas and interesting lectures make great impression on me and finally lead to the start of the thesis.

Last but not the least, thanks go to all the school librarians, who have done very much in supplying us with reference books, as well as to those authors whose works have been quoted by me in the thesis.

Abstract

Based on the characteristics of spoken language and strategies used in negotiation, this thesis discusses the methods to avoid pragmatic failures and understand the different language communicative skills in different cultures, and elaborates several ways to master good language communicative skills in order to give full play to language’s advantages so as to increase the successful chances of international business negotiation.

Key words: language communicative skill; international business negotiation; characteristic; pragmatic failure

中文摘要

贸易谈判是贸易活动很重要的环节,而语言则是谈判的媒介，商务谈判的过程是1个围绕双方经济利益, 通过语言进行沟通和协商的过程，实质上就是谈判者运用语言进行协调磋商，谋求1致的过程。本文从语言表达和施展谈判策略出发，探讨了避免谈判语境中的语用失误，分析了不同文化背景下的语言交际方式，阐述了如何运用语言，掌握良好的语言表达技巧，从而更好地发挥语言在谈判中的作用，以提高商务谈判的成功率。

英美法系与大陆法系的异同比较研究

Civil law and common law is the world's principal legal systems of the two, covering some of the world's major countries. Representatives of civil law in Germany, France and China; and common law is of course the United Kingdom and the United States as its representative. Civil law and common law between the different points of comparison, has been compared by jurists keen topic. Two Legal, in many ways, there is a larger difference, I only proceedings to compare them.

All along, the comparison jurists tend to assume that all the world's well-developed legal systems, similar to the need always to meet a similar approach. [1] However, the civil law and common law in the proceedings on the great differences on the assumption that it broke. Such as the summary of the preparation and conduct of civil proceedings, to the court for the fact that the way to choose or to question a witness or expert mode of the great differences have made this assumption can not be established. And Two Legal because there are so many differences, they are subject to various reasons, such as geographic differences, ethnic habits, cultural characteristics, historical traditions, etc., but I think the main reason or the ideological and cultural traditions impact. Two Legal countries different in many ways of thinking habits, created a big difference in Two Legal.

Anglo-American legal systems in many of the features of the proceedings, in fact, is a decisive result of the fact that the proceedings from the jury system. Now, the general view was that Britain only in criminal cases to use the jury system, and is in serious crimes and the defendant himself that "not guilty" when used. [2] Nevertheless, the civil proceedings in the United Kingdom is still permeated with the traditional jury system. And the impact of the jury system, so that civil trials and criminal trials, as there are many specific proceedings. [3] This will make the proceedings from civil law countries.

In civil law, the proceedings can be divided into multiple partitions hearing. Thus, for a party in court raised an unexpected point of view or evidence, the other party can have sufficient time to the next court hearing further evidence in rebuttal. In the Anglo-American legal systems are very different, due to take a one-time trial, lawyers in order to prevent the same thing happened, not only to their own arguments and evidence make it clear, we must also understand each other's arguments and evidence. Because in common law countries of the trial, if there is unexpected evidence, any party can not easily ask for an adjournment. This makes lawyers must meet with him before the hearing of witnesses in order to find out they will say in court what to do. For such acts, Germany's lawyers say that is a violation of professional ethics. [4] This is not hard to imagine why we are also common law countries litigation often unexpected results, why those who can in the courts to force their own lawyers always respected. And civil law countries the courts have always given people the feeling step by step, and looked good enough, lawyers very difficult to have a very good performance.

Since the common law countries in the use of one-time trial mode, then the judge's role be? Before the start of the trial, the lawyers had carefully prepared for the judges for the controversial issue and the evidence is extremely unclear. It is believed that the judge relied on oral statements through a lawyer to provide all the necessary facts and the law. [5] We all know that in common law countries of the court, lawyers independently decide what to call witnesses, question witnesses. Each party to question witnesses were, and then from the other anti-question. Lawyers question witnesses is also the embodiment of wisdom, good lawyers are often the other witness's testimony can not be trusted, and the judge or jury can not be accepted, thereby losing the effectiveness of the evidence.

Lawyers question witnesses, and judges have a general pay attention only to listen to witnesses. If a judge to speak, are usually only "no effective" or "No null and void" and the judge of statements to determine the question of whether the parties can be adopted. However, common law countries, judges can question witnesses, but their involvement in order to avoid conflict, and remain neutral, and less inclined to open question. There was a very classic case from the negative interpretation of the judge to do so wisely, that is, "Jones v. National Coal Board" case: In that case when the trial judge too many questions, so that the parties can not be with his view that the best way evidence, the Court of Appeal only on the basis of the case back to lower court retrial. [6] This case also illustrates the law of "procedure is superior to the rights of" principle.

Anglo-American judge in the trial have demonstrated a more negative, they are the beginning of the case on the merits ignorant, we must understand in the course of a hearing, which the parties and their lawyers must play a major role. This is mainly because in the Anglo-American legal systems of countries, more common view is that in court proceedings to obtain the true situation in the best way is to allow parties to debate the real situation, which judges would only act as a supervisor of rules of court role, that is, "adversarial" litigation. In civil law countries is just the opposite. In their view, if the judge allows a greater role may be more conducive to discover the true situation. Thus the judge is obliged to ask questions, inform, encourage and persuade the parties, the lawyers and witnesses in order to obtain from them all of the real situation, to avoid the fault of the parties lead to lose. Civil law countries the number of civil trials or with some "inquisitorial" in nature, have some bureaucratic characteristics. [7] for the conduct of proceedings and evidence are required to investigate the main court, the judge who is a positive image of the trial presided over the court. In the United States, "against the system" the implementation of the proceedings is very strict. This is mainly because the common law as long as it is not equitable request, the first phase of civil litigation is still to participate in trial by jury.

l Conclusion

Civil law system inherited from Roman law is mainly generated, and the law is not the succession of Roman law precisely, the difference between the two is enormous. Such as civil law is statutory law, common law and case law, such as it is. In this paper, selected proceedings of comparison, the only civil law and common law judicial system in a concrete difference. Of different legal systems of the differences between it is very meaningful that allows us to learn from each other, in other legal systems in a good system, to improve the country's legal system, which will have an extremely far-reaching implications.

China's socialist legal system construction is in full swing of the stage, in the civil law system based on the statute book at the same time, the appropriate law countries learn from the case law system, to enrich, and improve China's legal system, but also have practical significance. Under the socialist market economic operation process, will inevitably encounter a variety of new situations and problems, which will require us to look at the global, boldly absorb and draw on foreign legal systems of the essence.

Civil law and common law distinction

Generally speaking the distinction between different standards will produce different results, civil law and common law on the judicial, trial basis, the way the proceedings and the court's organizations in four areas, there would be some obvious differences, their summarized as follows: (a) judicial organs: civil law countries generally speaking, its administrative litigation in this case, is not attributable to the jurisdiction of ordinary courts, while others accept the establishment of the Administrative Court, the civil law is the Administrative Court and ordinary courts parallel system, different The two-track system; and the principle of law there is no establishment of the Administrative Court, and in criminal and administrative proceedings, such as property belonging to the ordinary courts to accept jurisdiction, not to set up the Administrative Court. (B) trial basis: civil law countries generally speaking, is mainly to statutory and customary law and case law as a supplement; and law in addition to the Constitution of the United States, the other so-called law, all attach importance to the unwritten code Therefore, in order to implement the customary law and the jurisprudence of the main. (C) proceedings by: civil law countries generally speaking, are generally imposed stereotypes referee organs; and Anglo-American legal systems usually adopt the jury system, as well as tour the trial system. (D) the court organizations: civil law countries generally speaking, usually the implementation of collegiate system, so a large number of judges; and Anglo-American legal systems usually adopt a single system, the fewer the number of judges. III Summary In summary, we can on the judicial, trial basis, the way the proceedings and the court's organizations in four areas to explore the civil law and common law on the distinction between the judicial system, a basic understanding of legal systems, there are help us to enter the halls of the law, but also contribute to the overall structure of the legal system and the overall understanding, to build all the people are aware of the legal community.

大陆法系与英美法系是当今世界的两大主要法系，涵盖了世界上一些主要的国家。大陆法系的代表有德国、法国、中国等；而英美法系则当然以英国和美国为其代表。大陆法系与英美法系之间的不同点的比较，一直都是比较法学家们所热衷的话题。两**系在许多方面都存在着较大的差异，下面我仅从诉讼程序方面对它们加以比较。

一直以来，比较法学家们都倾向于假定，世界上所有发达的法律体系中，相似的需要总是以相似的方法来满足。[1]但是，大陆法系与英美法系在诉讼程序上的巨大差异却打破了这一假定。诸如简易民事诉讼的准备和进行、向法庭提出事实的方式、选择或询问证人或鉴定人的方式等的巨大差异，都使这一假定不能成立。而两**系之所以会有如此多的差异，则受到了多方面原因的影响，如地理差异、民族习惯、文化特点、历史传统等，但我认为其最主要的原因还是意识形态和文化传统的影响。两**系国家在许多方面不同的思维习惯，造就了两**系的巨大差异。

英美法系中诉讼程序的许多特性，实际上是由一个决定性的事实造成的，即该诉讼程序来源于陪审制。现在，普遍的观点认为，英国只有在刑事案件中才使用陪审制，而且是在严重的犯罪并且被告主张自己“无罪”时才使用。[2]尽管如此，英国的民事诉讼中仍然渗透着陪审制的传统。而陪审制的影响，使民事审判和刑事审判一样，有许多特定的诉讼程序。[3]这也就使其诉讼程序区别于大陆法系国家。

在大陆法系中，诉讼可以有间隔地划分为多次的审理。因而，对于一方当事人在法庭上提出的出人意料的观点或证据，另一方当事人可以有充足的时间在下一次的法庭审理中提出进一步的证据予以反驳。而在英美法系中则大不相同，由于采取的是一次性的审理，律师为了防止同样的事情发生，不但要把自己的论点和证据想清楚，还必须了解对方的论点和证据。因为在英美法系国家的审判中，如果出现了意想不到的证据，任何一方都不能轻易地要求休庭。这就使得律师必须在开庭之前会见他的证人，以搞清楚他们会在法庭上说些什么、做些什么。对于这种行为，德国的律师却认为是违反职业道德的。[4]由此我们也不难想象为什么英美法系国家的诉讼经常有出人意料的结果，为什么那些能在法庭上以一己之力翻云覆雨的律师总是受人尊敬。而大陆法系国家的法庭审理却总是给人按部就班的感觉，而显得不够精彩，律师很难有非常精彩的表现。

既然在英美法系国家中采用一次性审理的模式，那么法官的作用如何呢？在审判开始之前，律师们进行了精心的准备，而法官对于争议的问题和有关的证据却极不清楚。据认为，法官靠律师通过口头陈述提供全部必要的事实和法律。[5]我们都知道，在英美法系国家的法庭上，律师独立地决定传唤哪些证人、提问证人。每个证人都是被一方提问之后，再由另一方进行反提问。提问证人也是律师智慧的体现，出色的律师常常能使对方证人的证词不可信，而无法被法官或陪审团采纳，从而失去了证据的效力。

律师提问证人，而法官一般只注意听取证人的证词。法官如果发言，通常都只是“反对有效”或“反对无效”之类的判断性语句，以决定当事人的问题是否可以被采纳。然而，英美法系国家中的法官是可以提问证人的，但他们为了避免卷入冲突，并且保持中立，而倾向于少开口提问。曾经有一个案例非常经典地从反面诠释了法官这么做的明智，即“琼斯诉全国煤炭委员会”案：在该案初审时法官提问过多，使双方当事人不可能用他认为最好的方式提出证据，上诉**仅据此就将该案发回下级**重审。[6]这个案例同时也说明了英美法系中“程序优于权利”的原则。

英美的法官在审判中处处表现得较为消极，他们在案件的开始阶段对案情一无所知，必须在审理过程中了解，因而当事人及其律师就必须发挥主要的作用。这主要是因为，在英美法系的国家，比较普遍的观点是，在法庭审理过程中获得真实情况的最好办法是让当事人辩论出真实的情况，而法官则只是充当法庭规则的监督者的角色，即“对抗制”的诉讼。而在大陆法系的国家却正好相反。他们认为，如果能让法官发挥较大的作用，可能会更有利于发现真实的情况。因而法官有义务提问、告知、鼓励和劝导当事人、律师和证人，以便从他们那里获得全部真实情况，避免当事人的过失导致败诉。大陆法系国家的民事审判多少还是带有一些“纠问式”的性质，具有一些官僚特征。[7]对于诉讼的进行和证据的调查皆以**为主，法官是以积极审判者的形象主持法庭审理。在美国，“对抗制”诉讼程序的实行是非常严格的。这主要是因为，只要是普通法而非衡平法上的请求，民事诉讼的初审阶段仍然由陪审团参加审理。

l 结 语

大陆法系主要是继承了罗马法而产生的，而英美法系恰恰是未继承罗马法，二者之间的差异是巨大的。如大陆法主要是成文法，而英美法却是判例法等。本文所选取的诉讼程序的比较，只是大陆法系与英美法系在具体司法制度上的一个差异。研究不同法系之间的差异是非常有意义的，可以使我们取长补短，吸收别的法系中的好的制度，来完善本国的法律制度，这将会产生极其深远的影响。

我国当前社会主义法制建设正处于紧锣密鼓的阶段，在立足于大陆法系成文法的同时，适当借鉴英美法系国家的判例法制度等，来充实、完善我国的法律体系，也是具有现实意义的。在社会主义市场经济运行的过程中，将不可避免地遇到各种各样的新情况、新问题，这都需要我们放眼于全球，大胆地吸收、借鉴外国的法律制度中的精华。

大陆法系与英美法系的区别

一般来说不同的区分标准会产生不同的结果，大陆法系与英美法系就审判机关、审理的依据、诉讼程序的方式及法庭组织等四方面，会产生明显的差异，其简述如下： (一) 审判机关：通常对大陆法系国家来说，其行政案件的诉讼，不归于普通**管辖，而另外设立行政**受理，故大陆法系是属于行政**与普通**并行制，成为不同的双轨系统；而英美法系原则上并无行政**的设立，而刑事及行政诉讼等都归属于普通**来管辖受理，不另外成立行政**。 (二) 审理的依据：通常对大陆法系国家来说，乃是以成文法为主，习惯法及判例法为辅；而英美法系美国除了宪法外，其它所谓的法律，都重视不成文法典，故以实行习惯法及判例为主。 (三) 诉讼程序的方式：通常对大陆法系国家来说，通常实行定型的裁判机关；而英美法系通常采陪审制度以及巡回审判制度。 (四) 法庭组织：通常对大陆法系国家来说，通常实行合议制，故法官的人数较多；而英美法系通常采独任制，故法官的人数较少。三、小结综上所述，我们可以就审判机关、审理的依据、诉讼程序的方式及法庭组织等四方面来探讨大陆法系与英美法系就司法制度的区别，法系的基本了解，有助于我们进入法律的殿堂，更有助于整体法律系统及结构的整体了解，以构建全民都了解法律的社会。

英文会议纪要范文

会议纪要就是会议记录，那儿你知道怎样用英文进行会议纪要吗？下面我给大家介绍关于会议纪要英文 范文 篇的相关资料，希望对您有所帮助。

会议纪要英文范文篇一

Minutes of meeting

For

......project

In

South sumatera，indonesia

Attendance：Refer to Attached List(see Attachment 1)

Date ： October 19, 2021

Place ：Hangzhou

1. The agreed agenda are as follows：

A. Coal supply issue

B. POA for signing MOU regarding the HVDC Sumatera-Java tran**ission Project

C. Financial Advisor Mandate letter

D. How to push forward the power plant，coal mine and tran**ission projects.

2. General overview: All the shareholders have the same understanding that even if the project didn’t make expected progress in the past several months due to the HVDC T/L issues and the influence of the new Minning Law to coal supply scheme, all the attendees still have confidence that all these issues will be solved with the best efforts of all parties. Coal Supply issue

PTBA made a comprehensive meaningful presentation regarding the new mining law, its impact to signed JVC Coal Mine and PTBA opinion for new coalsupply scheme as well as response to CDB letter of 11 August 2009.

The summary of PTBA’s proposal scheme in its presentation is as follows:

1 PTBA cannot assign its right and obligation as mining permits holder to other party pursuant to the new mining law.

2 it is PTBA as mining permit holder who shall decide the coal price, hence, the revenues account shall be reckoned in PTBA’s book.(which may affect to royalty,tax,etc)

3 coal supply agreement shall be established between JVC power and PTBA.

4 PTBA cannot fulfill the requirement of CDB that the KP is held by PTBA’s subsidiary due to an uncertainty of getting KP by PTBA or its subsidiary.

5 as long as PTBA holds the mining permit and hold a full authority of the mine then PTBA can give a guaranty of coal supply to JVC Power.

The attendees discussed the proposed scheme made by PTBA as follows:

PTBA concludes, base on all input from received information, the followings 4 possible coal supply schemes that comply with the new mining law:

1 Pass-through scheme(scheme 1)

2 PTBA as the coal supplier(scheme 2)

3 JVC Coal Mine will be coal mining service company or other position(scheme 3)

会议纪要英文范文篇二

Minutes of the Preparation Meeting for the Coming Exhibition

Time: March 9，2009, 10:00 a. m. —12:10 a.m.

Place: No.3 Meeting Hall

Present: Mr. David Door 一 President

Mrs. Lucy Portman — Vice president

Mr. Richard Carpenter — Team member Miss Jenny Black — Team member

Mr. Bill Holder — Team member

Mr. Mike Bush — Team member

Mr. John Smith — Manager of logistics

Mrs. Christina Brown — Minutes secretary

Absent: Miss Lily Black

Presided by:Mrs. Lucy Portman

Taken by: Christina Brown

Summary of the meeting

The vice president opens the meeting at 10:00 a.m. and she announces that there are some changes in the original agenda for the exhibition and all the people present discuss the details to make preparations for the exhibition.

?They think it’s better to arrive half an hour earlier, because they need to register first before getting the Exhibition Badge.

?As the Blue Restaurant is fully reserved, they decide to change to the Westlake Hotel, for a self-service lunch.

?In the Exhibition Summary at 16:00 as scheduled, all the participants are required to give a presentation on the exhibition results and comments on the future trend in this field.

Any other business

Mrs. Jenny Black asks whether Lily Black could make it to come to the exhibition with the team, as she has been ill for nearly a month now. The vice president answers that she phoned her last week, and that she indicated that she would try her best to attend the exhibition as scheduled with others.

Adjournment

The vice president thanks all participants for their presence and demands that everybody in the team should make themselves fully prepared for the coming exhibition and concludes the meeting at 12:10 a.m.

Signature: Christina Brown

Date: March 9, 2009

会议纪要英文范文篇三

COMPANY

Meeting of the Board of Directors to be held on Wednesday, April 3, 2009 at 10:15 A.M. in the The Company

Boardroom

AGENDA

1. Apologies for absence

2. Minutes of the meetings held on March 2, 2009 3. Points arising from minutes as read

4. Report by the Chairman( a copy of the report is attached to this agenda) 5. Resolution or Motion

6. Date of next meeting

7. To transact any other business that may come before the meeting ? Minutes of the monthly meeting of a board of directors

Minutes of the Board of Directors of the XYZ Company held on Wednesday, april3, 2009, at 10:15 A.M. in the company boardroom. Chairman John Brown presided.

PRESENT: Brad Schaffner (Harvard), Cathy Zeljak (George Washington), Brian Baird (H. F. Group), Diana Brooking (Washington), Adam Burling (ACRL), Jackie Byrd (Indiana), Jared Ingersoll (Columbia), Sandra Levy (Chicago), Dan Pennell (Pitt**urgh), Janice Pilch (Illinois), Emily Ray (Yale), Kay Sinnema (Library of Congress), Andy Spencer (Wisconsin), David Woodruff (Getty Research Institute).

APOLOGIES: Apologies for absence were received from Rina Dollinger and Alfred Kessel.

MINUTES: The minutes of the March 2, 2009, meeting were read by the secretary and approved.

REPORT BY CHAIRMAN: The Chairman reported that he had met Mr. Nathan Rosenberg concerning XYZ’s interests in computer software development and the services Mr. Rosenberg is prepared to extend to aid XYZ in developing these interests. For the information of the Chairman, Mr. Rosenberg outlined the growth of the software industry from the time he launched ABC Software Company in 1987 until today.

REPORT BY GENERAL MANAGER:

Thomas Kilroy summarized his detailed discussions with Jay Jefferson, Chief Executive Officer of Hudson Audiovisual Productions ( “Hudson”) and BZN’s interests in audiovisual instructional materials. The classroom use of audiovisual instructional materials in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other countries of the European Union has been a major educational trend and has had phenomenal growth. A trend that educators in North America and Western Europe predicting is likely to continue.

Since there are many ways that Hudson can help BZN develop an international audiovisual program for use in English-speaking countries and with translation for other parts of the world, Mr. Kilroy made the following proposal, seconded by Nichols Raines, to authorize a feasibility study to cover the following:

a) The present educational audiovisual marketplace in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and

its potential for expansion. b) Present companies operating in this marketplace and their share.

c) Growth patterns of different types of audiovisual materials and their potential for continued growth and

change.

REPORT BY MARKETING MANAGER:

Thomas Kilroy gave a summary of a study on the feasibility of acquiring an audiovisual instructional materials company in North America and the United Kingdom. Results indicate more investigation is needed. - To select the companies that seem to offer the best opportunities to BZN and to investigate the possibility of acquiring them.

- To inquire about the terms of sales from the owners of the companies selected by BZN and report these terms to BZN.

MOTION: Chairman Brown proposed a motion, seconded by Sharon Moretti, that an ad hoc committee of directors should be instituted to study Mr. Rosenberg’s involvement in greater detail. The board agreed to vote on this motion at the next meeting.

RESOLUTION: A resolution authorizing the company’s transfer agent to issue new shares was unanimously adopted by all members.

NEXT MEETING: It was agreed that the next meeting will be held on May 2, 2009, at 10:30 A.M., in the company boardroom.

There being no further business, the meeting closed at 11:45 A.M.

英文会议纪要范文相关 文章 ：

★ 英文会议纪要范文

★ 英文会议纪录范文

★ 会议记录英文范文

★ 如何写好英文会议纪要

★ 商务谈判会议纪要范文

★ 关于会议纪要的范文

★ 会议纪要格式和范文

★ 优秀会议纪要范文

★ 理事会会议纪要范文

★ 学术会议纪要范文

英文会议纪录范文

会议纪录有详记与略记之别，略记是记会议大要，会议上的重要或主要言论，那你知道英文版的会记录怎么写吗?下面我给大家介绍关于英文会议纪录范文的相关资料，希望对您有所帮助。

英文会议纪录范文一

Meeting record

Project name: make the report

Date of meeting: May 13, 2012

Minutes prepared by: Zhang Huizhuan

Charge time to: 20 minutes

1. Purpose of the meeting

Finish the topic of business results and give the report

2. Attendance at meeting

Zhang Huizhuan Li Gaojie Qiu Min Li Yajun Zhen Peipei Chen Na Liu Dan Niu Pu

3. Meeting agenda

(1) Definite the responsibility of every member

(2) Talk about how to write the report

(3) Make the report to the whole one

4. Meeting notes, decision, issues

Niu Pu is in charge for the introduction;

Chen Na and Li Yajun is in charge for ananlysis the chart for sales and market;

The others of the group are responsible for the talk about how to describe the business results

Zhang Huizhuan makes the conclusion; give the chart for the topic and the whole order of the report.

Group: dream sky

英文会议纪录范文二

MEMBERS PRESENT:

MEMBERS ABSENT:

OTHERS PRESENT:

OVERVIEW (if any, depending on the type of the meeting):

PROCEEDINGS:

· Meetings called to order at (TIME) by (WHO TITLE)

· Report by (WHO TITLE)

· Discussion Topic (if any)

—(WHO OPINION)

ANNOUNCEMENTS DICISION MADES:

ADJOURNMENT

The meeting was adjourned at (TIME) by (WHO TITLE). The next meeting is scheduled for (DATE TIME)

Respectfully submitted,

(NAME SIGNATURE), Secretary

(NAME SIGNATURE), Issuing Chair

Appendix:

To:

CC:

————————

8 MUSTs:

Name of the Organization;

Type of the Meeting;

Date and Place of the Meeting;

List of Members Present and Absent;

Overview of the Topics Discussed and Decisions Made;

Summary of the Action Items;

Date of the Next Meeting;

Time of the Adjournment.

英文会议纪录范文三

Minutes of the Preparation Meeting for the Coming Exhibition

Time: March 9，2009, 10:00 a. m. —12:10 a.m.

Place: No.3 Meeting Hall

Present: Mr. David Door 一 President

Mrs. Lucy Portman — Vice president

Mr. Richard Carpenter — Team member Miss Jenny Black — Team member

Mr. Bill Holder — Team member

Mr. Mike Bush — Team member

Mr. John Smith — Manager of logistics

Mrs. Christina Brown — Minutes secretary

Absent: Miss Lily Black

Presided by:Mrs. Lucy Portman

Taken by: Christina Brown

Summary of the meeting

The vice president opens the meeting at 10:00 a.m. and she announces that there are some changes in the original agenda for the exhibition and all the people present discuss the details to make preparations for the exhibition.

•They think it’s better to arrive half an hour earlier, because they need to register first before getting the Exhibition Badge.

•As the Blue Restaurant is fully reserved, they decide to change to the Westlake Hotel, for a self-service lunch.

•In the Exhibition Summary at 16:00 as scheduled, all the participants are required to give a presentation on the exhibition results and comments on the future trend in this field.

Any other business

Mrs. Jenny Black asks whether Lily Black could make it to come to the exhibition with the team, as she has been ill for nearly a month now. The vice president answers that she phoned her last week, and that she indicated that she would try her best to attend the exhibition as scheduled with others.

Adjournment

The vice president thanks all participants for their presence and demands that everybody in the team should make themselves fully prepared for the coming exhibition and concludes the meeting at 12:10 a.m.

Signature: Christina Brown