大学英语语言学的考试重点

articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)--the study of the production of speach sounds.

acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学) --the study of physical properties of speech sounds.

Allophones(音位变体)--the different phones which cab represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of taht phoneme.

consonant(辅音):a major category of sound segments produced by a closure in the vocal tract,or by a narrowing which is so marked that air can not escape without producting audible friction.

compositionality(综合性原则):the meaning of a sentence should be viewed from both the grammatical structure and the word meaning.In other words,the meaning of a sentence depend on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.

cooperative principle(合作原则):1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner.

Constatives(叙事句):a constative sentence is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.It can be said to be ture or false.

Endocentric(向心结构):is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i,e,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable centre or head.

Exocentric(离心结构)：it refers to a group of syntactionally related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no definable "center" or "head" inside the group

illocutionary act(行事行为):when we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings,but also make clear our purpose in producing them,the way we intend them to be understood,or they also have certain forces.The act performed is known as a...

linguistics(语言学):is the the scientific study of language

Language:is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

locutionary act(发话行为):when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds organzined in a certain way and with a certain meaning.The act performed in this sense is called a ...

morpheme(语素):is the **allest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that can not be divided into fuither,**aller,units without destorying or drastically altering the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical.

Morphology(形态学):is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

Phonetics(语音学):phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,tran**itted and perceived.

Pragmatics(语用论):is the study of these relations between language and context that are grammaticalized,or encoded in the structure of a language.

perlocutionary act(取效行为):whether or not the effects are intended by the speaker,they can be regarded as parts of the act that the speaker performed.this act is called....

performatives(施为句):some sentence is the doing of an action.They can not be said to be true or false.these sentences are called....

phoneme(音位):is a phonological unit which is the **allest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.

phonology(音系学):is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur.

sapir-whorf hypotheses(沃尔夫假设):our language helps mould our way of thinking and,consequently,different languages may probably express speakers` unique ways of understanding the world.

Semantics(语义学):is the study of meaning,or more specifically,the study of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.

sense relations(涵义关系):the sense of a word may be seen as network of its sense relation with others.

Syntax(句法):is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.

syntax relations(句法关系):syntax relations can be ****ysed into three kinds: positional relations,relations of substitutability.and relations if co-occurrence

suprasegmentals(超音段特征):units which extend over more than one sound in an utterance.The principal suprasegmentals are syllable,stress,tone and intonation.

theory of conversational implicature(会话含义论):in real communication,the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says.the real intention implied in the words is called....

vowel(元音):a major category of sound segments produced without abstruction of the vocal tract so that air eascapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.

这个是定义考察

下面的是大题

Design features of language(语言的结构特征)

arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural tran**ission

functions of language 语言的功能

informative,interpersonal function,performative,emotive function,phatic communication,recreational function,metalingual function

Important distinctions in linguistics语言学重要差别

1,descriptive and prescriptive描写和规定

区别:the distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.

1：the linguistic study aims to describe and ****yse the language people actually use.

2: the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard "behavior" in using language.

2,synchronic and diachronic(共时和历时)

1:said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical point in time.

2:said of the study of development of language and languages over time.

3,language and parol(语言和言语)

1,the language system shared by a "speech community".

2,the concrete utterances of a speaker.

4,competence and performance（语言能力和应用）

1,unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language

2,the language actually used by people in speaking and writing.

语音学三领域:

articulatory phonetics(发音语音学

acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学)

perceptual or auditory phonetics:感知语音学和听觉语言学

theory of the illocutionary Act行事行为论:locutionary act发话行为,illocutionary act行事行为,

两种句子:performatives and constatives(施为句和叙事句)

cooperative principle合作原则:1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner.

沃尔夫假设重要理论:on one hand,language may determine our thinking patterns.,on the other hand,similarity between languages is relative.For two different speech communities,the greater there structure differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the word will be.

上个学期用过的 不知道你们老师是这么画的重点 凑合看看吧。。。

phonemic 和phonetic分别是什么意思啊？

phonetic

1. 语音的;语音学的

2. 表示语音的,音形一致的

3. 语音差异

phonemic

1. 音素的;音位

区别就是phonetic强调的是发音不同。

而phonemic强调的是本体因素不同，就是音标本就不同。

语言学中 什么是 componential ****ysis

Componential ****ysis，指语素分析、成分分析，或者语义成分分析法等，英语定义如下：

1、Componential ****ysis 语义成分分析法定义

Componential ****ysis is a method of semantic ****ysis based on the assumption that the meaning of words can be adequately described by a set of primitive semantic features.

语义成分分析法是研究语义的一种重要方法,是结构语言学的对分法在语义研究中的具体应用，前提条件是词汇语义能够满足结构需要。

2、Componential ****ysis 语义成分分析法举例说明

bachelor = [+ MALE], [+ MATURE] or

鳏夫可以划分为二个语义场：男性+成年人

spinster = [– MALE], [+ MATURE] or

剩女可以划分为二个语义场：女性+成年人

boy = [+ MALE], [– MATURE] or

男孩可以划分为二个语义场：男性+未成年人

girl = [– MALE] [– MATURE] or

女孩可以划分为二个语义场：女性+未成年人

child = [+/– MALE] [– MATURE].

孩子可以划分为二个语义场：男性/女性+未成年人

将词汇划分为多个语义场【以上只是划分为二个语义场；其实，语义场划分越细致，甄别特征越明显】，可以甄别词汇语义在哪个层次是相同的，哪个层次是不同的；这样可以在不同语境中，区别词汇同义、近义、反义的关系，把握识别词汇正确语义，提高运用词汇质量和精度。

3、Componential ****ysis语义成分分析法说明

In other words, the word girl can have three basic factors (orsemantic properties): human, young, and female. Another example, being edible is an important factor by which plants may be distinguished from one another. To summarize, one word can have basic underlying meanings that are well established depending on the cultural context. It is crucial to understand these underlying meanings in order to fully understand any language and culture.

英语词汇都有语义层次或类别，比如相同之处都是人类；不同之处在于划分类别不同，+号表示具备某种属性；– 号表示不具备；比如，单词bachelor【单身狗】；spinster【剩女】都指未婚男女；语义成分分析法将这二个词分解为语义类别，分别是bachelor：人类-男性-未婚；spinster：人类-非男性-未婚；语义区别很容易甄别；其他词汇比如boy、girl、child也可以这样划分语义层次或类别；这样通过语义类别的不同或相同，词汇语义内涵与外延特征很容易甄别。

近音词，连读，单词辩音用英文怎么说？

一些单词发音术语

Chapter 3 Morphology: The Words of Language

morphology 构词学/形态学morpheme 词素/语素lexicon 词库orthography 拼字法grammatical

category; syntactic class 词类content word实词open (class) 开放性function

word 虚词closed (class) 封闭性generic 通指/泛指slips of the tongue 口误/说溜了嘴

bound morpheme黏着语素free morpheme 自由语素discrete 离散的circumfix 框�Y/环缀root-

and-pattern, introflection: 元音变化/元音交替conversion 词类转换root 词根stem 词干

monomorphemic 单语素polymorphemic 多语素derivational morpheme 派生性语素

inflectional morpheme 屈折性语素lexical gap �~�】杖� clipping 截短法blend 省并词

portmanteau word 合音词/紧缩词/混合�~eponym 名祖(其名字用来命名人种、土地、�r代的人)

Chapter 4 Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language

hierarchical structure 阶层结构/层次结构ambiguity 歧义structural ambiguity 结构歧义

grammatical relations 语法关系tree diagram 树状结构constituents 成分node 节点

syntactic category 句法类别/句法范畴grammatical category = part of speech = 词类

noun phrase 名词短语verb phrase 动词短语adjective phrase 形容词短语determiner 限定词

preposition 介词auxiliary verb 助动词modal verb 情态动词head 中心语complement 补语

complementizer 补语标记transitive 及物的 intransitive 不及物的inflection phrase 屈折

词组recursive 迂回phrase structure rules 词组结构规则phrasal, lexical,

functional categories 词组类别、实词、虚词范畴subject 主语predicate 谓语/述语object 受词/宾

语

direct object 直接受词/宾�Zindirect object 间接受词/宾�Zoblique object 其他间接宾语

infinitive 不定词bare infinitive 动词原型transformational grammar 变形语法deep

structure 深层结构surface structure 表层结构

structure dependent rules 依靠结构规则syntactic dependencies 句法依赖关系wh- words

疑问词wh- fronting 疑问词提前Universal Grammar (UG) 普遍语法principles and

parameters (PP) theory原�t与参数理论agreement 呼应、一致coordination 对称连接；同等、并列连接

copula 赘词

Chapter 5 The Meanings of Language

competence 语言知能performance 语言表�F semantics 语义学collocation 连用语 (同现; 搭

配)pragmatics 语用学lexicon 词库semantic property 语义属性semantic feature 语义特征

content word 实词function word 虚词count noun 可数名词non-countable noun, mass

noun, collective noun 不可数名词、**名词goop 黏糊糊的东西classifier 量词、单位词、类别词

arbitrariness 任意性homonym 同音同形词homophone 同音异义词heteronym 同形异音异义词

homograph 同形异义词synonym 同义词、近义词antonym 反义词 hyponym 下位词/下义词metonym 换喻词

retronym 赘词 thesaurus 同义词词典ambiguous 歧义 polysemy 多义性gradable 程度可分

relational opposites 关系对立词marked 有标记unmarked 无标记proper name/proper

noun 专有名�~argument 论元/变元argument structure 论元结构/变元结构case marking 格位标志

compositionality 语义合成性thematic role 语义角色/题元角色agent 主事者/施事者patient/

theme 客体/受事者goal 终点source 起点location 地点instrument 工具experiencer 经验者/感受者

causative 使动causative verb 使役动词causativity 使役性possessor 持有人theta role 题

旨角色truth condition 真值条件paraphrase 转述 (释意;意译; 同意互训) contradiction 矛盾

event 事件state 状态pronoun 代名�~coreferential 同指anaphor 照应语 (前方照应语)

antecedent 先行词reflexive pronoun 反身代词 anomaly 异常metaphor 比喻 idiom 片语

discourse ****ysis 篇章分析 (言谈分析)article 冠词coherence 一致性 maxim 原则

cooperative principle 合作原则performative sentence行为句illocutionary force 施

为性presupposition 前提entailment �N涵implication 含意deixis 指示

Chapter 8 Language Acquisition

language acquisition 语言习得relative clauses 关系子句behaviori** 行为主义/行为论

reinforcement learning回馈式学****ogy 类比connectioni** 联结论motherese/baby

talk 亲子语/妈妈话/儿语child-directed speech 儿向言语imperative 命令式、祈使句innateness

hypothesis 天赋假说/天赋论poverty of the stimulus **贫乏babbling 喃语/儿语

holophrastic 全句语言holophrastic speech 用一个字表答全部的意思syntactic

bootstrapping 自举自助/以语法形式来推想词义overgeneralization 泛化telegraphic speech 电报

式语言mean length of utterance (MLU) 语句平均长度parameters 参数meta-linguistic

awareness 后设语言觉识 fossilize 僵化inter-language grammar 中介语

Chapter 9 Language Processing: Humans and Computer

psycholinguistics 心理语言学acoustic声学的fundamental frequency 基频intensity 声音强

度spectrograph 声谱仪spectrogram, voice-print 声纹formant 共振峰top-down

processing 由上而下处理bottom-up processing 由下而上处理lexical decision task辩识字或非字

minimal attachment principle 最小依附原则late closure principle 最晚封闭原则

shadowing 复述跟读/跟述corpus (plural: corpora) 语料库concordance 索引collocation

****ysis 构词共现度分析 information retrieval 资讯检索 data mining (DM) 资料探勘

summarization 摘要spell checker 拼字检查 automatic machine translation (MT) 机

器翻译source language 来源语言target language 目标语言automatic speech

recognition (ASR) 自动语音辩识系统 speech synthesis 语音合成text-to-speech (TTS) 文字

转语音术 parser 剖析器/解析器transition network 转换网路/转移网路node 节点parallel

processing 平行处理

Chapter 10 Language in Society

idiolect 个人习语 dialect 方言dialect leveling 方言整平regional dialect 区域性方言

accent口音dialect atlas 方言地图集isogloss 等语线 prestige 威望banned language 禁语

language revival 语言复兴African American English (AAE); African American

Vernacular English (AAVE); Ebonics 黑人英语/非裔美国人所说的英语方言deletion 删除

consonant cluster simplification 子音串的简化neutralization 中立化diphthong

reduction 双元音之单元音化double negative 双重否定habitual (= iterative) 习惯性的/反覆的

Latino, Hispanic 拉丁美洲人Chicano 墨西哥裔美国人code switching 语符转换/语言转换lingua

franca 共同语pidgin 洋泾滨语/并用两种或多种语言的混杂语creole 克里噢而语 pidgin; 混合�Zstyle 风格/语体

register 语体/语域slang俚�Z, 行话jargon 行话/黑话 argot 行话/隐语/暗语/黑话taboo 禁忌/忌讳

Anglo-Saxon 盎格鲁撒克Latinate 拉丁源的euphemi**委婉语racial/national epithet 不同种族/

国籍的修饰词marked form 有标记形式unmarked form 无标记形式folk etymology 通俗字源: 用比较熟悉的词代

替不熟悉的词、照一般通俗想法去解释字源因而形成的字generic 总称的 secret language 秘密语言pig latin 一种行

话, 将字头的子音调至字尾, 再多加一个音节 (如: pig 变成 igpay, Latin 变成 atinlay) Cockney

rhyming slang 伦敦东区有押韵的土话/伦敦押韵土话

Chapter 11 Language Change: The Syllables Of Time

historical linguistics 历史语言学arbitrary 任意的 Old English 古英�Z

Anglo-Saxon 盎格��撒克系语The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯里故事集

Middle English 中古英语The Great Vowel Shift 元音大推移/元音大换位Modern English 近代英语

to perpetuate 使永久存在/使不朽regularity 规律性regular sound correspondences 规律的语

音对应关系sound shift 语音演变Appalachian Mountains 阿帕拉契山�}proto-language 原始语

degenerate ��落Proto-Germanic 日耳曼原始语Indo-European 印欧原始语etymology 词源学

phonemic inventory 音位系统palatalization 颚化geminate 重叠音counterpart 对应的人/物，

配对物case markings 格位标志declension 语尾变化（曲用）Sanskrit 梵文nominative 主格

genitive 属格dative 与格accusative 直接受格ablative 夺格borrowing/loan words 外来语/

借词Norman conquest 诺曼征服Angles 盎格鲁族Saxons 撒克逊族Jutes 朱特族Celtic 凯而特族loan

translation 语义转借/译介借Tok Pisin 拓克皮辛语comparative method 比较方法comparative

reconstruction 用比较方法拟测古音conditioned sound change 条件音韵变异/受制约的音韵变化

polyglot 精通多国语言的人

Chapter 12 Writing: The ABCs of Language

pictogram 象形文字ideogram 指事文字cuneiform writing 楔形文字

logogram 语标/缩记符syllabary 音节文字Cherokee syllabary 撤维基音节文字emoticon 情绪脸谱

rebus 书谜hieroglyphics 古埃及象形文字consonantal alphabet 子音字母/辅音字母alphabetic

writing 字母、拼音文字Greek alphabet 希腊文字母Russian alphabet 俄文字母Georgian

alphabet 格鲁吉亚字母 (Hanyu) Pinyin 汉语拼音（方案）calligraphy 书法hiragana 平假名

katakana 片假名kanji 汉字Hangul韩文字母digraph 二合字母orthography 拼字法、正字法

morphophonemics 型态音位学语素音位学spelling pronunciation 拼法发音

对你写的论文一定有帮助

举个例子来说明语言学中 Compositionality(组合性)

组合性就是说语言是线性顺序的一个序列。比如说英语的SVO语序，一般陈述句都是主语在前接着是谓语和宾语。语言的组合性在乔姆斯基的结构语言学中占有很重要的地位，但是随着认知语言学的发展这种组合性成立的条件变得愈加复杂，被反驳得越来越多。

例如：我是男生。

这是一个简单句，线性组合决定了“我男生是。”以及“男生是我。”“男生我是。”只在句法上成立而在语义上不成立。