求WORLD TRADE REPORT 2008 翻译

世贸组织启动2008年世界贸易报告：贸易在一个全球化的世界

.贸易和全球化带来了更大的繁荣，数以百万计，以及国家间更加稳定的一份报告称，今日公布了世界贸易组织。

See also: 另见：

World Trade Report 2008 “ 世界贸易报告2008年

Previous World Trade Reports “ 前世界贸易报告

Trade has allowed nations to benefit from specialization and economies of scale to produce more efficiently.贸易已使联合国能够受益于专业化和规模经济的生产效率。 It has raised productivity, supported the spread of knowledge and new technologies, and enriched the range of choices available to consumers.它提出了生产力，支持知识的传播和新技术，和丰富的选择范围向消费者提供。但是，更深地融入世界经济并非总是受欢迎的证明，也没有好处的贸易和全球化不一定达到社会各阶层。 As a consequence, trade sceptici** is on the rise in certain quarters.因此，贸易怀疑主义正在上升，在某些季度。

今年的世界贸易报告，题为“贸易在一个全球化的世界” ，是专门研究的成果，并从国际贸易所带来的挑战更高的集成度。.多年来，政府在大多数国家都越来越多地开放其经济对国际贸易，无论是通过多边贸易谈判，加强区域合作或作为国内改革方案。

“. “很少人会竞赛的利益，全球化和贸易方面带来更大的繁荣数亿，以及国家间更加稳定。 But many individuals in different societies across the world have shared little or not all in the benefits.但是，许多人在不同的社会在世界各地有共同的很少或并非所有的利益。.各国政府所面临的挑战是在强大的全球化管理，并成功地传播更广泛的繁荣需要一个强大的共同目的“表示，世贸组织总干事帕斯卡尔拉米在介绍了这一报告。

The Report explores a range of interlinking questions, starting with a consideration of what constitutes globalization, what drives it, the benefits it brings, the challenges it poses and what role trade plays in this world of ever-growing interdependency.报告探讨了一系列相互关联的问题，首先考虑什么是全球化，什么硬盘，它带来的好处，带来的挑战和什么样的作用贸易在这个世界上发挥的越来越大的相互依存。 We ask why some countries have managed to take advantage of falling trade costs and greater policy-driven trading opportunities while others have remained largely outside international commercial relations. We also consider who the winners and losers are from trade in society and what complementary action policy-makers need to take in order to secure the benefits of trade for society at large.我们问，为什么有些国家已成功地利用属于贸易成本和更大的政策导向的贸易机会而其他人则基本上不在国际商业关系。我们还认为，谁是赢家和输家是来自社会和贸易方面有什么补充的行动政策决策者需要考虑，以确保贸易带来的好处的整个社会。 In examining these complex and multi-faceted questions, the Report reviews both the theoretical trade literature and empirical evidence that can help to give answers to these questions.在审查这些复杂的和多方面的问题，该报告回顾了贸易文学理论和经验证据，可以帮助使这些问题的答案。

The causes and consequences of globalization的原因和后果的全球化

The Report notes that the key economic characteristic of globalization is deeper integration of product, capital and labour markets.该报告指出，关键的经济特点是更深地融入全球化的产品，资本和劳动力市场。 Globalization is driven by technological innovation, political change, and economic policy choices, and this process of integration has caused significant structural changes in parts of the world economy.全球化是推动技术创新，政治变革和经济的政策选择，这种一体化进程造成了重大的结构性变化中的世界经济。 The increased fusion of product, capital and labour markets internationally has resulted in a more efficient allocation of economic resources.增加融合的产品，资本和劳动力市场在国际上产生了更有效地分配经济资源。 Economic integration has resulted in higher levels of current output and prospects of higher future output.经济一体化已导致更高的电流输出和未来前景的高产量。 Capital can flow to countries which need it the most for economic growth and development.资本可以流向国家最需要它的经济增长和发展。 Allowing workers to move across national borders can alleviate skill shortages in receiving countries or respond to the needs in rapidly ageing societies while alleviating unemployment or under-employment in countries providing these workers.让职工跨越国界可以减轻技能短缺或在接受国的需要作出反应迅速老龄化的社会，同时缓解失业或就业不足的国家提供这些工人。

今天的工业化国家的经济是全球化的受益者年初在不久的战后时期，以及最近的新兴工业化经济体已经在大满贯赛冠军的经济日渐融合。 .一贯贸易增长速度高于产量在世界经济和制成品占的份额不断扩大的贸易总额。服务贸易也大幅增长，但其重要性仍是了解甚少由于数据有限。.不断发展的一个主要特点是生产的分散生产流程跨越多个司法管辖区。 I.国际资本流动中发挥了重要作用的国际化生产，以及在更广泛的促进全球化。

合格的公众支持全球化

国际调查显示公众对全球化的态度表明，大多数人都承认这些好处。 .但是，这种认识是伴随着忧虑的挑战随之而来的全球化。虽然大多数人认为，国际贸易利益的国家，他们也担心的混乱和缺点的参与全球经济。一时，更有力的支持贸易中存在的一些新兴经济体相比，工业国家。 支持全球化似乎减弱在工业化国家，即使它仍然得到了支持，大多数市民。 .为决策者谁拥抱更开放的市场，调查结果表明全面支持全球化可能是令人鼓舞的，但无视增加公众关注的一些方面的全球化有可能破坏政府的合法性，并危及社会的支持。 .答案在于这一紧张局势在一个开放的市场之间的平衡和互补性的国内政策，以及国际倡议，管理全球化带来的风险。

的来源，从贸易中获益

Turning more specifically to trade, the Report identifies different sources of economic gain from trade.至于更具体的贸易问题，报告确定不同来源的经济从贸易中获利。 These include the gains from exploiting relative efficiency through specialization and increased competition, increased product variety, realizing economies of scale, and increased productivity within industries.这些措施包括提高利用效率，通过专业化和日益激烈的竞争，增加产品品种，实现规模经济和提高生产力的行业内。 These insights and theories, dating from the late eighteenth century to the present day, have been subjected to extensive study and testing.这些见解和理论，历史可以追溯到18世纪后期至今，一直受到广泛的研究和测试。 Much of the theory has proven robust in terms of its basic insights regarding the gains from trade, although some of the empirical testing has brought out more nuanced conclusions.许多强有力的理论已被证明在其基本的见解就从贸易中获益，但一些实验性测试提出了更为细致入微的结论。

In addition to this static ****ysis, which compares the situation before and after a given change, a growing body of literature has identified dynamic gains from change.除了这种静态分析，它的情况比较前后某一变化，越来越多的文学已查明的动态收益变化。 International trade can affect the growth process through its effect on the accumulation of capital and on technological change.国际贸易可能会影响其生长过程的影响，通过资本的积累和技术变革。 Classical growth theory focuses on the effect of trade on capital accumulation via its impact on the prices of factors of production and products.古典增长理论的重点是影响贸易的资本积累通过其影响价格的生产要素和产品。 The nature of trade taking place is therefore key in determining how trade affects growth.贸易的性质正在发生的关键，因此在确定贸易如何影响增长。 By contrast, an ****ytical framework that focuses on the determinants of technological progress yields different, and sometimes conflicting, conclusions on the relationship between trade and growth.相比之下，一个分析框架，重点是技术进步的决定因素，收益率不同，有时相互矛盾的结论之间的关系贸易和增长。 Some studies suggest that the removal of trade barriers could under particular circumstances encourage specialization in sectors with low growth potential.一些研究表明，消除贸易壁垒可以在特定情况下鼓励专业化的部门，低增长的潜力。 But this conclusion is challenged by studies that capture mechani**s that associate more open trade with higher growth.但这一结论是通过研究，挑战捕捉机制，联系更加开放的贸易与更高的经济增长。 Such mechani**s include increased market size, knowledge spillovers, greater competition, and improvements in the domestic institutional framework.这种机制包括增加市场规模，知识外溢，更大的竞争，并改善国内的体制框架。 While some studies have pointed to possible offsetting effects, many others establish strong links between growth and trade.虽然一些研究指出，有可能抵消作用，许多其他之间建立强有力的联系增长和贸易。 These studies do not, however, mean that more trade means more growth.这些研究没有，但是，意味着更多的贸易意味着更多的增长。 Work continues on the causal direction and true causes of this observed relationship.工作继续进行的因果方向和真正原因这个观察的关系。

The location of production and the organization of firms所在地的生产，并组织企业

The Report also examines the determinants of the location of production within the world economy.报告还审查的决定因素的位置，生产在世界经济中。 Work on the so-called new “economic geography” and offshoring explains the location decisions of firms and why they sometimes choose to spread their production processes across different countries.工作，所谓的新“经济地理”和离岸解释的位置决定的企业，为什么他们有时会选择蔓延生产过程在不同的国家。 Falling trade costs — as a result of trade-opening, trade facilitation and new technologies — can help to explain both why firms may concentrate geographically (agglomeration) and why they might break up the supply chain across different locations (fragmentation). The economic geography literature makes three important predictions.属于贸易成本-由于贸易开放，贸易便利化和新技术-可以帮助解释为什么这两个公司可能集中在地理（群）以及为什么他们会打破供应链的不同位置（分裂） 。经济地理文献提出了三个重要的预测。 First, countries will tend to export products for which there is a large domestic market (the home market effect).首先，国家将趋于出口产品中，有一个巨大的国内市场（国内市场的影响） 。 The domestic market allows increasing returns to scale to operate, establishing a base for exports.允许在国内市场规模报酬递增运作，建立一个出口基地。 At the same time, agglomeration permits various kinds of productivity “spillovers” to strengthen the competitive position of firms.与此同时，集聚许可证各种生产力“溢出效应” ，以加强竞争地位的企业。 Second, the home market effect will be amplified by falling trade costs, at least in the first instance (the magnification effect).第二，国内市场的影响将扩增贸易成本下降，至少在一审（放大效应） 。 Third, while falling trade costs will result in an initial period when manufacturing is concentrated in the “core”, with the “periphery” specializing in non-manufactures, further reductions in trade costs, along with emerging limits to the advantages of agglomeration, will eventually reverse this process and lead to a dispersion of manufacturing activity.第三，贸易成本下降将导致初始时期，制造业主要集中在“核心” ，与“边缘” ，专门在非生产，进一步削减贸易成本，同时新出现的限制的优势集聚，将最终扭转这一进程，并导致分散的制造业活动。

Available evidence suggests that offshoring is on the rise, driven by declines in the absolute costs of trading goods and services and advances in telecommunications technology.现有证据表明，外包正在上升的推动下，下跌的绝对费用，货物和服务贸易和电信技术的进步。 Recent work points to other factors, besides the traditional elements typically associated with comparative advantage, that also influence the evolution of production fragmentation.最近的工作点，其他因素的影响，除了传统的内容通常与比较优势，这也影响生产的发展支离破碎。 These include the quality of institutional frameworks, the costs of establishing a business and the quality of infrastructure.这些问题包括体制框架的质量，成本建立一个企业和基础设施的质量。 For these reasons, low-income countries may be at a significant disadvantage when it comes to participation in international production networks.由于这些原因，低收入国家可以在重大不利说到参与国际生产网络。

The distributional consequences of trade的分配后果贸易

The Report also examines the distributional consequences of trade — a major aspect of the tension detectable in public attitudes towards globalization and trade.该报告还审查了分配后果贸易-的一个重要方面的紧张探测公众态度对全球化和贸易。 Studies have attempted to disentangle the various elements of economic change that increase inequality.研究试图解开的各种要素的变化，经济增长的不平等。 Much points to a significant effect arising from technological change, which raises productivity and wages among skilled workers, leaving the relatively unskilled behind.多点，有重大影响的技术变革所产生的，而提高生产力和技术工人之间的工资，使相对不熟练后面。 But trade may also play a role, where demand for unskilled workers in richer countries falls as a result of specialization through trade with lower-income countries where skill levels are on average lower than in rich countries.但是贸易可能也发挥了作用，在非技术工人的需求在富裕国家属于由于专业化，通过贸易与低收入国家的技术水平平均低于丰富的国家。

In the case of developing countries, one might have expected that trade would reduce both poverty and inequality through positive effects on growth and income distribution.在发展中国家，人们可能预期的贸易将减少贫穷和不平等现象，通过积极的影响增长和收入分配。 But evidence suggests that trade liberalization has not always gone hand in hand with reductions in inequality.但是，有证据表明，贸易自由化并不总是去携手减少不平等。 Empirical evidence suggest that this is partly due to trade liberalization triggering technological change.经验证据表明，这部分是由于贸易自由化导致技术变革。 The timing of trade policy change, the pre-existing level of protection and a range of factors relating to such factors as the structure and functioning of markets and basic infrastructure may also play a part.时间的贸易政策的变化，原有的水平的保护，以及一系列相关的因素等因素的结构和运作的市场和基础设施，也可以发挥作用。

In considering the relationship between trade and poverty, the Report notes that trade reform can help to alleviate poverty, which is one of the biggest challenges facing the world community today.在考虑之间的关系，贸易与贫穷，该报告指出，贸易改革能有助于减轻贫困，这是面临的最大挑战，国际社会今天。 Even though most of the literature concludes that trade has helped to reduce poverty on average, not all poor households have been able to take advantage of this.尽管大多数的文献的结论是，贸易有助于减少贫困的平均值，并非所有的贫困家庭都能够充分利用这一点。 The relationship is complex, since trade affects growth, employment, revenue, consumer prices and government spending, all of which are factors entering the calculus of income effects upon households.的关系是复杂的，因为贸易影响经济增长，就业，收入，消费价格和政府开支，所有这些都是因素进入结石后，家庭收入的影响。

The social consequences of trade opening的社会后果的贸易开放

Opening to trade implies adjustment, with some workers losing their jobs in import-competing firms that seek out efficiency gains, contract in order to survive, or simply fold.开放贸易意味着调整，一些工人失去工作进口竞争的公司寻求提高效率，合同，为了生存，或只是倍。 Exporting firms, on the other hand, may grow after a trade reform.出口企业，另一方面，可能会增长后，贸易改革。 A policy challenge of managing change will nevertheless remain.一个政策挑战，管理变革也将依然存在。 In many countries, policies are in place to assist displaced workers.在许多国家，政策，以协助流离失所的工人。 Adjustment policies aimed specifically at trade have not always proved successful, in part because it is frequently difficult to distinguish in a meaningful way among various potential reasons for job losses.调整政策，特别针对贸易并不总是证明是成功的，部分是因为它往往是很难区分，以有意义的方式不同的潜在原因失业。 Trade-specific adjustment programmes may nevertheless be attractive in order to help sell nationally beneficial trade-opening policies.与贸易相关的调整方案，可能不过是有吸引力的，以帮助销售国家的贸易开放政策。 In countries where general social protection is available, trade-specific programmes may be harder to justify, but in developing countries that lack general social protection, such specificity may make more sense.在有些国家一般社会保护的情况下，贸易的具体方案可能难以证明，但在发展中国家，缺乏普遍的社会保护，如特异性可能更有意义。 More research and experimentation is needed to identify the most effective means of addressing the adverse social consequences of desirable economic change.更多的研究和实验，以确定需要的最有效的手段处理不良社会后果的可取的经济变化。

Global integration and international cooperation全球一体化和国际合作

Despite continuing gaps in our knowledge and understanding, the theoretical and empirical case for the gains from trade is strong.尽管继续存在的差距在我们的知识和理解，理论和经验的情况下从贸易中获益是坚定的。 But certain factors have the potential to reduce those gains or to skew their distribution.但某些因素有可能减少这些成果或扭曲它们的分布。 The final section of the Report contemplates how international cooperation, including through the WTO, may help to mitigate the adverse effects of these factors.该报告最后一节设想如何通过国际合作，包括通过世界贸易组织，可能有助于减轻不利影响，这些因素。 In addressing trade costs and supply constraints that diminish potential gains from trade, much depends in the first instance on national policy action.在处理贸易成本和供应方面的限制，降低潜在的贸易收益，很大程度上取决于一审对国家政策的行动。 Public investment to enhance physical infrastructure is key, as is a willingness to lower trade costs through trade and regulatory reform.公共投资，加强基础设施是关键，因为是一个愿意降低贸易成本，通过贸易和监管改革。

But international cooperation can also make a big difference.但国际合作也可以发挥很大作用。 In the context of the WTO, including the ongoing Doha Round, trade opening, actions to reduce trade costs, and the implementation of multilateral agreements can all contribute to enhanced opportunities to gain from trade.在世界贸易组织，包括正在进行的多哈回合谈判，贸易开放，采取行动，减少贸易成本，并执行多边协定都有助于使更多的机会来从贸易中获利。 市场准入谈判中的农业和非农业市场准入（ NAMA ）提供的可能性，协调贸易开放，在政府获得从自己降低贸易成本和其他人的。.贸易便利化谈判，重点放在一组特定的贸易成本。.贸易援助倡议帮助发展中国家建立供应能力，并减少其他方面的限制贸易。.技术援助，还提供机会的能力，加强政府管理贸易政策的方式，将提高国家竞争力。.最后，技术可以被传播，通过贸易，使技术更先进的中间产品可用于生产，通过学习过程和适应新技术，并通过贸易，并通过人对人的沟通与贸易关系。 .技术转让和传播可以通过国际合作加强，辅以适当的财产权利，以确保技术的开发是适应国内环境

我搞了很久才弄出来，希望楼主可以追加点分。谢谢！！！

用access,rural,violence和poverty造句。句子要翻译

The only access to the farmhouse is accross the fields.要到那农舍惟有穿过田地.

I'd like to stay in the rural areas.我喜欢代在乡村地区．

We must try to keep kids away from TV violence.我们必须使儿童远离电视中的暴力场面．

She had been worn down by poverty and illness.她贫病交加，受尽折磨．

英语学习资料：脱贫用英文怎么说？脱贫的几种英语表达

英语学习资料：脱贫用英文怎么说？脱贫的几种英语表达

脱贫用英语怎么说

1、educepoverty减少贫困

从字面意思来看，educepoverty就是减少贫困的意思，和我们常说的脱贫意思差不多，BBC报道中就经常出现这个词。

例句：

“AninternationalconferenceaimedatfindingwaystoreduceworldpovertyhasopenedinChina.OurcorrespondentFrancisMarkuswenttoJiangxiprovincetodiscoverhowwellChinaitselfwasdoingatreducingpoverty.”

一个旨在寻求脱贫途径的国际会议在中国召开，记者弗朗西斯·马库斯到江西省发现中国在脱贫方面做得相当好。

2、alleviatepoverty脱贫

alleviate这个词有减轻、缓和的意思，和poverty一词连用，有“减轻贫困”的意思，也就是我们中文里面常说的脱贫，孤儿很多中外媒体更加倾向于这个词。

例句：

Thecountryisplacinganunprecedentedamountofeffortonalleviatingpoverty…Povertycanonlybereducedoveraverylongperiodoftime.Andyoucan’tsaypovertyiseliminated，it’simpossibletoeliminate.

这个国家正在付出前所未有的努力缓解贫困……贫困在很长一段时间内只能被减少。你不能说贫困被消灭，贫困是不可能被消灭的。

3、curbpoverty

curb是控制的意思，和poverty连用，有脱贫的意思，英国《卫报》就曾用过这个词来报道中国的脱贫战。

例句：

Beijingstrugglestocurbpovertyandpollutionasitkeep**arketsopen.

随着市场的开放，北京力争控制贫困和污染。

那些永远记不住的单词｜ Alleviate 减轻缓和【123】

英  [ə'liːvɪeɪt]  美  [ə'livɪ'et]

vt. 减轻，缓和

Alleviate就是让痛苦，麻烦和缺陷得以减轻，它的拉丁词源就是lighten的意思。Alleviate有大量的近义词，比如relieve, ease, reduce等，但它有一些习惯的组合。例如alleviate traffic（减轻交通负担）， alleviate nervous/anxiety（缓解紧张），alleviate poverty（缓解贫困），alleviate hangover（解酒），alleviate inflammation（缓解炎症）等。

Elon Musk在今年的TED大会 上介绍了他的新公司将在洛杉矶市地底下建立一个隧道交通网络，目标就是 alleviate congestion problem. 

He couldn't prevent the patient's pain, only alleviate it.

他不能防止病人的疼痛，只能减缓。

(止痛药物可以统称为alleviation)

Greece could  alleviate  some of its problems by leaving the euro, and devaluing.

希腊可以通过脱离欧元和贬值的途径缓解部分问题。

古希腊医生希波克拉底曾经说：

The doctor must do everything in his power to save lives, preserve health, or at least alleviate the suffering.

后来他的训诫结集为《 希波克拉底誓言 》，成为全世界医药工作者的道德规范，每一位医学院的学生的第一课。

每天更新一篇文章，记住和深度理解一个单词，英语上一个新台阶，从此轻松啃下英文原著。欢迎回复补充用例和记忆方法。

明道正在招聘软件销售顾问，适合毕业1-3年，对IT和互联网有兴趣的非技术专业同学。可以在 Boss直聘直接投递简历 给我们。