奥巴马演讲词中英文对照

Thank you, South Carolina.

Thank you to the rock of my life, Michelle Obama.

Thank you to Malia and Sasha Obama, who haven't seen their daddy in a week.

Thank you to Pete Skidmore for his outstanding service to our country and being such a great supporter of this campaign. Watch a thankful Obama after his primary win �0�3

Over two weeks ago, we saw the people of Iowa proclaim that our time for change has come. But there were those who doubted this country's desire for something new, who said Iowa was a fluke, not to be repeated again.

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Obama wins big in South Carolina primary

ElectionCenter 2008: South Carolina

Well, tonight, the cynics who believed that what began in the snows of Iowa was just an illusion were told a different story by the good people of South Carolina.

After four -- after four great contests, in every corner of this country, we have the most votes, the most delegates, and the most diverse coalition of Americans that we've seen in a long, long time.

You can see it in the faces here tonight. There are young and old, rich and poor. They are black and white, Latino and Asian and Native American.

They are Democrats from Des Moines and independents from Concord and, yes, some Republicans from rural Nevada. And we've got young people all across this country who have never had a reason to participate until now.

And in nine days, in nine short days, nearly half the nation will have the chance to join us in saying that we are tired of business as usual in Washington. We are hungry for change and we are ready to believe again.

But if there's anything, though, that we have been reminded of since Iowa, it's that the kind of change we seek will not come easy, partly because we have fine candidates in this race, fierce compe*****s who are worthy of our respect and our admiration.

And as contentious as this campaign may get, we have to remember that this is a contest for the Democratic nomination. And that all of us share an abiding desire to end the disastrous policies of the current administration.

But there are real differences between the candidates. We are looking for more than just a change of party in the White House. We're looking to fundamentally change the status quo in Washington.

It's a status quo that extends beyond any particular party and right now that status quo is fighting back with everything it's got, with the same old tactics that divide and distract us from solving the problems people face, whether those problems are health care that folks can't afford or a mortgage they cannot pay.

So this will not be easy. Make no mistake about what we're up against. We're up against the belief that it's all right for lobbyists to dominate our government, that they are just part of the system in Washington.

But we know that the undue influence of lobbyists is part of the problem and this election is our chance to say that we are not going to let them stand in our way anymore.

We're up against the conventional thinking that says your ability to lead as president comes from longevity in Washington or proximity to the White House. But we know that real leadership is about candor and judgment and the ability to rally Americans from all walks of life around a common purpose, a higher purpose

说客（lobbyist）在美国政治中起什么作用啊？

在美国，游说是联系立法者和利益集团的桥梁与纽带。利益集团影响决策者的行为被称为“游说”，它是美国多元政治中的常见现象，源于利益集团的代表在国会等待议员时的情况：他们站在国会走廊，等待出入议会大厅的议员，以图向他们申诉立法要求.说客从事的游说活动是指所有那些为达到接触目的而进行的联系，包括准备和计划这些活动及与其他人员的游说协调等。在美国立法界首次有案可查的“游说”一词的使用是在1808年。

美国是世界各国中游说最盛行的国家，仅1999年说客为在国会山推销客户立场就花了大约14.2亿美元。【注释】Don Feder, “Lobbying Is a Cost of Doing Business in Washington,” Insight, Dec. 18, 2000, p.45.【注尾】目前华盛顿有2.7万名登记注册的说客，【注释】John Cochran, “The Influence Implosion,” CQ Weekly, Jan. 16, 2006, p.174.【注尾】代表着能够想象的各种利益。【注释】Alan Rosenthal, 《美国国会第三院》，第34页。【注尾】游说以“立法第三院”著称，足见其参与和影响的重要性。在国会几乎每个问题都有相应的利益集团。一旦有议案提出，许多集团都试图影响政策决策甚至议程本身。除了提供立法建议外，这些集团还积极采取行动措施。【注释】Judy Schneider, “Sources of Legislative Proposals: A Descriptive Introduction,” CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RS21169 Updated April 6, 2005.【注尾】实现集团利益的手段之一就是通过职业游说，因为宪法规定的**权利意味着公民和集团能够为公正或特殊待遇向政府提出吁求。在政府保证**权利的情况下，游说权也得到保证。而立法者看重的在于说客的专长和筹款能力。【注释】John Cochran, “The Influence Implosion,” p.174.【注尾】影响立法的游说必须有法可依，即第105届国会在1998年修改通过的要求游说登记的《游说公开法》。

利益集团从早期开始就卷入到美国选举活动中。自1930年代以来，华盛顿的游说组织在数量和种类方面都有很大发展，这与联邦政府权威向新领域扩展相伴而生，特别是社会发展极大地影响了它们在国会选举中的作用。游说集团的形成是由于越来越多的组织聘请退休议员和前政府官员的结果，他们现在并且一直随着立法和选举政治而活动。【注释】Paul S. Herrnson, Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington (CQ Inc., 1998), p.103.【注尾】这些集团掌握着庞大资源，通过游说在立法过程中发挥影响作用。面对强大的游说攻势，人们有理由担心美国是由特殊利益集团控制而非人民掌握权力。根据法律，收费说客必须向国会登记并定期报告客户情况、游说内容及游说的大致开支。美国说客联盟也有一套道德法则，包括警告说客必须诚实可信，不许违反规则或唆使官员违规。然而，任何规则都有可能被扭曲或规避，人们总能找到漏洞。【注释】John Cochran, “The Influence Implosion,” p.174.【注尾】难怪人们把游说看作运用不当手段，以国家利益或公共福利为代价，牟取私利的行为。【注释】Cecil V. Crabb, Jr. Pat M. Holt, Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President, and Foreign Policy (CQ, Inc., 1989), p.224.【注尾】但游说的支持者认为，只要有关游说立足于对可靠信息进行分析之上就不会有问题。游说作用主要表现为阻止危害性政策出台的否定性力量。考虑到国会决策过程的分散性，要阻止对己不利的政策通过，远比动用庞大资源推动一项政策更简单。

游说过程基本是沟通过程，说客的工作是研究如何有效沟通以接近决策者，而通向国会的道路并不受限制。在华盛顿，议员们总能在繁忙的日程中抽出几分钟与来访者聊上几句，正如一位说客所说，“当你希望实现自己的目标时就到餐桌旁与他们结识”。【注释】Sara Binder, “The Senate as a Black Hole: Lessons Learned from the Judicial Appointment Experience,” Brookings Review, Spring 2000, p.38.【注尾】说客经常出现在有议员参加的午餐和招待会上。一般来讲，利益集团明白议员对他们的要求很重视。得到立法听众的便利与在司法或行政部门获得听众的困难形成鲜明对比。总统和高层官僚机构与多数选民都相当隔离，而国会尤其众议院一直向选民和利益集团敞开倾诉的大门。但不同的人对同一件事会有不同态度，任何大量阅读国会听证记录的人都有这样的印象：多数议员只想听自己愿意听的证词。说客通过鼓励选民写信、发动公关活动及与其他集团联合等微妙复杂方式接近目标，尤其是发动负责有关问题的委员会成员的选民施加压力。但游说活动更多地发生在国内政策方面。2005年6月初，因工资水平低备受争议的沃尔马公司，雇佣了全国餐饮业协会首席说客李·卡尔帕普尔（Lee Culpepper） 作为新任立法事务总监，【注释】Chris Lehmann, “Vantage Point: Trends and Forecasts in Government, Commerce and Politics,” CQ Weekly, June 13, 2005, 1546~1547.【注尾】以便更好地对付人权组织特别是议员对其劳工关系的指责。沃尔马公司向每州议会发信，为员工健康福利政策辩护。在美国利益集团政治盛行情况下，事实上没有一家企业在聘请说客方面敢于怠慢，如果不是力争游说收益最大化，至少防止被人暗算。

在首都有人亲自出面做特使，一般可以给予利益集团更大的优势，使说客能够争得决策者有限的时间和关注焦点。利益集团影响政治的游说方式通常有三种：对决策者直接游说；通过中间人游说；以及保持沟通渠道畅通以待急需时使用。直接游说是较为传统的集团政治参与手段，通过集团成员与政府官员直接联系影响美国政治决策。越来越多的利益集团还采用间接游说的方式影响美国政治，包括媒介宣传、结盟、提出立法创新、复决议案、**某种立法以及**等。保持沟通渠道畅通则是日常性游说方式。美国的选举制度也有利于利益集团参政——通过向候选人捐款和投票扶植与集团持有相同政见的人。游说需要有接近议员的途径，这种途径并不均等。正如非政府组织主导决策过程那样，如果围绕有关政策的竞争不对称，那么致力于一些特定目标的集团只能遭遇象征性**。【注释】Cecil V. Crabb, Jr. Pat M. Holt, Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President, and Foreign Policy, p.228.【注尾】正是由于有利于企业利益的资源不对称性，组织良好并善于表达诉求的集团能够得到国会更多的政策倾斜。

游说技巧很重要。正如一位知情者所说：说客把说服立法者相信选民支持自己看作工作目标，要保证自己观点被听到的最好方式是在拜访议员时带选民一起去。说客接近议员的方式有多种，包括社交、提供竞选捐款，以及因提供准确有效的信息而闻名。【注释】Burdett A. Loomis, The Contemporary Congress (St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1998), p.40.【注尾】他们重视那些站在自己一边或至少没有做出决定的议员。这表明时机选择很重要：首先不能太早，应在议员决定立场之前推动；但也不能太晚，太晚了议员已有承诺。议员拒绝提前做出承诺，或许是希望了解选民想法后再亮明立场。通常人们会听到反对和支持的两派说客信誓旦旦地扬言要赢得议案投票。【注释】T.R. Reid, Congressional Odyssey：The Saga of a Senate Bill (San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1980), p.44.【注尾】总之，游说成功的基本要素是在恰当的时间把准确的信息传递给合适的议员。【注释】Cecil V. Crabb, Jr. Pat M. Holt, Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President, and Foreign Policy, pp.238~239.【注尾】但说客最好对自己的事业有真诚信念，议员怀疑那些只推销观点却不相信自己立场的游说者。多数说客认为贿赂是危险游戏。意识形态立场摇摆者如果能被一方贿赂，同样能被另一方拉拢，因此不能成为安全投资对象。

有组织的游说对立法是有好处的，但这些活动对美国外交影响有限。游说可以通过提供一系列支持***如信息情报等，帮助立法机构解决社会冲突。如果有关集团认为国会决策可以接受，就会通过鼓励成员支持自己，营造出能够接受自己帮助通过的决策的环境。正是通过提供把各种观点传递给华盛顿的途径、不同的政策选择以及推动接受已做出的决策，游说为国会保持活力做出了重要贡献。【注释】Cecil V. Crabb, Jr. Pat M. Holt, Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President, and Foreign Policy, p.245.

employ lobbyists

以辅音字母加-y结尾的词,先变y为i,再加-es

例如factory(factories), baby(babies)

employ是元音字母加y不用变i

直接employs

赤壁之战英文翻译

The battle of Chibi

Cao Cao army syndrome Wu, readyto swoop devour jiangdong. Zhu Geliang persuade Dongwu courtiers, sun, Liujoint anti cao. Zhou Yu, Cao Cao Jiang Gan by lobbyists, exercise fanjianji,let Huang Gai and arson with gangster, surrender, burn Cao Jun vessel. Cao Caoabandoned army receded, along the road was sun, Liu military attacks, eighthundred and thirty thousand army left hundreds of people. Zhou Yu and ZhuGeliang used to counsel, inferior troops defeated Cao Jun, made anunprecedented victory.

赤壁之战

曹操大军征吴，准备一举吞灭江东。诸葛亮说服东吴群臣，孙、刘联合抗曹。周瑜利用曹操说客蒋干，行使反间计，又让黄盖用苦肉计诈降，乘风放火，烧尽曹军船只。曹操弃军退走，沿路又被孙、刘两军袭击，八十三万大军只剩下几百人马。周瑜和诸葛亮运用计谋，以劣势兵力击败了优势曹军，取得空前的大捷。

丰盛的英语

richadj.有钱的；富的；丰饶的；丰富的；盛产的；丰产的；（话语）逗人的；荒唐的；使人气愤的。

sumptuousadj.华丽的；豪华的。

婚宴的席面丰盛。Theweddingfeastisafeastforthegods.权威词典对一个人来说过于丰盛的食物。

ALucullanrepastforone.牛津词典食客们对菜量之丰盛是肯定无话可说的。

Dinerscertainlycannotcomplainaboutthegenerosityofportions.牛津词典食物丰盛并且有益健康。

Thefoodisplentifulandverywholesome.牛津词典牧场的饭菜总是很丰盛。

Ranchmealsareinvariablybigandhearty.牛津词典多年来，说客们用丰盛的酒菜款待着议员们。

MembersofCongresshavebeenlavishlywinedanddinedbylobbyistsforyears.牛津词典仪式后的丰盛大餐。

Thegrandnosh-upaftertheceremony.牛津词典一顿过于丰盛的饭。

Anoverlargemeal.牛津词典丰盛的饭菜。

Asumptuousrepast牛津词典丰盛的宴席。

Epicureanfeasts.

麻烦翻译一下这几个国际营销的专业术语

安全阀门活动：

Psychological距离：

Accidental出口商：

全球性的Born ：

Innate出口商：

Exploratory阶段：

Export适应：

Sogoshosha ：

Penetration定价

Expropriation

Confiscation ：

Domestication ：

Overinvest ：

Lobbyists

Acculturation